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Revisi per 7 Februari 2024 19.32

Dharani (Devanagari: धारणी, IAST: dhāraṇī) adalah nyanyian Buddhis, kode mnemonik, puji-pujian, bacaan atau mantra yang biasanya terdiri dari frasa Sanskerta atau Pali. Dipercaya sebagai pelindung dan memiliki kekuatan untuk mendatangkan pahala bagi umat Buddha. Dharani merupakan bagian utama dari literatur Buddhis yang bersejarah.^[1]^[2]^[3] Nyanyian ini berakar dalam literatur Vedic Sanskrit,^[4] dan banyak yang ditulis dalam skrip Sansekerta seperti aksara Siddham^[5] serta ditransliterasikan ke dalam skrip bahasa Mandarin, Korea, Jepang dan lainnya.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Catatan

Referensi

^ Richard McBride (2004). Robert Buswell, ed. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Macmillan Reference. hlm. 21, 180, 217–218, 253. ISBN 978-0-02-865718-9.
^ Moriz Winternitz (1996). A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 369–374 with footnotes. ISBN 978-81-208-0265-0.
^ Davidson 2009, hlm. 101-102.
^ Frits Staal (1991). Harvey P. Alper, ed. Understanding Mantras. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 59–66. ISBN 978-81-208-0746-4.
^ F Max Muller; Bunyiu Nanjio (1881). Anecdota Oxoniensia: Buddhist texts from Japan, edited by F.M. Müller. 1881-1884, Vol 1, Part 3. Oxford University Press. hlm. 22–25.
^ Helen J. Baroni (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. hlm. 66. ISBN 978-0-8239-2240-6.
^ Robert Gimello (2010). Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara, ed. Images in Asian Religions: Text and Contexts. University of British Columbia Press. hlm. 229–231. ISBN 978-0-7748-5980-6.
^ Silvio A. Bedini (1994). The Trail of Time: Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 69–84. ISBN 978-0-521-37482-8.

Daftar pustaka

Braarvig, Jens (1985). Dhāraṇī and Pratibhāna: Memory and Eloquence of the Bodhisattvas, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 8 (1), 17-30
Buswell, Robert Jr; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., ed. (2013). Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. hlm. 241–242. ISBN 9780691157863.
Copp, Paul (2014). The Body Incantatory: Spells and the Ritual Imagination in Medieval Chinese Buddhism. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-53778-0.
Davidson, Ronald M. (2009). "Studies in Dhāraṇī Literature I: Revisiting the Meaning of the Term Dhāraṇī". Journal of Indian Philosophy. Springer Nature. 37 (2): 97–147. doi:10.1007/s10781-008-9054-8.
Davidson, Ronald M. (2014). "Studies in Dhāraṇī Literature II: Pragmatics of Dhāraṇīs". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 77: 5–61. doi:10.1017/S0041977X13000943. Archived from the original on 2015-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-25. Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (link)
McBride, Richard, D., Dharani and Spells in Medieval China, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 28 (1), 85-114, 2005
Nattier, Jan (1992). "The Heart Sūtra: A Chinese Apocryphal Text?". Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. 15 (2). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-10-29. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-25.
Red Pine. The Heart Sutra: The Womb of the Buddhas (2004) Shoemaker & Hoard. ISBN 1-59376-009-4
Yiengpruksawan, Mimi Hall (1987). One millionth of a Buddha: the Hyakumanto Dharani in the Scheide Library^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}, Princeton University Library Chronicle 48 : 224-38

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Toganoo, Shozui (1971). "The Symbol-system of Shingon Buddhism (1)". Journal of Esoteric Buddhism. 96: 95–70.
Toganoo, Shozui (1971). "The Symbol-system of Shingon Buddhism (2)". Journal of Esoteric Buddhism. 97: 73–53.

Pranala luar

Dharani stamp, Kashmir, 7thC-8thC, British Museum
What is a One Million Pagoda? Diarsipkan 2019-09-25 di Wayback Machine., Kyoto National Museum, Japan
Pictures of 8th-century dharanis^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}, National Diet Library, Japan
百万塔・百万塔陀羅尼, Hyakumanto and Invocation, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

[mcbride2004-1] Richard McBride (2004). Robert Buswell, ed. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Macmillan Reference. hlm. 21, 180, 217–218, 253. ISBN 978-0-02-865718-9.

[Winternitz1996p370-2] Moriz Winternitz (1996). A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 369–374 with footnotes. ISBN 978-81-208-0265-0.

[FOOTNOTEDavidson2009101-102-3] Davidson 2009, hlm. 101-102.

[Alper1991-4] Frits Staal (1991). Harvey P. Alper, ed. Understanding Mantras. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 59–66. ISBN 978-81-208-0746-4.

[mullersiddhamtrans-5] F Max Muller; Bunyiu Nanjio (1881). Anecdota Oxoniensia: Buddhist texts from Japan, edited by F.M. Müller. 1881-1884, Vol 1, Part 3. Oxford University Press. hlm. 22–25.

[6] Helen J. Baroni (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. hlm. 66. ISBN 978-0-8239-2240-6.

[7] Robert Gimello (2010). Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara, ed. Images in Asian Religions: Text and Contexts. University of British Columbia Press. hlm. 229–231. ISBN 978-0-7748-5980-6.

[Bedini1994p69-8] Silvio A. Bedini (1994). The Trail of Time: Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 69–84. ISBN 978-0-521-37482-8.

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@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
+{{Buddhisme|kitab}}
-[[Berkas:11th-century Buddhist Pancaraksa manuscript of 8th-century original, Pali script, text on spells, benefits and goddess rituals.jpg|jmpl|upright=1.25|Manuskrip Buddha 'Pancaraksa' abad ke-11 dalam naskah [[Pali]]. Ini adalah teks 'dharani' tentang mantra, manfaat, dan ritual dewi.]]
+[[Berkas:11th-century Buddhist Pancaraksa manuscript of 8th-century original, Pali script, text on spells, benefits and goddess rituals.jpg|jmpl|upright=1.25|Manuskrip Buddha 'Pancaraksa' abad ke-11 dalam aksara Pala. Ini adalah teks 'dharani' tentang mantra, manfaat, dan ritual dewi.]]
 '''Dharani''' ([[Devanagari]]: धारणी, [[IAST]]: {{IAST | dhāraṇī}}) adalah nyanyian [[Buddhis]], kode [[mnemonik]], puji-pujian, bacaan atau [[mantra]] yang biasanya terdiri dari frasa [[Sanskerta]] atau [[Pali]]. Dipercaya sebagai pelindung dan memiliki kekuatan untuk mendatangkan [[pahala]] bagi umat Buddha. Dharani merupakan bagian utama dari literatur Buddhis yang bersejarah.<ref name="mcbride2004">{{cite book|author=Richard McBride|editor=Robert Buswell|title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L34YAAAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher= Macmillan Reference|isbn=978-0-02-865718-9|pages=21, 180, 217–218, 253}}</ref><ref name="Winternitz1996p370">{{cite book|author=Moriz Winternitz|title=A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lgz1eMhu0JsC|year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0265-0|pages=369–374 with footnotes}}</ref>{{sfn|Davidson|2009|pp=101-102}} Nyanyian ini berakar dalam literatur Vedic Sanskrit,<ref name="Alper1991">{{cite book|author=Frits Staal|editor=Harvey P. Alper|title=Understanding Mantras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8Upy4ApG_oC |year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0746-4|pages=59–66}}</ref> dan banyak yang ditulis dalam skrip [[Sansekerta]] seperti [[aksara Siddham]]<ref name=mullersiddhamtrans>{{cite book|title=Anecdota Oxoniensia: Buddhist texts from Japan, edited by F.M. Müller. 1881-1884, Vol 1, Part 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RKJHAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA22 |author1=F Max Muller| author2= Bunyiu Nanjio| year=1881|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=22–25}}</ref> serta ditransliterasikan ke dalam skrip bahasa Mandarin, Korea, Jepang dan lainnya.<ref>{{cite book|author=Helen J. Baroni |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smNM4ElP3XgC&pg=PA66|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc|isbn=978-0-8239-2240-6|page=66}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Gimello|editor=Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara|title=Images in Asian Religions: Text and Contexts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f22MMuUrOaUC |year=2010|publisher=University of British Columbia Press|isbn=978-0-7748-5980-6|pages=229–231}}</ref><ref name="Bedini1994p69">{{cite book|author=Silvio A. Bedini|title=The Trail of Time: Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdVkzs6iI1YC |year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-37482-8|pages=69–84}}</ref>