Yesus sebagai tokoh dalam sejarah
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Yesus sebagai tokoh dalam sejarah merujuk kepada upaya rekonstruksi kehidupan Yesus dari Nazaret,[1][2][3] berdasarkan metode historis, termasuk analisis kritikal Alkitab terhadap naskah-naskah Injil sebagai sumber utama biografi-Nya, diiringi dengan pertimbangan konteks sejarah dan budaya di tempat Ia pernah hidup.[1][2][4] Dengan menggunakan sumber-sumber non-Alkitab, para sejarawan berusaha merekonstruksi bahwa Yesus adalah: guru/rabi Yahudi yang memiliki sekelompok pengikut dari Galilea, dan setelah beberapa tahun masa pelayanannya, disalibkan oleh pemerintah Romawi di Provinsi Iudaea pada masa Pontius Pilatus menjabat sebagai gubernur.
Rekonstruksi ini dibedakan dari sekedar bertanya "Apakah Yesus pernah ada?", karena sudah menerima kenyataan bahwa Yesus memang pernah ada,[5][6][7][8] meskipun terdapat spektrum pendapat yang luas seberapa dekatnya figur "Yesus" yang diperkenalkan oleh gerakan Kristen mula-mula dengan kenyataan "Yesus sebagai tokoh dalam sejarah".[9]
Upaya rekonstruksi ini dilakukan dengan berbagai agenda, mulai dari mereka yang bermaksud memastikan pandangan Kristen mengenai Yesus, maupun yang berusaha menolak Kekristenan, atau yang berharap untuk mempelajari kehidupan Yesus dengan harapan mengubah sebab musabab sosial.[10][11][12][13][14] Pada abad ke-21, pendekatan "maximalist" dari abad ke-19 yang menerima semua isi Injil, maupun kecenderungan "minimalist" di awal abad ke-20 yang sama sekali menolak Injil, keduanya ditinggalkan dan para ilmuwan mulai berfokus pada apa yang menurut sejarah memungkinkan dan menguatkan mengenai kehidupan Yesus.[15][16][17][18]
Pengaruh di dalam sejarah
Sepanjang sejarah dunia, Yesus telah meninggalkan pengaruh yang sangat mendalam. Ketika Kaisar Konstantinus mendapatkan penglihatan tentang Yesus tepat sebelum peperangan penentuan di Roma[19][20][21], adalah salah satu peristiwa paling penting dalam sejarah peradaban Barat. Peristiwa itu menandai dimulainya proses ketika kekristenan beranjak dari status agama minoritas menjadi salah satu agama resmi kekaisaran terbesar hingga saat itu di dunia Barat.[22]
Lihat pula
Referensi
- ^ a b Amy-Jill Levine in the The Historical Jesus in Context edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. 2006 Princeton Univ Press ISBN 978-0-691-00992-6 pages 1-2
- ^ a b Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium by Bart D. Ehrman (Sep 23, 1999) ISBN 0195124731 Oxford Univ Press pages ix-xi
- ^ Jesus Remembered Volume 1, by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 pp. 125-127
- ^ Ehrman, Bart. The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-19-515462-2, chapters 13, 15
- ^ In a 2011 review of the state of modern scholarship, Bart Ehrman (a secular agnostic) wrote: "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees" B. Ehrman, 2011 Forged : writing in the name of God ISBN 978-0-06-207863-6. page 285
- ^ Robert M. Price (an atheist who denies the existence of Jesus) agrees that this perspective runs against the views of the majority of scholars: Robert M. Price "Jesus at the Vanishing Point" in The Historical Jesus: Five Views edited by James K. Beilby & Paul Rhodes Eddy, 2009 InterVarsity, ISBN 028106329X page 61
- ^ Michael Grant (a classicist) states that "In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non historicity of Jesus' or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary." in Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels by Micjhael Grant 2004 ISBN 1898799881 page 200
- ^ Richard A. Burridge states: "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church’s imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that any more." in Jesus Now and Then by Richard A. Burridge and Graham Gould (Apr 1, 2004) ISBN 0802809774 page 34
- ^ Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee by Mark Allan Powell 1998 ISBN 0-664-25703-8 pages 168–173
- ^ Allison, Dale (2009-02). The Historical Christ and the Theological Jesus. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. hlm. 59. ISBN 978-0-8028-6262-4. Diakses tanggal 2011-Jan-09.
We wield our criteria to get what we want.
- ^ John P. Meier (26 May 2009). A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Law and Love. Yale University Press. hlm. 6–. ISBN 978-0-300-14096-5. Diakses tanggal 27 August 2010.
- ^ Akenson, Donald (1998). Surpassing wonder: the invention of the Bible and the Talmuds. University of Chicago Press. hlm. 539–555. ISBN 978-0-226-01073-1. Diakses tanggal 2011-Jan-08.
...The point I shall argue below is that, the agreed evidentiary practices of the historians of Yeshua, despite their best efforts, have not been those of sound historical practice...
- ^ Clive Marsh, "Diverse Agendas at Work in the Jesus Quest" in Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus by Tom Holmen and Stanley E. Porter (Jan 12, 2011) ISBN 9004163727 pages 986-1002
- ^ Clive Marsh "Quests of the Historical Jesus in New Historicist Perspective" in Biblical Interpretation Journal Volume 5, Number 4, 1997 , pp. 403-437(35)
- ^ The Historical Jesus of the Gospels by Craig S. Keener (Apr 13, 2012) ISBN 0802868886 page 163
- ^ Jesus in Contemporary Scholarship by Marcus J. Borg (Aug 1, 1994) ISBN 1563380943 pages 4-6
- ^ Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research by Bruce Chilton and Craig A. Evans (Jun 1998) ISBN 9004111425 page 27
- ^ John P. Meier "Criteria: How do we decide what comes from Jesus?" in The Historical Jesus in Recent Research by James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight (Jul 15, 2006) ISBN 1575061007 page 124 "Since in the quest for the historical Jesus almost anything is possible, the function of the criteria is to pass from the merely possible to the really probable, to inspect various probabilities, and to decide which candidate is most probable. Ordinarily the criteria can not hope to do more."
- ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 44.4–6, tr. J.L. Creed, Lactantius: De Mortibus Persecutorum (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), qtd. in Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 71.
- ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.28, tr. Odahl, 105. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43; Drake, "Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 113; Odahl, 105.
- ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.27–29; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43, 306; Odahl, 105–6, 319–20.
- ^ "Jesus". BBC. Diakses tanggal 2013-07-10.
Pustaka tambahan
- Barnett, Paul W. (1997). Jesus and the Logic of History (New Studies in Biblical Theology 3). Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 0-85111-512-8.
- Bauckham, Richard (2011). Jesus: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-957527-4.
- Brown, Raymond E. (1993). The Death of the Messiah: from Gethsemane to the Grave. New York: Anchor Bible. ISBN 0-385-49449-1.
- Brown, Raymond E. et al. The New Jerome Biblical Commentary Prentice Hall 1990 ISBN 0-13-614934-0
- Bock, Darrell L., Studying the Historical Jesus: A Guide to Sources and Methods.. Baker Academic: 2002. ISBN 978-0-8010-2451-1.
- Craffert, Pieter F. and Botha, Pieter J. J. "Why Jesus Could Walk On The Sea But He Could Not Read And Write". Neotestamenica. 39.1, 2005.
- Crossan, John Dominic. Jesus : A Revolutionary Biography. Harpercollins: 1994. ISBN 0-06-061661-X.
- Dickson, John. Jesus: A Short Life, Lion Hudson plc, 2008, ISBN 0-8254-7802-2, ISBN 978-0-8254-7802-4, Google Books
- Ehrman, Bart D. (1999). Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium. New York: Oxford. ISBN 0-19-512473-1.
- Fiensy, David A.; Jesus the Galilean: soundings in a first century life, Gorgias Press LLC, 2007, ISBN 1-59333-313-7, ISBN 978-1-59333-313-3, Google books
- Fredriksen, Paula (2000). Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews: A Jewish Life and the Emergence of Christianity. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-76746-6.
- Gowler, David B.; What Are They Saying About the Historical Jesus?, Paulist Press, 2007,
- Grant, Michael. Jesus: A Historian's Review of the Gospels. Scribner's, 1977. ISBN 0-684-14889-7.
- Funk, Robert W. (1998). The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-062978-9.
- Harris, by William V. Ancient Literacy. Harvard University Press: 1989. ISBN 0-674-03380-9.
- Meier, John P., A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Doubleday,
- v. 1, The Roots of the Problem and the Person, 1991, ISBN 0-385-26425-9
- v. 2, Mentor, Message, and Miracles, 1994, ISBN 0-385-46992-6
- v. 3, Companions and Competitors, 2001, ISBN 0-385-46993-4
- O'Collins, G. Jesus: A Portrait. Darton, Longman and Todd: 2008. ISBN 978-0232527193
- O'Collins, G. Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus. OUP: 2009. ISBN 978-0199557875
- Sanders, E.P. Jesus and Judaism. Augsburg Fortress Publishers: 1987.
- Sanders, E.P. The Historical Figure of Jesus. Lane The Penguin Press: 1993.
- Vermes, G. Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels. SCM Classics:2001, ISBN 0-334-02839-6
- Theissen, Gerd and Merz, Annette. The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide. Fortress Press: Minneapolis, 1998. ISBN 0-8006-3122-6.
- Van Voorst, Robert E., Jesus Outside the New Testament, 2000, Eerdmans, google books
- Witherington III, Ben. The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth. InterVarsity Press: 1997. ISBN 0-8308-1544-9.
- Wright, N.T. Christian Origins and the Question of God, a projected 6 volume series of which 3 have been published under:
- v. 1, The New Testament and the People of God. Augsburg Fortress Publishers: 1992.;
- v. 2, Jesus and the Victory of God. Augsburg Fortress Publishers: 1997.;
- v. 3, The Resurrection of the Son of God. Augsburg Fortress Publishers: 2003.
- Wright, N.T. The Challenge of Jesus: Rediscovering who Jesus was and is. IVP 1996
- Yaghjian, Lucretia. "Ancient Reading", in Richard Rohrbaugh, ed., The Social Sciences in New Testament Interpretation. Hendrickson Publishers: 2004. ISBN 1-56563-410-1.
Pranala luar
- "Jesus Christ". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009. The first section, on Jesus' life and ministry