Ficus: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
JohnThorne (bicara | kontrib) |
JohnThorne (bicara | kontrib) |
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| Baris 104: | Baris 104: | ||
* ''[[Ficus aguaraguensis]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus aguaraguensis]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus albert-smithii]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus albert-smithii]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus albipila]]'' – [[Abbey Tree]], [[Phueng Tree]], ''[[tandiran]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus albipila]]'' – [[:en:Abbey Tree]], [[:en:Phueng Tree]], ''[[:en:tandiran]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus altissima]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus altissima]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus amazonica]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus amazonica]]'' |
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| Baris 115: | Baris 115: | ||
* ''[[Ficus aspera]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus aspera]]'' |
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** ''Ficus aspera'' var. ''parcelli'' |
** ''Ficus aspera'' var. ''parcelli'' |
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* ''[[Ficus aurea]]'' – [[Florida Strangler Fig]] |
* ''[[Ficus aurea]]'' – [[:en:Florida Strangler Fig]] |
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* ''[[Ficus auriculata]]'' ( = F. roxburghii? ) – [[Roxburgh Fig]] |
* ''[[Ficus auriculata]]'' ( = F. roxburghii? ) – [[:en:Roxburgh Fig]] |
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* ''[[Ficus barbata]]'' – [[Bearded Fig (disambiguation)|Bearded Fig]] |
* ''[[Ficus barbata]]'' – [[:en:Bearded Fig (disambiguation)|Bearded Fig]] |
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* ''[[Ficus battieri]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus battieri]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus beddomei]]'' – [[Thavital]] |
* ''[[Ficus beddomei]]'' – [[:en:Thavital]] |
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* ''[[Ficus benghalensis]]'' – [[Indian Banyan]], Bengal Fig, East Indian Fig, ''borh'' ([[Pakistan]]), ''vad/vat/wad'', ''nyagrodha'', "[[indian fig]]" |
* ''[[Ficus benghalensis]]'' – [[:en:Indian Banyan]], Bengal Fig, East Indian Fig, ''borh'' ([[Pakistan]]), ''vad/vat/wad'', ''nyagrodha'', "[[:en:indian fig]]" |
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* ''[[Ficus benguetensis]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus benguetensis]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus benjamina]]'' – [[Beringin|pohon Beringin]], ''Weeping Fig'', ''Benjamin's Fig'' |
* ''[[Ficus benjamina]]'' – [[Beringin|pohon Beringin]], ''[[:en:Weeping Fig]]'', ''Benjamin's Fig'' |
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* ''[[Ficus bibracteata]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus bibracteata]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus bizanae]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus bizanae]]'' |
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| Baris 133: | Baris 133: | ||
* ''[[Ficus capreifolia]]'' <small>Del.</small> |
* ''[[Ficus capreifolia]]'' <small>Del.</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus carchiana]]'' <small>C.C.Berg</small> |
* ''[[Ficus carchiana]]'' <small>C.C.Berg</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus carica]]'' – [[Common Fig]], ''anjeer'' (Iran, Pakistan), ''dumur'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]) |
* ''[[Ficus carica]]'' – [[:en:Common Fig]], ''anjeer'' (Iran, Pakistan), ''dumur'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]) |
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* ''[[Ficus castellviana]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus castellviana]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus catappifolia]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus catappifolia]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus caulocarpa]]''<small>[[:zh:大葉雀榕]]</small> (Miq.) Miq., 1867 |
* ''[[Ficus caulocarpa]]'' - <small>[[:zh:大葉雀榕]]</small> (Miq.) Miq., 1867 |
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* ''[[Ficus citrifolia]]'' – [[Short-leaved Fig]], Wild Banyantree |
* ''[[Ficus citrifolia]]'' – [[:en:Short-leaved Fig]], Wild Banyantree |
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* ''[[Ficus clusiifolia]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus clusiifolia]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus congesta]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus congesta]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus cordata]]'' <small>Thunb.</small> |
* ''[[Ficus cordata]]'' <small>Thunb.</small> |
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** ''Ficus cordata'' ssp. ''salicifolia'' <small>(Vahl) Berg</small> |
** ''Ficus cordata'' ssp. ''salicifolia'' <small>(Vahl) Berg</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus coronata]]'' – [[Creek Sandpaper Fig]] |
* ''[[Ficus coronata]]'' – [[:en:Creek Sandpaper Fig]] |
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* ''[[Ficus costaricana]]'' <small>(Liebm.) Miq.</small> |
* ''[[Ficus costaricana]]'' <small>(Liebm.) Miq.</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus cotinifolia]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus cotinifolia]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus crassipes]]'' – [[Round-leaved Banana Fig]] |
* ''[[Ficus crassipes]]'' – [[:en:Round-leaved Banana Fig]] |
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* ''[[Ficus crassiuscula]]'' <small>Standl.</small> |
* ''[[Ficus crassiuscula]]'' <small>Standl.</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus craterostoma]]'' <small>Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burr.</small> |
* ''[[Ficus craterostoma]]'' <small>Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burr.</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus cristobalensis]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus cristobalensis]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus cyclophylla]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus cyclophylla]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus dammaropsis]]'' – [[Highland Breadfruit]], ''kapiak'' ([[Tok Pisin]]) |
* ''[[Ficus dammaropsis]]'' – [[:en:Highland Breadfruit]], ''kapiak'' ([[:en:Tok Pisin]]) |
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* ''[[Ficus dendrocida]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus dendrocida]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus deltoidea]]'' – [[Mistletoe Fig]] |
* ''[[Ficus deltoidea]]'' – [[:en:Mistletoe Fig]] |
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* ''[[Ficus destruens]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus destruens]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus drupacea]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus drupacea]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus ecuadorensis]]'' <small>C.C.Berg</small> |
* ''[[Ficus ecuadorensis]]'' <small>C.C.Berg</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus elastica]]'' – [[Indian Rubber Plant]], Rubber Fig, "[[rubber tree]]", "rubber plant" |
* ''[[Ficus elastica]]'' – [[Karet kebo]], [[:en:Indian Rubber Plant]], Rubber Fig, "[[:en:rubber tree]]", "rubber plant" |
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** ''Ficus elastica'' cv. 'Decora' |
** ''Ficus elastica'' cv. 'Decora' |
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** ''Ficus elastica'' var. ''variegata'' |
** ''Ficus elastica'' var. ''variegata'' |
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| Baris 167: | Baris 167: | ||
* ''[[Ficus fischeri]]'' <small>Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burr.</small> (= ''F. kiloneura'' <small>Hornby</small>) |
* ''[[Ficus fischeri]]'' <small>Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burr.</small> (= ''F. kiloneura'' <small>Hornby</small>) |
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* ''[[Ficus fistulosa]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus fistulosa]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus fraseri]]'' – [[Shiny Sandpaper Fig]], White Sandpaper Fig, "figwood", "watery fig" |
* ''[[Ficus fraseri]]'' – [[:en:Shiny Sandpaper Fig]], White Sandpaper Fig, "figwood", "watery fig" |
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* ''[[Ficus fulvo-pilosa]]'' <small>Summerh.</small><!-- Micronesica40:169. --> |
* ''[[Ficus fulvo-pilosa]]'' <small>Summerh.</small><!-- Micronesica40:169. --> |
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* ''[[Ficus gardneriana]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus gardneriana]]'' |
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| Baris 200: | Baris 200: | ||
* ''[[Ficus kerkhovenii]] – Johore Fig<ref>{{cite web|url=http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/heritage/changi/changitrees/index.html |title=Changitrees |publisher=Habitatnews.nus.edu.sg |date=2002-09-12 |accessdate=2012-01-05}}</ref> |
* ''[[Ficus kerkhovenii]] – Johore Fig<ref>{{cite web|url=http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/heritage/changi/changitrees/index.html |title=Changitrees |publisher=Habitatnews.nus.edu.sg |date=2002-09-12 |accessdate=2012-01-05}}</ref> |
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* ''[[Ficus luschnathiana]]'' <small>([[Miq.]]) [[Miq.]]</small> |
* ''[[Ficus luschnathiana]]'' <small>([[Miq.]]) [[Miq.]]</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus infectoria]]'' – [[Wavy-leaved Fig]], ''[[plaksa]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus infectoria]]'' – [[:en:Wavy-leaved Fig]], ''[[:en:plaksa]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus ingens]]'' <small>(Miq.) Miq.</small> |
* ''[[Ficus ingens]]'' <small>(Miq.) Miq.</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus krishnae]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus krishnae]]'' |
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| Baris 212: | Baris 212: | ||
* ''[[Ficus loxensis]]'' <small>C.C.Berg</small> |
* ''[[Ficus loxensis]]'' <small>C.C.Berg</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus lutea]]'' <small>Vahl</small> (= ''F. vogelii'', ''F. nekbudu'', ''F. quibeba'' <small>Welw. ex Fical.</small>) |
* ''[[Ficus lutea]]'' <small>Vahl</small> (= ''F. vogelii'', ''F. nekbudu'', ''F. quibeba'' <small>Welw. ex Fical.</small>) |
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* ''[[Ficus lyrata]]'' – [[Fiddle-leaved Fig]] |
* ''[[Ficus lyrata]]'' – [[:en:Fiddle-leaved Fig]] |
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* ''[[Ficus macbridei]]'' <small>Standl.</small><!-- "macbrideii"? --> |
* ''[[Ficus macbridei]]'' <small>Standl.</small><!-- "macbrideii"? --> |
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* ''[[Ficus maclellandii]]'' – Alii Fig or Banana-Leaf Fig |
* ''[[Ficus maclellandii]]'' – Alii Fig or Banana-Leaf Fig |
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| Baris 227: | Baris 227: | ||
* ''[[Ficus meizonochlamys]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus meizonochlamys]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus mexiae]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus mexiae]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus microcarpa]]'' – [[Chinese Banyan]], Malayan Banyan, Curtain Fig, "Indian laurel" |
* ''[[Ficus microcarpa]]'' – [[:en:Chinese Banyan]], Malayan Banyan, Curtain Fig, "Indian laurel" |
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** ''Ficus microcarpa'' var. ''hillii'' – Hill's Fig |
** ''Ficus microcarpa'' var. ''hillii'' – Hill's Fig |
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** ''Ficus microcarpa'' var. ''nitida'' – often considered a [[subspecies]] of ''F. retusa'' or a distinct species |
** ''Ficus microcarpa'' var. ''nitida'' – often considered a [[subspecies]] of ''F. retusa'' or a distinct species |
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* ''[[Ficus microchlamys]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus microchlamys]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus minkelman]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus minkelman]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus minahasae]]'' – ''[[longusei]]'' ([[Sulawesi]]) |
* ''[[Ficus minahasae]]'' – ''[[:en:longusei]]'' ([[Sulawesi]]) |
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* ''[[Ficus mollior]]'' <small>F.Muell. ex [[George Bentham|Benth.]]</small> |
* ''[[Ficus mollior]]'' <small>F.Muell. ex [[:en:George Bentham|Benth.]]</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus monckii]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus monckii]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus montana]]'' – Oakleaf Fig |
* ''[[Ficus montana]]'' – Oakleaf Fig |
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| Baris 241: | Baris 241: | ||
* ''[[Ficus mutisii]]'' <small>Dugand</small> |
* ''[[Ficus mutisii]]'' <small>Dugand</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus mysorensis]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus mysorensis]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus natalensis]]'' <small>Hochst.</small> – ''[[mutuba]]'' ([[Luganda|Ganda]]) |
* ''[[Ficus natalensis]]'' <small>Hochst.</small> – ''[[:en:mutuba]]'' ([[:en:Luganda|Ganda]]) |
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** ''Ficus natalensis'' ssp. ''leprieurii'' |
** ''Ficus natalensis'' ssp. ''leprieurii'' |
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** ''Ficus natalensis'' ssp. ''natalensis'' |
** ''Ficus natalensis'' ssp. ''natalensis'' |
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| Baris 247: | Baris 247: | ||
* ''[[Ficus nervosa]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus nervosa]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus noronhae]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus noronhae]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus nota]]'' – ''[[tibig]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus nota]]'' – ''[[:en:tibig]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus nymphaeifolia]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus nymphaeifolia]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus oapana]]'' <small>C.C.Berg</small> |
* ''[[Ficus oapana]]'' <small>C.C.Berg</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus obliqua]]'' – [[Small-leaved Fig]] |
* ''[[Ficus obliqua]]'' – [[:en:Small-leaved Fig]] |
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* ''[[Ficus obtusifolia]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus obtusifolia]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus obtusiuscula]]'' <small>(Miq.) Miq.</small> |
* ''[[Ficus obtusiuscula]]'' <small>(Miq.) Miq.</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus opposita]]'' – [[Sweet Sandpaper Fig]], Sweet Fig, "figwood", "watery fig" |
* ''[[Ficus opposita]]'' – [[:en:Sweet Sandpaper Fig]], Sweet Fig, "figwood", "watery fig" |
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* ''[[Ficus organensis]]'' <small>([[Miq.]]) [[Miq.]]</small> |
* ''[[Ficus organensis]]'' <small>([[Miq.]]) [[Miq.]]</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus padifolia]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus padifolia]]'' |
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| Baris 261: | Baris 261: | ||
* ''[[Ficus palmeri]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus palmeri]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus pandurata]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus pandurata]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus pantoniana]]'' – [[Climbing Fig]] |
* ''[[Ficus pantoniana]]'' – [[:en:Climbing Fig]] |
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* ''[[Ficus panurensis]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus panurensis]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus pertusa]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus pertusa]]'' |
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| Baris 267: | Baris 267: | ||
* ''[[Ficus pilosa]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus pilosa]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus piresiana]]'' <small>Vázq.Avila & C.C.Berg</small> |
* ''[[Ficus piresiana]]'' <small>Vázq.Avila & C.C.Berg</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus platypoda]]'' – [[Desert Fig]], Rock Fig |
* ''[[Ficus platypoda]]'' – [[:en:Desert Fig]], Rock Fig |
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* ''[[Ficus pleurocarpa]]'' – [[Banana Fig]], Gabi Fig, Karpe Fig |
* ''[[Ficus pleurocarpa]]'' – [[:en:Banana Fig]], Gabi Fig, Karpe Fig |
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* ''[[Ficus polita]]'' <small>Vahl</small> |
* ''[[Ficus polita]]'' <small>Vahl</small> |
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** ''Ficus polita'' ssp. ''polita'' |
** ''Ficus polita'' ssp. ''polita'' |
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| Baris 274: | Baris 274: | ||
* ''[[Ficus pseudopalma]]'' <small>Blanco</small> |
* ''[[Ficus pseudopalma]]'' <small>Blanco</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus pulchella]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus pulchella]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus pumila]]'' – [[Creeping Fig]] |
* ''[[Ficus pumila]]'' – [[:en:Creeping Fig]] |
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** [[Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang|''Ficus pumila'' var. ''awkeotsang'']] |
** [[Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang|''Ficus pumila'' var. ''awkeotsang'']] |
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* ''[[Ficus pyriformis]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus pyriformis]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus racemosa]]'' – [[Cluster Fig]], Goolar Fig, ''udumbara'' ([[ |
* ''[[Ficus racemosa]]'' – [[Cluster Fig]], Goolar Fig, ''udumbara'' ([[Sanskreta]]), ''umbar'' (India) |
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* ''[[Ficus ramiflora]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus ramiflora]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus religiosa]]'' –[[Bodhi (pohon)|pohon Bodhi]], ''Sacred Fig'', ''arali'', ''bo, pipal, pippala, pimpal'' (dsb.), ''pou'' ([[Kamboja]]), ''Ashvattha'' |
* ''[[Ficus religiosa]]'' –[[Bodhi (pohon)|pohon Bodhi]], ''[[:en:Sacred Fig]]'', ''arali'', ''bo, pipal, pippala, pimpal'' (dsb.), ''pou'' ([[Kamboja]]), ''[[:en:Ashvattha]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus rieberiana]]'' <small>C.C.Berg</small> |
* ''[[Ficus rieberiana]]'' <small>C.C.Berg</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus roraimensis]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus roraimensis]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus roxburghii]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus roxburghii]]'' = ''F. auriculata''? |
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* ''[[Ficus rubiginosa]]'' – [[Port Jackson Fig]], Little-leaved Fig, Rusty Fig, ''damun'' ([[Sydney Language]]) |
* ''[[Ficus rubiginosa]]'' – [[:en:Port Jackson Fig]], Little-leaved Fig, Rusty Fig, ''damun'' ([[Sydney Language]]) |
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* ''[[Ficus rumphii]]'' <small>Blume</small> – [[Rumpf's Fig]] |
* ''[[Ficus rumphii]]'' <small>Blume</small> – [[:en:Rumpf's Fig]] |
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* ''[[Ficus salicifolia]]'' <small>Vahl</small> (= ''F. pretoriae'' <small>Burtt Davy</small>) – [[Willow-leaved Fig]] |
* ''[[Ficus salicifolia]]'' <small>Vahl</small> (= ''F. pretoriae'' <small>Burtt Davy</small>) – [[Willow-leaved Fig]] |
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* ''[[Ficus salzmanniana]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus salzmanniana]]'' |
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| Baris 309: | Baris 309: | ||
* ''[[Ficus tettensis]]'' <small>Hutch.</small> (= ''F. smutsii'' <small>Verdoorn</small>) |
* ''[[Ficus tettensis]]'' <small>Hutch.</small> (= ''F. smutsii'' <small>Verdoorn</small>) |
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* ''[[Ficus thonningii]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus thonningii]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus tinctoria]]'' – [[Dye Fig]], Humped Fig |
* ''[[Ficus tinctoria]]'' – [[:en:Dye Fig]], Humped Fig |
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* ''[[Ficus tobagensis]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus tobagensis]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus tomentella]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus tomentella]]'' |
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| Baris 325: | Baris 325: | ||
* ''[[Ficus ursina]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus ursina]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus vaccinoides]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus vaccinoides]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus variegata (tree)|Ficus variegata]]'' <small>Bl.</small> |
* ''[[:en:Ficus variegata (tree)|Ficus variegata]]'' <small>Bl.</small> |
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* ''[[Ficus variolosa]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus variolosa]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus velutina]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus velutina]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus verruculosa]]'' Warb. |
* ''[[Ficus verruculosa]]'' Warb. |
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* ''[[Ficus virens]]'' – [[White Fig]], ''pilkhan'', ''an-borndi'' ([[Gun-djeihmi]]) |
* ''[[Ficus virens]]'' – [[White Fig]], ''pilkhan'', ''an-borndi'' ([[Gun-djeihmi]]) |
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** [[Ficus virens var. sublanceolata|''Ficus virens'' var. ''sublanceolata'']] White Fig, [[New South Wales]] |
** [[:en:Ficus virens var. sublanceolata|''Ficus virens'' var. ''sublanceolata'']] White Fig, [[New South Wales]] |
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* ''[[Ficus virgata]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus virgata]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus wassa]]'' |
* ''[[Ficus wassa]]'' |
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* ''[[Ficus watkinsiana]]'' – [[Watkins' Fig]], Nipple Fig, Green-leaved Moreton Bay Fig |
* ''[[Ficus watkinsiana]]'' – [[:en:Watkins' Fig]], Nipple Fig, Green-leaved Moreton Bay Fig |
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* ''[[Ficus yoponensis]]'' <small>Desv.</small> |
* ''[[Ficus yoponensis]]'' <small>Desv.</small> |
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{{div col end}} |
{{div col end}} |
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Revisi per 28 Juni 2013 19.03
| Ficus (genus) | |
|---|---|
| |
| Pohon ara sycamore, Ficus sycomorus | |
| Klasifikasi ilmiah | |
| Kerajaan: | |
| (tanpa takson): | |
| (tanpa takson): | |
| (tanpa takson): | |
| Ordo: | |
| Famili: | |
| Tribus: | Ficeae[1] |
| Genus: | Ficus |
| Spesies | |
|
Sekitar 800 | |
Ficus (/ˈfɪkʊs/[2]) adalah genus tumbuhan tropis yang secara alamiah tumbuh di daerah tropis dengan sejumlah spesies hidup di zona ugahari. Terdiri dari sekitar 850 spesies yang dapat berupa pohon kayu, semak, tunggul dan tumbuhan menjalar dalam familia Moraceae. Secara umum dikenal sebagai pohon ara (bahasa Inggris: fig trees atau figs). Pohon ara yang umum (Common Fig; F. carica) adalah spesies yang banyak ditemukan di daerah Asia Barat Daya, Timur Tengah dan sekitar Laut Tengah (dari Afganistan sampai Portugal), dan dibiakkan sejak jaman purba karena buahnya, yang dikenal sebagai buah ara (figs). Buah yang dihasilkan kebanyakan spesies dapat dimakan, meskipun hanya mempunyai nilai ekonomi lokal. Namun, merupakan sumber makanan penting bagi hewan liar. Pohon-pohon ara juga berperan penting dalam kebudayaan karena menjadi obyek sembahan, misalnya pohon beringin (F. benjamina) atau pohon Bodhi (F. religiosa), dan juga banyak kegunaan praktis.
Deskripsi
Pohon ara (Ficus) kebanyakan hijau sepanjang tahun dan dapat tumbuh di berbagai daerah ekologi, sebagian merupakan spesies deciduous yang tumbuh di daerah di luar wilayah tropis dan di dataran tinggi.[3] Spesies ara dikenali dari inflorescence yang unik dan pollination syndrome yang khas, dengan menggunakan spesies tawon (wasp) dari familia Agaonidae family untuk penyerbukan (pollination).
Ekologi dan kegunaan
Buah ara merupakan sumber makanan penting bagi sejumlah frugivora termasuk kelelawar buah (Megabat; fruit bats), kera capuchin, langur (Colobinae) dan mangabey. Dengan demikian pohon-pohon ara merupakan spesies kunci (keystone species) di banyak ekosistem hutan tropis (rainforest). Terlebih lagi sangat penting untuk sejumlah unggas, seperti megalaimidae (Asian barbets), merpati, hornbill, Cyclopsittacini (fig-parrots) dan bulbul yang hanya hidup dari buah ara pada musim buahnya. Banyak ulat dari jenis Lepidoptera makan daun-daun ara, misalnya beberapa spesies Euploea (Crow butterflies), Danaus chrysippus (Plain Tiger), Papilio cresphontes (kupu-kupu Giant Swallowtail), Badamia exclamationis (kupu-kupu Brown Awl), dan Chrysodeixis eriosoma, Choreutidae serta Copromorphidae.
Daun-daun ara sering lunak dan getahnya digunakan untuk beberapa hal, termasuk membuat tempat penyimpanan mummi di Mesir kuno.
Makna penting budaya dan agamawi
Hindu/Buddha
Pohon-pohon ara sangat mepengaruhi kebudayaan melalui beberapa tradisi keagamaan. Antara lain yang sangat terkenal adalah "Pohon ara keramat" (Sacred Fig) yaitu Pipal, Bodhi, Bo, atau Po, yang merupakan spesies Ficus religiosa, atau pun pohon "banyan" (Banyan Fig) dari spesies Ficus benghalensis. Tumbuhan hidup tertua yang diketahui jelas tarikh penanamannya adalah sebuah pohon are Ficus religiosa yang dikenal sebagai Sri Maha Bodhi, ditanam di sebuah kuil di Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka oleh raja Tissa pada tahun 288 SM.
Yahudi/Kristen
Pohon ara merupakan pohon ketiga yang disebutkan di Alkitab Ibrani atau Perjanjian Lama di Alkitab Kristen, setelah "pohon kehidupan" dan "pohon pengetahuan tentang yang baik dan yang jahat".[4] Adam dan Hawa menyemat daun pohon ara dan membuat cawat untuk menutupi tubuh mereka setelah mereka tahu, bahwa mereka telanjang.[5]
Buah ara juga termasuk daftar makanan yang ditemukan dalam Tanah Perjanjian menurut Taurat (Ulangan 8). Yesus Kristus mengutuk sebuah pohon ara karena tidak menghasilkan buah (Markus 11:12–14).
Islam
Pohon ara umum adalah salah satu dari dua pohon keramat dalam Islam, dan salah satu surah dalam Quran diberi nama At-Tin (سوره تین) yang bermakna "pohon ara".
Kebudayaan lain
Pohon ara dikeramatkan dalam budaya Siprus kuno di mana dijadikan lambang kesuburan.
Sistem reproduksi buah ara
Tergantung dari spesiesnya, setiap buah ara dapat mengandung sampai beberapa ratus bahkan beberapa ribu biji.[6]
| Nilai nutrisi per 100 g (3,5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energi | 310 kJ (74 kcal) |
19 g | |
| Gula | 16 g |
| Serat pangan | 3 g |
0.3 g | |
0.8 g | |
| |
| †Persen AKG berdasarkan rekomendasi Amerika Serikat untuk orang dewasa. Sumber: USDA FoodData Central | |
| Nilai nutrisi per 100 g (3,5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energi | 1.041 kJ (249 kcal) |
64 g | |
| Gula | 48 g |
| Serat pangan | 10 g |
1 g | |
3 g | |
| |
| †Persen AKG berdasarkan rekomendasi Amerika Serikat untuk orang dewasa. Sumber: USDA FoodData Central | |
Semua pohon ara asli di benua Amerika bersifat hermafrodit, sebagaimana spesies Indian Banyan (F. benghalensis), Weeping Fig (F. benjamina), Indian Rubber Plant (F. elastica), Fiddle-leaved Fig (F. lyrata), Moreton Bay Fig (F. macrophylla), Chinese Banyan (F. microcarpa), Sacred Fig (F. religiosa) and Sycamore Fig (F. sycomorus).[7]
Sejumlah spesies
- Ficus abutilifolia (Miq.) Miq. (= F. soldanella Warb.)
- Ficus adhatodifolia Schott
- Ficus aguaraguensis
- Ficus albert-smithii
- Ficus albipila – en:Abbey Tree, en:Phueng Tree, en:tandiran
- Ficus altissima
- Ficus amazonica
- Ficus americana
- Ficus andamanica
- Ficus angladei
- Ficus apollinaris Dugand (= F. petenensis Lundell)
- Ficus aripuanensis
- Ficus arpazusa[8]
- Ficus aspera
- Ficus aspera var. parcelli
- Ficus aurea – en:Florida Strangler Fig
- Ficus auriculata ( = F. roxburghii? ) – en:Roxburgh Fig
- Ficus barbata – Bearded Fig
- Ficus battieri
- Ficus beddomei – en:Thavital
- Ficus benghalensis – en:Indian Banyan, Bengal Fig, East Indian Fig, borh (Pakistan), vad/vat/wad, nyagrodha, "en:indian fig"
- Ficus benguetensis
- Ficus benjamina – pohon Beringin, en:Weeping Fig, Benjamin's Fig
- Ficus bibracteata
- Ficus bizanae
- Ficus blepharophylla
- Ficus bojeri
- Ficus broadwayi
- Ficus bubu Warb.
- Ficus burtt-davyi Hutch.
- Ficus calyptroceras
- Ficus capreifolia Del.
- Ficus carchiana C.C.Berg
- Ficus carica – en:Common Fig, anjeer (Iran, Pakistan), dumur (Bengali)
- Ficus castellviana
- Ficus catappifolia
- Ficus caulocarpa - zh:大葉雀榕 (Miq.) Miq., 1867
- Ficus citrifolia – en:Short-leaved Fig, Wild Banyantree
- Ficus clusiifolia
- Ficus congesta
- Ficus cordata Thunb.
- Ficus cordata ssp. salicifolia (Vahl) Berg
- Ficus coronata – en:Creek Sandpaper Fig
- Ficus costaricana (Liebm.) Miq.
- Ficus cotinifolia
- Ficus crassipes – en:Round-leaved Banana Fig
- Ficus crassiuscula Standl.
- Ficus craterostoma Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burr.
- Ficus cristobalensis
- Ficus cyclophylla
- Ficus dammaropsis – en:Highland Breadfruit, kapiak (en:Tok Pisin)
- Ficus dendrocida
- Ficus deltoidea – en:Mistletoe Fig
- Ficus destruens
- Ficus drupacea
- Ficus ecuadorensis C.C.Berg
- Ficus elastica – Karet kebo, en:Indian Rubber Plant, Rubber Fig, "en:rubber tree", "rubber plant"
- Ficus elastica cv. 'Decora'
- Ficus elastica var. variegata
- Ficus elasticoides
- Ficus elliotiana
- Ficus enormis
- Ficus erecta – Japanese fig, イヌビワ
- Ficus dicranostyla
- Ficus faulkneriana
- Ficus fischeri Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burr. (= F. kiloneura Hornby)
- Ficus fistulosa
- Ficus fraseri – en:Shiny Sandpaper Fig, White Sandpaper Fig, "figwood", "watery fig"
- Ficus fulvo-pilosa Summerh.
- Ficus gardneriana
- Ficus gibbosa
- Ficus gigantosyce Dugand
- Ficus gilletii
- Ficus glabra
- Ficus glaberrima
- Ficus glumosa (Miq.) Del. (=F. sonderi Miq.)
- Ficus godeffroyi (endemic to Samoa, known as Mati.)
- Ficus gomelleira
- Ficus greenwoodii Summerh.
- Ficus greiffiana
- Ficus grenadensis
- Ficus grossularioides – White-leaved Fig
- Ficus guajavoides Lundell
- Ficus guaranitica[9]
- Ficus guianensis[10]
- Ficus hartii
- Ficus hebetifolia
- Ficus hederacea
- Ficus heterophylla
- Ficus hirsuta
- Ficus hirta Vahl
- Ficus hispida
- Ficus hispita L.
- Ficus ilicina (Sond.) Miq.
- Ficus illiberalis
- Ficus insipida
- Ficus insipida ssp. insipida
- Ficus insipida ssp. scabra
- Ficus kerkhovenii – Johore Fig[11]
- Ficus luschnathiana (Miq.) Miq.
- Ficus infectoria – en:Wavy-leaved Fig, en:plaksa
- Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq.
- Ficus krishnae
- Ficus krukovii
- Ficus lacor
- Ficus lacunata
- Ficus laevis
- Ficus lapathifolia
- Ficus lateriflora
- Ficus lauretana
- Ficus loxensis C.C.Berg
- Ficus lutea Vahl (= F. vogelii, F. nekbudu, F. quibeba Welw. ex Fical.)
- Ficus lyrata – en:Fiddle-leaved Fig
- Ficus macbridei Standl.
- Ficus maclellandii – Alii Fig or Banana-Leaf Fig
- Ficus macrophylla – Moreton Bay Fig
- Ficus magnifolia
- Ficus malacocarpa
- Ficus mariae
- Ficus masonii Horne ex Baker
- Ficus mathewsii
- Ficus matiziana
- Ficus mauritiana
- Ficus maxima
- Ficus maximoides C.C.Berg
- Ficus meizonochlamys
- Ficus mexiae
- Ficus microcarpa – en:Chinese Banyan, Malayan Banyan, Curtain Fig, "Indian laurel"
- Ficus microcarpa var. hillii – Hill's Fig
- Ficus microcarpa var. nitida – often considered a subspecies of F. retusa or a distinct species
- Ficus microchlamys
- Ficus minkelman
- Ficus minahasae – en:longusei (Sulawesi)
- Ficus mollior F.Muell. ex Benth.
- Ficus monckii
- Ficus montana – Oakleaf Fig
- Ficus muelleri
- Ficus muelleriana
- Ficus mutabilis
- Ficus mutisii Dugand
- Ficus mysorensis
- Ficus natalensis Hochst. – en:mutuba (Ganda)
- Ficus natalensis ssp. leprieurii
- Ficus natalensis ssp. natalensis
- Ficus neriifolia
- Ficus nervosa
- Ficus noronhae
- Ficus nota – en:tibig
- Ficus nymphaeifolia
- Ficus oapana C.C.Berg
- Ficus obliqua – en:Small-leaved Fig
- Ficus obtusifolia
- Ficus obtusiuscula (Miq.) Miq.
- Ficus opposita – en:Sweet Sandpaper Fig, Sweet Fig, "figwood", "watery fig"
- Ficus organensis (Miq.) Miq.
- Ficus padifolia
- Ficus pakkensis
- Ficus pallida
- Ficus palmata
- Ficus palmeri
- Ficus pandurata
- Ficus pantoniana – en:Climbing Fig
- Ficus panurensis
- Ficus pertusa
- Ficus petiolaris (= F. palmeri)
- Ficus pilosa
- Ficus piresiana Vázq.Avila & C.C.Berg
- Ficus platypoda – en:Desert Fig, Rock Fig
- Ficus pleurocarpa – en:Banana Fig, Gabi Fig, Karpe Fig
- Ficus polita Vahl
- Ficus polita ssp. polita
- Ficus prolixa G.Forst. (= F. mariannensis Merr.)
- Ficus pseudopalma Blanco
- Ficus pulchella
- Ficus pumila – en:Creeping Fig
- Ficus pyriformis
- Ficus racemosa – Cluster Fig, Goolar Fig, udumbara (Sanskreta), umbar (India)
- Ficus ramiflora
- Ficus religiosa –pohon Bodhi, en:Sacred Fig, arali, bo, pipal, pippala, pimpal (dsb.), pou (Kamboja), en:Ashvattha
- Ficus rieberiana C.C.Berg
- Ficus roraimensis
- Ficus roxburghii = F. auriculata?
- Ficus rubiginosa – en:Port Jackson Fig, Little-leaved Fig, Rusty Fig, damun (Sydney Language)
- Ficus rumphii Blume – en:Rumpf's Fig
- Ficus salicifolia Vahl (= F. pretoriae Burtt Davy) – Willow-leaved Fig
- Ficus salzmanniana
- Ficus sansibarica Warb.
- Ficus sarmentosa[12]
- Ficus saussureana
- Ficus scabra G.Forst.
- Ficus schippii
- Ficus schultesii
- Ficus schumacheri
- Ficus septica – Hauli Tree in Philippines
- Ficus sphenophylla
- Ficus stahlii
- Ficus stuhlmannii Warb.
- Ficus subpisocarpa
- Ficus subpuberula
- Ficus superba
- Ficus superba var. henneana
- Ficus sur Forssk. (= F. capensis)
- Ficus sycomorus – Sycamore Fig, Fig-mulberry
- Ficus sycomorus ssp. sycomorus
- Ficus sycomorus ssp. gnaphalocarpa (Miq.) C.C. Berg
- Ficus tecolutlensis
- Ficus tettensis Hutch. (= F. smutsii Verdoorn)
- Ficus thonningii
- Ficus tinctoria – en:Dye Fig, Humped Fig
- Ficus tobagensis
- Ficus tomentella
- Ficus tomentosa
- Ficus tonduzii Standl.
- Ficus tremula Warb.
- Ficus tremula ssp. tremula
- Ficus triangularis
- Ficus trichopoda Bak. (= F. hippopotami Gerstn.)
- Ficus trigona L.f.
- Ficus trigonata
- Ficus triradiata – Red-stipule Fig
- Ficus ulmifolia
- Ficus umbellata
- Ficus ursina
- Ficus vaccinoides
- Ficus variegata Bl.
- Ficus variolosa
- Ficus velutina
- Ficus verruculosa Warb.
- Ficus virens – White Fig, pilkhan, an-borndi (Gun-djeihmi)
- Ficus virens var. sublanceolata White Fig, New South Wales
- Ficus virgata
- Ficus wassa
- Ficus watkinsiana – en:Watkins' Fig, Nipple Fig, Green-leaved Moreton Bay Fig
- Ficus yoponensis Desv.
Daftar pohon ara terkenal
- Ashvattha – Pohon dunia dalam agama Hindu, held to be a supernatural F. religiosa
- Bodhi tree – tergolong F. religiosa
- Charybdis Fig Tree of the Odyssey, presumably a F. carica
- Curtain Fig Tree – tergolong F. virens
- Ficus Ruminalis – tergolong F. carica
- Plaksa – another supernatural fig in Hinduism; usually identified as F. religiosa but probably F. infectoria
- Santa Barbara's Moreton Bay Fig Tree – a F. macrophylla
- Sri Maha Bodhi – another F. religiosa, planted in 288 BCE, the oldest human-planted tree on record
- The Great Banyan – tergolong F. benghalensis, a clonal colony and once the largest organism known
- Vidurashwatha – "Vidura's Sacred Fig tree", a village in India named after a famous F. religiosa that until recently stood there
- Wonderboom - Pohon ara terbesar, di Pretoria, Afrika Selatan
Lihat pula
- Abraham Mauricio Salazar, ahli seni papel amate terkenal
- Amphoe Pho Sai dan Amphoe Suan Phueng, distrik di Thailand yang dinamai menurut spesies Ficus
- Banyan
- Beringin
- Bodhi (pohon)
- Edred John Henry Corner
- Perumpamaan pohon ara
- Perumpamaan pohon ara yang tidak berbuah
- Zakheus
- Bagian Alkitab yang berkaitan: Kejadian 3, Ulangan 8, Matius 21, Matius 24, Markus 11, Markus 13, Lukas 21
Referensi
- ^ "Ficus L". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-01-16. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-11.
- ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
- ^ Halevy, Abraham H. (1989), Handbook of Flowering Volume 6 of CRC Handbook of Flowering, CRC Press, hlm. 331, ISBN 978-0-8493-3916-5, diakses tanggal 2009-08-25
- ^ Kejadian 2:9
- ^ Kejadian 3:7
- ^ "Figs4fun.com" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 2012-01-05.
- ^ Berg & Corner (2005)
- ^ Brazil. Described by Carauta & Diaz (2002): pp.38–39
- ^ Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina: Carauta & Diaz (2002): pp.64–66
- ^ Brazil: Carauta & Diaz (2002): pp.67–69
- ^ "Changitrees". Habitatnews.nus.edu.sg. 2002-09-12. Diakses tanggal 2012-01-05.
- ^ Wu et al., 2003, Flora of China
Pustaka tambahan
- Berg, C.C., Hijmann, M.E.E. (1989). "Chapter 11: Ficus". In: Flora of Tropical East Africa. R.M. Polhill (ed.). hlm. 43–86.
- Berg, C. C. & Corner, E. J. H. (2005): Moraceae. In: Flora Malesiana Ser. I, vol. 17, part 2.
- California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. (CRFG) (1996): Fig. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
- Carauta, Pedro; Diaz, Ernani (2002): Figueiras no Brasil. Editora UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro. ISBN 85-7108-250-2
- Condit, Ira J. (1969): Ficus: the exotic species. University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences. 363 pp.
- Denisowski, Paul (2007): Chinese–English Dictionary – Fig. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
- Harrison, Rhett D. (2005): Figs and the diversity of tropical rain forests. Bioscience 55(12): 1053–1064. DOI:[1053:FATDOT2.0.CO;2 10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[1053:FATDOT]2.0.CO;2] PDF fulltext
- Kislev, Mordechai E.; Hartmann, Anat & Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2006a): Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley. Science 312(5778): 1372. DOI:10.1126/science.1125910 (HTML abstract) Supporting Online Material
- Kislev, Mordechai E.; Hartmann, Anat & Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2006b): Response to Comment on "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley". Science 314(5806): 1683b. DOI:10.1126/science.1133748 PDF fulltext
- Lev-Yadun, Simcha; Ne'eman, Gidi; Abbo, Shahal & Flaishman, Moshe A. (2006): Comment on "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley". Science 314(5806): 1683a. DOI:10.1126/science.1132636 PDF fulltext
- Lewington, Anna & Parker, Edward (1999): Ancient trees: Trees that live for 1000 years: 192. London, Collins & Brown Limited.
- Rønsted, Nina; Weiblen, George D.; Cook, James M.; Salamin, Nicholas; Machado, Carlos A. & Savoainen, Vincent (2005): 60 million years of co-divergence in the fig-wasp symbiosis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272(1581): 2593–2599. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2005.3249 PDF fulltext
- Shanahan, M.; Compton, S. G.; So, Samson & Corlett, Richard (2001): Fig-eating by vertebrate frugivores: a global review. Biological Reviews 76(4): 529–572. DOI:10.1017/S1464793101005760 PDF fulltext Electronic appendices
- Van Noort, Simon (2006-12-18). "The species richness of fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Agaonidae, Pteromalidae) in Yemen". Fauna of Arabia (22): 449–472. Diakses tanggal 1 January 2013.
Pranala luar
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Ficus.
- Figweb Major reference site for the genus Ficus
- Video: Interaction of figs and fig wasps Multi-award-winning documentary
- Fruits of Warm Climates: Fig
- California Rare Fruit Growers: Fig Fruit Facts
- North American Fruit Explorers: Fig
- BBC: Fig fossil clue to early farming
- La Photothèque PH.S., p. 45-47 : Numbers of Ficus pictures
- Wayne's Word: Sex Determination & Life Cycle in Ficus carica
- Figs 4 Fun: The Weird Sex Life of the Fig
- Figs nutritional information
- Video