Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa Mandarin

Tabel di bawah ini menunjukkan Alfabet Fonetis Internasional (International Phonetic Alphabet - IPA) yang dipakai untuk menulis pelafalan dalam bahasa Mandarin pada artikel-artikel di Wikipedia.

Konsonan
IPA	Pinyin	Bopomofo	Bahasa Indonesia
p^ⓘ	b	ㄅ	paku
[pʰ]	p	ㄆ	batu
m^ⓘ	m	ㄇ	mana
f^ⓘ	f	ㄈ	fakir
t^ⓘ	d	ㄉ	tetapi
[tʰ]	t	ㄊ	delapan
n^ⓘ	n-, -an, -en	ㄋ, ㄢ, ㄣ	negara
l^ⓘ	l	ㄌ	lelaki
k^ⓘ	g	ㄍ	kera
[kʰ]	k	ㄎ	gerak
x^ⓘ	h	ㄏ	hendak
tɕ^ⓘ	j	ㄐ	cicak
[tɕʰ]	q	ㄑ	jinak
ɕ^ⓘ	x	ㄒ	siapa
tʂ^ⓘ	zh	ㄓ	pitcher (Inggris)
[tʂʰ]	ch	ㄔ	church (Inggris)
ʂ^ⓘ	sh	ㄕ	sure (Inggris)
ʐ^ⓘ	r-	ㄖ^[1]	Zsa Zsa (awal suku kata)
ts^ⓘ	z	ㄗ	cecak
[tsʰ]	c	ㄘ	jerapah
s^ⓘ	s	ㄙ	sebuah
ɻ^ⓘ	-r	ㄦ	aria (akhir suku kata)
ŋ^ⓘ	-ng (-ang, -eng)	ㄤ, ㄥ	bolong
w^ⓘ	w-, -u-	ㄨ	walau
j^ⓘ	y-, -i-	ㄧ	ya
Templat:Error-small	yu-, -ü-^[2]	ㄩ	(simultan y dan w)

Vokal
IPA	Pinyin	Bopomofo	Kesamaan dengan bahasa lain
a^ⓘ	a (a, an)	ㄚ, ㄢ	Agak seperti car (inggris)
ɑ^ⓘ	a (ang), e (er)	ㄤ, ㄦ	car (Inggris)
ɔ^ⓘ	o (wo^[3])	ㄛ	pohon
ɤ^ⓘ	e	ㄜ	Agak seperti hurt (Inggris)
ə^ⓘ	e (en^[4], eng)	ㄣ, ㄥ	gelas
ɛ^ⓘ	é (ye), a (yan, yuan)	ㄝ,ㄧㄢ , ㄩㄢ	teh
[aɪ]	ai	ㄞ	capai
[eɪ]	ei^[4]	ㄟ	hei
[ɑʊ]	au	ㄠ	kalau
[oʊ]	ou^[4]	ㄡ	hoe (Inggris)
i^ⓘ	yi/-i (yi, yin, ying)	ㄧ	ini
u^ⓘ	wu/-u	ㄨ	rumput
ʊ^ⓘ	o (ong)	ㄨㄥ	rumput
y^ⓘ	yu/-ü^[2] (yu, yun)	ㄩ	Agak seperti cute (Inggris)
œ^ⓘ	e (yue)	ㄩㄝ	jeune (Prancis)
[ɨ]	i (si, zi, ci, shi, zhi, chi, ri) (berdengung)^[5]	ㄭ
Nasal^[6]
[ɑ̃]	ang (angr)		Tak ada ekuivalen; nasal [ɑ]
[ə̃]	eng (engr)		Tak ada ekuivalen; nasal [ə]
[ʊ̃]	ong (ongr)		Tak ada ekuivalen; nasal [ʊ]

IPA	Pinyin	Deskripsi
Nada
[ǎ ɤ̌]	á, é	pertengahan naik: ˧˥
[â ɤ̂]	à, è	tinggi jatuh: ˥˩
[á ɤ́]	ā, ē	tinggi: ˥
[à, ɤ̀]	ǎ, ě	medial, rendah: ˩ awalnya, pertengahan jatuh: ˧˩ akhirnya, rendah naik: ˩˧ secara terpisah, menukik: ˧˩˧
[a, ɤ]	a, e	"datar": rendah setelah nada jatuh [â]; pertengahan setelah semua nada lain

Urutan bopomofo

Konsonan

bo po mo fo (dibaca: po bo mo fo; b dibaca p, p dibaca b)
de te ne le (dibaca: te de ne le; d dibaca t, t dibaca d)
ge ke he (dibaca: ke ge he; g dibaca k, k dibaca g)
ji qi xi (dibaca: ci ji si; j dibaca c, q dibaca j, x dibaca s)
zhi chi shi ri (dibaca: che jhe she re; zh dibaca ch, ch dibaca jh, huruf i di belakang zh/ch/sh/r dibaca e)
zi ci si (dibaca: ce je se; z dibaca c, c dibaca j, huruf i di belakang z/c/s dibaca e)

Vokal

a o e é
ai ei au ou
an en ang eng
i u ü^[7] er

Beberapa perbedaan antara penulisan pinyin dengan pengejaan dalam bahasa Indonesia:

-ou seringkali dibaca -o
-ui dibaca -ué
-un dibaca -uên, tetapi -ün tidak dibaca -üên, melainkan tetap -ün
-ian dibaca -ién, kecuali jika dipisah tanda petik tunggal, mis: xian (/sién/) vs. Xi'an (/si an/)

Dua macam bunyi "i"

Semua konsonan dapat diberi bunyi "i", kecuali "zh", "ch", "sh", "r", dan "z", "c", "s"
"zh", "ch", "sh", "r", dan "z", "c", "s" ditulis dengan huruf "i": "zhi", "chi", "shi", "ri", dan "zi", "ci", "si", tetapi dibaca dengan suara "e" "/che/", "/jhe/", "/she/", "/re/", dan "/ce/", "/je/", "/se/"
Bunyi "/ci/", "/ji/", "/si/" ditulis dengan "ji", "qi", "xi"

Indeks pinyin Tionghoa

Terdapat 430 kemungkinan grafem dalam pinyin Tionghoa, tanpa menggunakan marka nada (tone marks).

a
1. a
2. ai
3. an
4. ang
5. ao
b
1. ba - /pa/
2. bai - /pai/
3. ban - /pan/
4. bang - /pang/
5. bao - /pao/
6. bei - /pei/
7. ben - /pen/
8. beng - /peng/*
9. bi - /pi/
10. bian - /pien/
11. biao - /piao/
12. bie - /pie/
13. bin - /pin/*
14. bing - /ping/
15. bo - /po/
16. bu - /pu/
c
1. ca - /ja/*
2. cai - /jai/
3. can - /jan/
4. cang - /jang/
5. cao - /jao/
6. ce - /je/
7. cen - /jen/*
8. ceng - /jeng/*
9. cha - /jha/
10. chai - /jhai/
11. chan - /jhan/
12. chang - /jhang/
13. chao - /jhao/
14. che - /jhe/
15. chen - /jhen/
16. cheng - /jheng/
17. chi - /jhi/
18. chong - /jhong/
19. chou - /jho/
20. chu - /jhu/
21. chua - /jhua/*
22. chuai - /jhuai/*
23. chuan - /jhuan/
24. chuang - /jhuang/
25. chui - /jhui/
26. chun - /jhuen/
27. chuo - /jhuo/
28. ci - /ji/
29. cong - /jong/
30. cou - /jo/*
31. cu - /ju/
32. cuan - /juan/
33. cui - /jui/
34. cun - /juen/
35. cuo - /juo/
d
1. da - /ta/
2. dai - /tai/
3. dan - /tan/
4. dang - /tang/
5. dao - /tao/
6. de - /te/
7. dei - /tei/*
8. den - /ten/*
9. deng - /teng/
10. di - /ti/
11. dian - /tien/
12. diao - /tiao/
13. die - /tie/
14. ding - /ting/
15. diu - /tiu/
16. dong - /tong/
17. dou - /to/
18. du - /tu/
19. duan - /tuan/
20. dui - /tui/
21. dun - /tuen/
22. duo - /tuo/
e
1. e
2. en
3. eng
4. er
f
1. fa
2. fan
3. fang
4. fei
5. fen
6. feng
7. fo/fou
8. fu
g
1. ga - /ka/*
2. gai - /kai/
3. gan - /kan/
4. gang - /kang/
5. gao - /kao/
6. ge - /ke/
7. gei - /kei/
8. gen - /ken/
9. geng - /keng/
10. gong - /kong/
11. gou - /ko/
12. gu - /ku/
13. gua - /kua/
14. guai - /kuai/
15. guan - /kuan/
16. guang - /kuang
17. gui - /kue/
18. gun - /kuen/
19. guo - /kuo/
h
1. ha
2. hai
3. han
4. hang
5. hao
6. he
7. hei
8. hen
9. heng
10. hm
11. hong
12. hou - /ho/
13. hu
14. hua
15. huai
16. huan
17. huang
18. hui
19. hun
20. huo
j
1. ji
2. jia
3. jian
4. jiang
5. jiao
6. jie
7. jin
8. jing
9. jiong
10. jiu
11. ju
12. juan
13. jue
14. jun
k
1. ka - /ga/*
2. kai - /gai/
3. kan - /gan/
4. kang - /gang/
5. kao - /gao/
6. ke - /ge/
7. ken - /gen/
8. keng - /geng/*
9. kong - /gong/
10. kou - /go/
11. ku - /gu/
12. kua - /gua/*
13. kuai - /guai/
14. kuan - /guan/*
15. kuang - /guang/
16. kui - /gue/
17. kun - /guen/
18. kuo - /guo/*
l
1. la
2. lai
3. lan
4. lang
5. lao
6. le
7. lei
8. leng
9. li
10. lia*
11. lian
12. liang
13. liao
14. lie
15. lin
16. ling
17. liu
18. lo*
19. long
20. lou - /lo/
21. lu
22. lü
23. luan
24. lüe*
25. lun - /luen/
26. luo
m
1. m*
2. ma
3. mai
4. man
5. mang
6. mao
7. me
8. mei
9. men
10. meng
11. mi
12. mian - /mien/
13. miao
14. mie
15. min
16. ming
17. miu*
18. mo
19. mou - /mo/
20. mu
n
1. na
2. nai
3. nan
4. nang
5. nao
6. ne
7. nei
8. nen*
9. neng
10. ni
11. nian - /nien/
12. niang
13. niao
14. nie*
15. nin
16. ning
17. niu
18. nong
19. nou - /no/*
20. nu
21. nü
22. nuan
23. nüe*
24. nuo
o
1. o/ou
p
1. pa - /ba/
2. pai - /bai/
3. pan - /ban/
4. pang - /bang/
5. pao - /bao/
6. pei - /bei/
7. pen - /ben/*
8. peng - /beng/
9. pi - /bi/
10. pian - /bian/
11. piao - /biao/
12. pie - /bie/*
13. pin - /bin/
14. ping - /bing/
15. po - /bo/
16. pou - /bo/
17. pu - /bu/
q
1. qi - /ji/
2. qia - /jia/*
3. qian - /jien/
4. qiang - /jiang/
5. qiao - /jiao/
6. qie - /jie/
7. qin - /jin/
8. qing - /jing/
9. qiong - /jiong/
10. qiu - /jiu/
11. qu - /jü/
12. quan - /jüen/
13. que - /jüe/
14. qun - /jün/
r
1. ran
2. rang
3. rao
4. re
5. ren
6. reng
7. ri - /re/
8. rong
9. rou - /ro/
10. ru
11. ruan
12. rui
13. run - /ruen/*
14. ruo
s
1. sa
2. sai
3. san
4. sang
5. sao
6. se
7. sen
8. seng*
9. sha
10. shai*
11. shan
12. shang
13. shao
14. she
15. shei*
16. shen
17. sheng
18. shi
19. shou - /sho/
20. shu
21. shua*
22. shuai
23. shuan*
24. shuang
25. shui
26. shun - /shuen/
27. shuo
28. si - /se/
29. song
30. sou - /so/
31. su
32. suan
33. sui
34. sun - /suen/
35. suo
t
1. ta - /da/
2. tai - /dai/
3. tan - /dan/
4. tang - /dang/
5. tao - /dao/
6. te - /de/
7. teng - /deng/
8. ti - /di/
9. tian - /dien/
10. tiao - /diao/
11. tie - /die/
12. ting - /ding/
13. tong - /dong/
14. tou - /do/
15. tu - /du/
16. tuan - /duan/
17. tui - /dui/
18. tun - /duen/
19. tuo - /duo/
w
1. wa
2. wai
3. wan
4. wang
5. wei
6. wen
7. weng - /ong/
8. wo
9. wu - /u/
x
1. xi - /si/
2. xia - /sia/
3. xian - /sien/
4. xiang - /siang/
5. xiao - /siao/
6. xie - /sie/
7. xin - /sin/
8. xing - /sing/
9. xiong - /siong/
10. xiu - /siu/
11. xu - /sü/
12. xuan - /süen/
13. xue - /süe/
14. xun - /sün/
y
1. ya
2. yai*
3. yan - /yen/
4. yang
5. yao
6. ye
7. yi - /i/
8. yin - /in/
9. ying - /ing/
10. yo*
11. yong
12. you - /yo/
13. yu - /ü/
14. yuan - /yuen/
15. yue - /ye/
16. yun - /yün/
z
1. za - /ca/
2. zai - /cai/
3. zan - /can/
4. zang - /cang/
5. zao - /cao/
6. ze - /ce/
7. zei - /cei/*
8. zen - /cen/
9. zeng - /ceng/
10. zha - /cha/
11. zhai - /chai/
12. zhan - /chan/
13. zhang - /chang/
14. zhao - /chao/
15. zhe - /che/
16. zhei - /chei/*
17. zhen - /chen/
18. zheng - /cheng/
19. zhi - /chi/
20. zhong - /chong/
21. zhou - /chou/
22. zhu - /chu/
23. zhua - /chua/
24. zhuai - /chuai/*
25. zhuan - /chuan/
26. zhuang - /chuang/
27. zhui - /chui/
28. zhun - /chun/
29. zhuo - /chuo/
30. zi - /ce/
31. zong - /cong/
32. zou - /cou/
33. zu - /cu/
34. zuan - /cuan/
35. zui - /cui/
36. zun - /cuen/
37. zuo - /cuo/

^*Jarang dipakai

Initials and finals

"ci", "ji", "si", "che", "jhe", "she", "re", "ze", "je", "se".

Unlike European languages, clusters of letters – initials (Hanzi sederhana: 声母; Hanzi tradisional: 聲母; Pinyin: shēngmǔ) and finals (Hanzi sederhana: 韵母; Hanzi tradisional: 韻母; Pinyin: yùnmǔ) – and not consonant and vowel letters, form the fundamental elements in pinyin (and most other phonetic systems used to describe the Han language). Every Mandarin syllable can be spelled with exactly one initial followed by one final, except for the special syllable er or when a trailing -r is considered part of a syllable (see below). The latter case, though a common practice in some sub-dialects, is rarely used in official publications. One exception is the city Harbin (Hanzi sederhana: 哈尔滨; Hanzi tradisional: 哈爾濱), whose name comes from the Manchu language.

Even though most initials contain a consonant, finals are not always simple vowels, especially in compound finals (Hanzi sederhana: 复韵母; Hanzi tradisional: 複韻母; Pinyin: fuyunmu), i.e., when a "medial" is placed in front of the final. For example, the medials [i] and [u] are pronounced with such tight openings at the beginning of a final that some native Chinese speakers (especially when singing) pronounce yī (Hanzi: 衣, clothes, officially pronounced /í/) as /jí/ and wéi (Hanzi sederhana: 围; Hanzi tradisional: 圍, to enclose, officially pronounced /uěi/) as /wěi/ or /wuěi/. Often these medials are treated as separate from the finals rather than as part of them; this convention is followed in the chart of finals below.

Initials

In each cell below, first the bold letters indicate pinyin, followed in brackets by the symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

		Bilabial		Labiodental	Alveolar		Retroflex		Alveolo-palatal	Velar
		Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiceless
Nasal			m [m]			n [n]
Plosive	Unaspirated	b [p]			d [t]					g [k]
Plosive	Aspirated	p [pʰ]			t [tʰ]					k [kʰ]
Affricate	Unaspirated				z [ts]		zh [ʈʂ]		j [tɕ]
Affricate	Aspirated				c [tsʰ]		ch [ʈʂʰ]		q [tɕʰ]
Fricative				f [f]	s [s]		sh [ʂ]	r [ʐ~ɻ]¹	x [ɕ]	h [x]
Lateral						l [l]
Approximant		y [j/ɥ]² and w [w]^{2, 3}

¹ "r" may phonetically be [ʐ] (a voiced retroflex fricative) or [ɻ] (a retroflex approximant). This pronunciation varies among different speakers, and is not two different phonemes.
² the letters "w" and "y" are not included in the table of initials in the official pinyin system. They are an orthographic convention for the medials "i", "u" and "ü" when no initial is present. When "i", "u" or "ü" are finals and no initial is present, they are spelled "yi", "wu", and "yu", respectively.
³ "y" is pronounced [ɥ] (a labial-palatal approximant) before "u".

The conventional order (excluding w and y), derived from the zhuyin system, is:

b p m f

d t n l

g k h

j q x

zh ch sh r

z c s

Finals

Standard Chinese vowels (with IPA and Pinyin)

Front

Central

Back

Close

i • y (ü)

ɨ (i)

u

ɤ (e) • o

ɚ (er)

ɛ (ê)

a

Close-mid

Open-mid

Open

The following chart gives the combinations of medials and finals based on an analysis that assumes just two vowel nuclei, /a/ and /ə/;^[8] various allophones result depending on phonetic context.

In each cell below, the first line indicates IPA, the second indicates pinyin for a standalone (no-initial) form, and the third indicates pinyin for a combination with an initial. Other than finals modified by an -r, which are omitted, the following is an exhaustive table of all possible finals.¹^[9]

The only syllable-final consonants in Standard Chinese are -n and -ng, and -r, which is attached as a grammatical suffix. A Chinese syllable ending with any other consonant either is from a non-Mandarin language (a southern Chinese language such as Cantonese, or a minority language of China), or indicates the use of a non-pinyin Romanization system (where final consonants may be used to indicate tones).

Final	Nucleus	/a/					/ə/					∅
Final	Coda	∅	/i/	/u/	/n/	/ŋ/	∅	/i/	/u/	/n/	/ŋ/	∅
Medial	∅	[ɑ] a -a	[aɪ̯] ai -ai	[ɑʊ̯] ao -ao	[an] an -an	[ɑŋ] ang -ang	[ɯ̯ʌ] e -e	[eɪ̯] ei -ei	[ɤʊ̯] ou -ou	[ən] en -en	[əŋ] eng -eng	[ɨ] -i
	/i/	[i̯ɑ] ya -ia		[i̯ɑʊ̯] yao -iao	[i̯ɛn] yan -ian	[i̯ɑŋ] yang -iang	[i̯ɛ] ye -ie		[i̯ɤʊ̯] you -iu	[in] yin -in	[iŋ] ying -ing	[i] yi -i
	/u/	[u̯ɑ] wa -ua	[u̯aɪ̯] wai -uai		[u̯an] wan -uan	[u̯ɑŋ] wang -uang	[u̯ɔ] ³ wo -uo/-o	[u̯eɪ̯] wei -ui		[u̯ən] wen -un	[u̯əŋ], [ʊŋ] ⁴ weng -ong	[u] wu -u
	/y/				[y̯ɛn] yuan -üan ²		[y̯œ] yue -üe ²			[yn] yun -ün ²	[i̯ʊŋ] yong -iong	[y] yu -ü ²

¹ [ɑɻ] is written er. For other finals formed by the suffix -r, pinyin does not use special orthography; one simply appends -r to the final that it is added to, without regard for any sound changes that may take place along the way. For information on sound changes related to final -r, please see Erhua#Rules.
² "ü" is written as "u" after j, q, x, or y.
³ "uo" is written as "o" after b, p, m, or f.
⁴ "weng" is pronounced [ʊŋ] (written as "ong") when it follows an initial.

Technically, i, u, ü without a following vowel are finals, not medials, and therefore take the tone marks, but they are more concisely displayed as above. In addition, ê [ɛ] (欸, 誒) and syllabic nasals m (呒, 呣), n (嗯, 唔), ng (嗯, 𠮾) are used as interjections.

Lihat pula

Catatan

^ [ʐ] dapat diucap [ɻ].
^ ^a ^b ü ([y], [ɥ]) dieja u setelah j, q, x sebagai [u], [w] tidak dapat terjadi setelah konsonan tersebut.
^ uo dieja dengan o ketika didahului oleh b, p, m atau f, namun diucapkan sama.
^ ^a ^b ^c wei, you, wen dieja ui, iu, un masing dalam pinyin, tapi diucapkan identik, ketika didahului oleh konsonan.
^ Vokal sedikit "berdengung" Dalam suku kata shi, zhi, chi, ri, vokal juga ditarik: [ɨ ˞], bukan seperti ir dalam kata bird bahasa Inggris Amerika. Ini kadang-kadang tercantum sebagai suku kata frikatif ([z], [ʐ̩]), tapi ada frication kecil.
^ Hanya terjadi di erhua dan umumnya tidak dianggap sebagai bagian dari persediaan vokal utama.
^ terkadang ditulis dengan graf /v/ atau /yu/ apabila u umlaut (ü) tidak tersedia
^ Hashimoto, Mantaro (1970). "Notes on Mandarin Phonology". Dalam Jakobson, Roman; Kawamoto, Shigeo. Studies in General and Oriental Linguistics. Tokyo: TEC. hlm. 207–220
^ You can hear recordings of the Finals here

some it to the sender immediately and permane technicalntly destroy

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[1] [ʐ] dapat diucap [ɻ].

[v-2] ü ([y], [ɥ]) dieja u setelah j, q, x sebagai [u], [w] tidak dapat terjadi setelah konsonan tersebut.

[3] uo dieja dengan o ketika didahului oleh b, p, m atau f, namun diucapkan sama.

[short_form-4] wei, you, wen dieja ui, iu, un masing dalam pinyin, tapi diucapkan identik, ketika didahului oleh konsonan.

[5] Vokal sedikit "berdengung" Dalam suku kata shi, zhi, chi, ri, vokal juga ditarik: [ɨ ˞], bukan seperti ir dalam kata bird bahasa Inggris Amerika. Ini kadang-kadang tercantum sebagai suku kata frikatif ([z], [ʐ̩]), tapi ada frication kecil.

[6] Hanya terjadi di erhua dan umumnya tidak dianggap sebagai bagian dari persediaan vokal utama.

[7] terkadang ditulis dengan graf /v/ atau /yu/ apabila u umlaut (ü) tidak tersedia

[Hashimoto-8] Hashimoto, Mantaro (1970). "Notes on Mandarin Phonology". Dalam Jakobson, Roman; Kawamoto, Shigeo. Studies in General and Oriental Linguistics. Tokyo: TEC. hlm. 207–220

[9] You can hear recordings of the Finals here

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