Peradaban Lembah Indus

Peradaban Lembah Indus

Jangkauan geografis	Asia Selatan
Periode	Zaman Perunggu
Tanggal	ca 3300–ca 1700 BCE
Didahului oleh	Mehrgarh
Diikuti oleh	Periode Weda

Berkas:Indusvalleyexcavation.jpg

Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus berada sepanjang Sungai Indus di Pakistan sekarang ini. Puing Mohenjo-daro difoto di atas merupakan pusat dari masyarakat kuno ini.

Lokasi kota-kota kuno di Lembah Sungai Indus

Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus (Indus Valley Civilization; IVC), 2800 SM–1800 SM, merupakan sebuah peradaban kuno yang hidup sepanjang Sungai Indus yang sekarang merupakan wilayah Pakistan dan India barat. Peradaban ini juga dikenal sebagai peradaban yang berpusat di kota Mohenjo Daro dan Harrapa. Keruntuhan peradaban ini ditengarai disebabkan Sungai Saraswati Veda yang mengalami kekeringan pada akhir 1900 SM. Para peneliti mengungkapkan peradaban Lembah Indus merupakan peradaban kuno paling luas yang ditemukan setelah situs peradaban Mesopotamia dan Mesir. Pada tahun 1980 peradaban Lembah Indus ditetapkan sebagai situs warisan dunia oleh UNESCO. [1]

Sejumlah situs utama Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus

Masyarakat

Orang-orang Dravida atau penutur bahasa Proto-Dravida (leluhur dari Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, dan Malayalam) yang diperkirakan merupakan pendiri kota kuno ini sendiri masih menjadi perdebatan dikalangan para arkeolog. Riwayat mereka tak dapat ditelusuri hingga sekarang. Bahasa dan aksara yang mereka gunakan dalam artefak-artefak yang ditemukan di sana masih belum dapat dipecahkan hingga sekarang. Uniknya di kota tersebut tidak ditemukan bangunan untuk kegiatan religius dan tanda-tanda sistem kasta seperti kuil-kuil dan monumen besar yang megah. Hal ini mengakibatkan para peneliti berspekulasi kalau masyarakat Mohenjo Daro dan Harappa merupakan peradaban yang hidup bergantung sepenuhnya pada ilmu pengetahuan (sudah meninggalkan praktik keagamaan) dan memiliki filosofi hidup yang tinggi (terlihat dari ketiadaan sistem kasta dalam hierarki sosial). Berdasarkan dari peninggalan yang ditemukan, mereka merupakan salah satu peradaban yang sudah maju dengan adanya bukti timbangan dan ukuran yang sudah memiliki standar, ukiran cap, dan sudah mengenal teknik peleburan logam seperti tembaga, perunggu, dan timah.

Keruntuhan

Keruntuhan peradaban ini diduga disebabkan oleh perubahan iklim. Perubahan iklim pada masa itu menyebabkan zaman es kecil yang mengakibatkan musim kemarau menjadi lebih kering yang berdampak negatif terhadap pertanian. Hal inilah yang membuat masyarakat peradaban tersebut pindah ke desa-desa kecil di kaki bukit Himalaya. Selain itu pada saat yang sama datang peradaban Indo-Arya dengan membawa peralatan yang lebih canggih. . Bangsa Indo-Arya ini ditengarai menyerang masyarakat Lembah Sungai Indus karena di sekitar bekas kota ditemukan sisa kerangka yang seolah-olah menunjukkan bukti kuat adanya penyerbuan. Dugaan lainnya dari keruntuhan peradaban ini adalah disebabkan oleh banjir karena kota ini nampaknya begitu padat penduduk dan banjir telah terjadi berulang kali,

Lihat pula

• Daftar lokasi Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus
• Daftar penemuan Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus
• Mohenjo-daro
• Meluhha
• Harappa
• Chanhudaro
• Sindh

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Pustaka tambahan

• Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE, Cambridge University Press 

Pranala luar

• An invitation to the Indus Civilization (Tokyo Metropolitan Museum)
• Cache of Seal Impressions Discovered in Western India
• Photos and descriptions of archaeological excavations — 90 page intro to Indus (Harappa and Indus Valley Civilization at harappa.com)
• The Indus Script (harappa.com)
• http://www.safarmer.com/fsw2.pdf 'Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis' by Farmer, Sproat, and Witzel (2004)
• Horseplay in Harappa article debunking claims of decipherment of the "Indus script"
  • A reply to Frontline’s cover story by Michael Danino
• Prehistoric dentistry evidence found in Indus - BBC News
• Indus artefacts
• Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization