Etnografi: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi per 17 November 2010 18.24

Etnografi (Yunani ἔθνος ethnos = rakyat dan γραφία graphia = tulisan) adalah strategi penelitian ilmiah yang sering digunakan dalam ilmu sosial, terutama dalam antropologi dan beberapa cabang sosiologi^[1], juga dikenal sebagai bagian dari ilmu sejarah yang mempelajari masyarakat, kelompok etnis dan formasi etnis lainnya, etnogenesis, komposisi, perpindahan tempat tinggal, karakteristik kesejahteraan sosial, juga budaya material dan spiritual mereka ^[2]. Etnografi sering diterapkan untuk mengumpulkan data empiris tentang masyarakat dan budaya mansia. Pengumpulan data biasanya dilakukan melalui observasi partisipan, wawancara, kuesioner, dll. Ilmu ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan keadaan masyarakat yang dipelajari (misalnya untuk menjelaskan seseorang, sebuah ethnos) melalui tulisan.^[3] Dalam biologi, jenis studi ini disebut "studi lapangan" atau "laporan kasus", keduanya digunakan sebagai sinonim umum untuk "etnografi".^[4]

Etnograf terkenal

Lihat pula

Studi bidang
Etnografi kritis
Etnografi komunikasi
Etnografi realis
Etnografi daring: bentuk etnografi yang memerlukan penerapan studi etnografi di Internet
Observasi partisipan
Etnografi video
Laboratorium hidup

Catatan kaki

^ "Ethnology" at dictionary.com .
^ Сергей Александрович, Токарев (1978). Истоки этнографической науки (dalam bahasa Russian). Наука.
^ Maynard, M. & Purvis, J. (1994). Researching women's loves from a feminist perspective. London: Taylor & Frances. p. 76
^ Boaz. N.T. & Wolfe, L.D. (1997). Biological anthropology. Published by International Institute for Human Evolutionary Research. Page 150.

Agar, Michael (1996) The Professional Stranger: An Informal Introduction to Ethnography. Academic Press.
Douglas, Mary and Baron Isherwood (1996) The World of Goods: Toward and Anthropology of Consumption. Routledge, London.
Erickson, Ken C. and Donald D. Stull (1997) Doing Team Ethnography : Warnings and Advice. Sage, Beverly Hills.
Fine, G. A. (1993). Ten lies of ethnography. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 22(3), p. 267-294.
Hymes, Dell. (1974). Foundations in sociolinguistics: An ethnographic approach. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Kottak, Conrad Phillip (2005) Window on Humanity : A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology, (pages 2–3, 16-17, 34-44). McGraw Hill, New York.
Miller, Daniel (1987) Material Culture and Mass Consumption. Blackwell, London.
Spradley, James P. (1979) The Ethnographic Interview. Wadsworth Group/Thomson Learning.
Salvador, Tony; Genevieve Bell; and Ken Anderson (1999) Design Ethnography. Design Management Journal.

Bahan pustaka

"On Ethnography" by Shirley Brice Heath & Brian Street, with Molly Mills.
The Interpretation of Cultures by Clifford Geertz.

Pranala luar

Genzuk, Michael (2003) A Synthesis of Ethnographic Research
Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History - Over 160,000 objects from Pacific, North American, African, Asian ethnographic collections with images and detailed description, linked to the original catalogue pages, field notebooks, and photographs are available online.
Ethnographic material collection from Northern Anatolia and Caucasus -Photo Gallery
Ethnography.com A community based Ethnography website for academic and professional ethnographers and interested parties
New Zealand Museum Images of objects from Pacific cultures.
University of Pennsylvania's "What is Ethnography?" Penn's Public Interest Anthropology Web Site
American Ethnography -- Definitions: What is Ethnography? A collection of quotes about ethnography (Malinowski, Lévi-Strauss, Geertz, ...)
Doing ethnographies (Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography)
Cornell University Library Southeast Asia Visions
Scott Polar Research Institute Arctic Material Culture Collection
Karya di Wikisource:
- "Ethnography". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "perlu nama artikel ". Encyclopædia Britannica (edisi ke-11). Cambridge University Press. Teks "Ethnology and ethnography" akan diabaikan (bantuan)
- Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Ethnography". Encyclopedia Americana.
- "Ethnography". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. di Wikisource

[1] "Ethnology" at dictionary.com .

[2] Сергей Александрович, Токарев (1978). Истоки этнографической науки (dalam bahasa Russian). Наука.

[3] Maynard, M. & Purvis, J. (1994). Researching women's loves from a feminist perspective. London: Taylor & Frances. p. 76

[4] Boaz. N.T. & Wolfe, L.D. (1997). Biological anthropology. Published by International Institute for Human Evolutionary Research. Page 150.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Baris 4: / Baris 4: @@
 '''Etnografi''' ([[bahasa Yunani|Yunani]] ''{{polytonic|ἔθνος}}'' ''ethnos'' = rakyat dan ''{{polytonic|γραφία}}'' ''graphia'' = tulisan) adalah strategi penelitian ilmiah yang sering digunakan dalam ilmu sosial, terutama dalam [[antropologi]] dan beberapa cabang [[sosiologi]]<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ethnology "Ethnology" at ''dictionary.com''] .</ref>, juga dikenal sebagai bagian dari ilmu sejarah yang mempelajari masyarakat, kelompok etnis dan formasi etnis lainnya, [[etnogenesis]], komposisi, perpindahan tempat tinggal, karakteristik kesejahteraan sosial, juga budaya material dan spiritual mereka <ref>{{cite book |last= Сергей Александрович|first= Токарев |coauthors= |title= Истоки этнографической науки |publisher= Наука|year= 1978 |month=|url=http://historia-site.narod.ru/library/ethnology/tokarev_main.htm |isbn= |language=Russian}}</ref>. Etnografi sering diterapkan untuk mengumpulkan data empiris tentang masyarakat dan budaya mansia. Pengumpulan data biasanya dilakukan melalui observasi partisipan, wawancara, kuesioner, dll. Ilmu ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan keadaan masyarakat yang dipelajari (misalnya untuk menjelaskan seseorang, sebuah ''ethnos'') melalui tulisan.<ref>Maynard, M. & Purvis, J. (1994). Researching women's loves from a feminist perspective. London: Taylor & Frances. p. 76</ref>  Dalam biologi, jenis studi ini disebut "studi lapangan" atau "laporan kasus", keduanya digunakan sebagai sinonim umum untuk "etnografi".<ref>Boaz. N.T. & Wolfe, L.D. (1997). Biological anthropology. Published by International Institute for Human Evolutionary Research. Page 150.</ref>
-==Etnograf terkenal==
+== Etnograf terkenal ==
 * [[Franz Boas]]
 * [[Raymond Firth]]
@@ Baris 59: / Baris 59: @@
 * Salvador, Tony; Genevieve Bell; and Ken Anderson (1999) ''Design Ethnography.'' Design Management Journal.
-==Bahan pustaka==
+== Bahan pustaka ==
-*"On Ethnography" by Shirley Brice Heath & Brian Street, with Molly Mills.
+* "On Ethnography" by Shirley Brice Heath & Brian Street, with Molly Mills.
-*''The Interpretation of Cultures'' by Clifford Geertz.
+* ''The Interpretation of Cultures'' by Clifford Geertz.
 == Pranala luar ==
@@ Baris 72: / Baris 72: @@
 * [http://www.sas.upenn.edu/anthro/anthro/whatisethnography University of Pennsylvania's "What is Ethnography?"] Penn's Public Interest Anthropology Web Site
 * [http://www.americanethnography.com/ethnography.php American Ethnography -- Definitions: What is Ethnography?] A collection of quotes about ethnography (Malinowski, Lévi-Strauss, Geertz, ...)
-*[http://www.qmrg.org.uk/files/2008/12/58-doing-ethnographies.pdf Doing ethnographies] (Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography)
+* [http://www.qmrg.org.uk/files/2008/12/58-doing-ethnographies.pdf Doing ethnographies] (Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography)
-*[http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/s/sea/index.php  Cornell University Library Southeast Asia Visions]
+* [http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/s/sea/index.php  Cornell University Library Southeast Asia Visions]
-*[http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/museum/catalogue/armc/ Scott Polar Research Institute] Arctic Material Culture Collection
+* [http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/museum/catalogue/armc/ Scott Polar Research Institute] Arctic Material Culture Collection
-*{{Wikisource-inline|list=
+* {{Wikisource-inline|list=
-**{{Cite NIE|Ethnography|year=1905|noicon=x}}
+** {{Cite NIE|Ethnography|year=1905|noicon=x}}
-**{{Cite EB1911|Ethnology and ethnography|noicon=x}}
+** {{Cite EB1911|Ethnology and ethnography|noicon=x}}
-**{{Cite Americana|Ethnography|noicon=x}}
+** {{Cite Americana|Ethnography|noicon=x}}
-**{{Cite Collier's|Ethnography|noicon=x}}
+** {{Cite Collier's|Ethnography|noicon=x}}
 }}
@@ Baris 89: / Baris 89: @@
 [[ar:علم الإنسان التطبيقي]]
 [[az:Etnoqrafiya]]
+[[bat-smg:Etnuograpėjė]]
 [[bg:Етнография]]
 [[ca:Etnografia]]
-[[cv:Этнографи]]
 [[cs:Etnografie]]
+[[cv:Этнографи]]
 [[da:Etnografi]]
 [[de:Ethnografie]]
 [[en:Ethnography]]
-[[et:Etnograafia]]
-[[es:Etnografía]]
 [[eo:Etnografio]]
+[[es:Etnografía]]
+[[et:Etnograafia]]
 [[eu:Etnografia]]
 [[fa:مردم‌نگاری]]
+[[fi:Etnografia]]
+[[fiu-vro:Etnograafia]]
 [[fr:Ethnographie]]
 [[gl:Etnografía]]
+[[he:אתנוגרפיה]]
-[[ko:문화기술지]]
 [[hi:नृवंशविज्ञान]]
 [[hr:Etnografija]]
+[[hu:Néprajz]]
 [[io:Etnografio]]
 [[it:Etnografia]]
+[[ja:民族誌]]
-[[he:אתנוגרפיה]]
+[[ko:문화기술지]]
 [[ky:Этнография]]
-[[lv:Etnogrāfija]]
 [[lt:Etnografija]]
-[[hu:Néprajz]]
+[[lv:Etnogrāfija]]
 [[mk:Етнографија]]
 [[nl:Etnografie (sociolinguïstiek)]]
-[[ja:民族誌]]
-[[no:Etnografi]]
 [[nn:Etnografi]]
+[[no:Etnografi]]
 [[pl:Etnografia]]
 [[pt:Etnografia]]
@@ Baris 125: / Baris 128: @@
 [[sl:Etnografija]]
 [[sr:Етнографија]]
-[[fi:Etnografia]]
 [[sv:Etnografi]]
-[[tl:Etnograpiya]]
 [[th:ชาติพันธุ์วรรณนา]]
+[[tl:Etnograpiya]]
 [[tr:Etnografya]]
 [[uk:Етнографія]]
 [[vi:Dân tộc ký]]
-[[fiu-vro:Etnograafia]]
-[[bat-smg:Etnuograpėjė]]
 [[zh:民族誌]]