Bahasa Ngada: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Ngada''' ({{IPA-id|ŋaᶑa|IPA}}, dieja sebagai '''Nga{{hamza}}da''' atau '''Ngadha''') adalah [[bahasa Austronesia]], |
'''Ngada''' ({{IPA-id|ŋaᶑa|IPA}}, dieja sebagai '''Nga{{hamza}}da''' atau '''Ngadha''') adalah [[bahasa Austronesia]], salah satu dari enam bahasa yang digunakan di bagian tengah pulau [[Flores]], [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction |url=http://rspas.anu.edu.au/linguistics/projects/iwa/Web-Pages/RonggaPRoject%20-%20Home.htm |url-status=dead |website=Rongga Documentation Project |access-date=2006-12-19 |archive-date=2006-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824204757/http://rspas.anu.edu.au/linguistics/projects/iwa/Web-Pages/RonggaPRoject%20-%20Home.htm }}</ref> Dari barat ke timur bahasa-bahasa tersebut adalah Ngada, Nage, Keo, Ende, Lio, dan Palu'e. Bahasa-bahasa ini merupakan usulan kelompok Flores Tengah dari [[Rumpun bahasa Sumba–Flores|bahasa Sumba–Flores]], menurut Blust (2009).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blust |first=Robert |date=2008 |title=Is There a Bima-Sumba Subgroup? |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=45–113 |doi=10.1353/ol.0.0006 |jstor=20172340|s2cid=144311741 }}</ref> |
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Ngada adalah salah satu dari sedikit bahasa dengan [[retroflex implosif]] {{IPA|/ᶑ /}}. |
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==Phonology== |
==Phonology== |
Revisi per 1 April 2024 09.08
Ngada (IPA: [ŋaᶑa], dieja sebagai Ngaʼda atau Ngadha) adalah bahasa Austronesia, salah satu dari enam bahasa yang digunakan di bagian tengah pulau Flores, Indonesia.[4] Dari barat ke timur bahasa-bahasa tersebut adalah Ngada, Nage, Keo, Ende, Lio, dan Palu'e. Bahasa-bahasa ini merupakan usulan kelompok Flores Tengah dari bahasa Sumba–Flores, menurut Blust (2009).[5]
Ngada adalah salah satu dari sedikit bahasa dengan retroflex implosif /ᶑ /.
Phonology
The sound system of Ngadha is as follows.[6]
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i | u | |
Mid | e | ə̆ | o |
Low | a |
The short vowel /ə̆/ is written ⟨e⟩ followed by a double consonant, since phonetically a consonant becomes geminate after /ə̆/. It is never stressed and does not form sequences with other vowels except where glottal stop has dropped (e.g. limaessa 'six', from lima 'five' and 'essa 'one').
Within vowel sequences, epenthetic [j] may appear after an unrounded vowel (e.g. in /eu/, /eo/) and [w] after a rounded vowel (e.g. in /oe/, /oi/). Double vowels are sequences. Vowels tend to be voiceless between voiceless consonants and pre-pausa after voiceless consonants.
Stress is on the penultimate syllable, unless that contains the vowel /ə̆/, in which case stress is on the final syllable.
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar |
Retroflex | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
Plosive/ Affricate |
unaspirated | b | d̪ | dʒ | ɡ | ʔ | ||
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | |||||
implosive | ɓ | ᶑ | ||||||
Fricative | voiced | v | z | ɣ | ||||
voiceless | f | s | x | |||||
Liquid | lateral | l | ||||||
trill | r |
The implosives have been spelled ⟨ʼb ʼd⟩ and ⟨bh dh⟩. The velar fricatives are spelled ⟨h, gh⟩.
Intervocalically the implosives are preceded by a glottal stop. Initial /ɓ/ may be voiceless when the following consonant is also an implosive.
The trill is short, and may have only one or two contacts.
Glottal stop contrasts with zero in initial position, as in inu 'drink' vs 'inu 'tiny'. In rapid speech it tends to drop intervocalically.
Phonetically [#C̩CV] words are analyzed as having an initial schwa. In initial position the consonant is always voiced (otherwise the schwa remains). Examples are emma [mma] 'father', emmu [mmu] 'mosquito', enna [nna] 'sand', Ennga [ŋŋa] (name), ebba [bba] 'swadling sling', ebbu [bbu] 'grandparents', Ebbo [bbo] (name), erro [rro] 'sun' – also in medial position with voiceless consonants, as in limaessa [limassa] 'six'.
References
- ^ Ngadʼa [sic] di Ethnologue (ed. ke-18, 2015)
Eastern Ngadʼa [sic] di Ethnologue (ed. ke-18, 2015) - ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Ngad'a [sic]". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "Bahasa Ngada". www.ethnologue.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). SIL Ethnologue.
- ^ "Introduction". Rongga Documentation Project. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-08-24. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-19.
- ^ Blust, Robert (2008). "Is There a Bima-Sumba Subgroup?". Oceanic Linguistics. 47 (1): 45–113. doi:10.1353/ol.0.0006. JSTOR 20172340.
- ^ Djawanai, Stephanus (1983). Ngadha Text Tradition: The Collective Mind of the Ngadha People, Flores. Pacific Linguistics Series D – No. 55. Canberra: Australian National University. hdl:1885/145062
.
External links
Templat:Central Malayo-Polynesian languages Templat:Austronesian languages Templat:Languages of Indonesia