Armada India Timur

Armada India Timur Repulse (1820) di India Timur Dock Basin.

Armada India Timur adalah nama umum untuk semua kapal yang beroperasi di bawah Lisensi Perusahaan  Perusahaan East India dari kekuatan umum Eropa dari abad ke-17 sampai abad ke-19. Terminologi ini digunakan untuk kapal yang berasal dari Denmark, Belanda (Oostindiëvaarder), Inggris, Perancis, Portugis, atau Swedia (ostindiefarare) Perusahaan East India.

Beberapa kapal armada India timur disewakan oleh perusahaan British East India yang dikenal dengan "waktu minum teh".

Descripsi pelayaran kapal perang dan dagang

Armada India Timur merupakan kapal perang untuk semua kapal yang beroperasi di bawah Lisensi Perusahaan Perusahaan East India dari kekuatan umum Eropa dari abad ke-17 sampai abad ke-19. Terminologi ini digunakan untuk kapal yang berasal dari Denmark, Belanda (Oostindiëvaarder), Inggris, Perancis, Portugis, atau Swedia (ostindiefarare) Perusahaan East India.

Armada India Timur membawa penumpang dan material, dan dipersenjatai untuk bertahan dari penyerangan bajak laut. Awalnya, armada ini dibentuk untuk mengangkut kargo sebanyak mungkin, kecuali ingin belayar cepat. Perusahaan East India memiliki hak monopoli dengan India dan China, mendukung rencana ini.

Replika Dutch Indiaman Amsterdam dengan skala utuh

Selama bertempur dengan Perancis

Selama Revolusi Perancis dan Perang Napoleon, mereka mengecat kapal agar mirip kapal perang; penyerangan tidak meyakinkan bila penyerang tidak yakin dengan lubang senjata yang sunguhan atau bukan, dan beberapa armada membawa senjata yang pantas ukurannya. Angkatan Laut Kerajaan Inggris meminta beberapa armada kembali menjadi empat peringkat (seperti, HMS Weymouth dan HMS Madras), Menciptakan kebingungan membedakan kapal perang dengan kapal dagang sebagai target perang. Dalam beberapa kasus armada india timur sukses berjuang dari gempuran Perancis. Satu kapal yang terkenal mendapat kecelakaan di 1804, Ketika kapal armada india timur dan kapal dagang bersenjata lainnya dibawah pimpinan Komodor Nathaniel Dance sukses berjuang dari skuadron perompak di bawah pimpinan Laksamana Linois di Samudra Indian dalam Pertempuran Pulo Aura.

Kapal dagang India-China

East Indiamen di Gale, oleh Charles Brooking, c. 1759

Berdasarkan sejarawan Fernand Braudel, beberapa kapal armada India timur akhir abad ke-18 dan awal abad ke-19 di bangun di India, Banyak armada ini dibangun untuk Inggris, begitu pula dengan kapal lainnya, termasuk kapal perang.  Dapat dicatat bahwa kapal yang terkenal antara lain: Surat Castle (1791), kapasitas 1,000 ton (bm) kapal dengan awaknya sebanyak 150, Lowjee Family, kapasitas 800 ton (bm) dan awak kapal 125, dan  Shampinder  (1802),  kapasitas 1,300 tons (bm)

Replika Swedia East Indiaman Götheborg dengan skala penuh saat belayar di 2005

Akhir zaman pelayaran Armada India Timur

Dengan progres yang ketat dari monopoli Perusahaan British East India, berkeinginan membangun kapal bersenjata yang berkapasitas besar untuk perdagangan berkurang, dan lebih kecil selama akhir tahun 1830. kapal kecil cepat dikenal sebagai Blackwall Frigate yang dibangun untuk premium terakhir dari India dan perdagangan China.

Contoh Armada India

Name	Nationality	Length (m)	Tons burthen	Service	Fate	Comments
Admiral Gardner	British	44	816	1797–1809	stranded	Blown ashore on Goodwin Sands with the death of one crew member. Wreck located in 1985 with plenty of coins (mostly copper) salvaged.
Albemarle	British	?	?	?–1708	stranded	Blown ashore near Polperro, Cornwall, with her freight of diamonds, coffee, pepper, silk and indigo. The ship was a total loss and little of the freight ever recovered, yet it is said that most of her crew survived. The location of the wreck is still unknown.
Amsterdam	Dutch	42.5	1100	1749	beached	Lost on maiden voyage. Wreck still visible at low tide off Bulverhythe, Bexhill-on-Sea, reputed to be the best preserved wreck because of the covering of fine sinking sand. Protected under UK law. Can be dangerous to visit because of sinking sands.
Arniston	British	54	1200	1794–1815	wrecked	Longitude navigational error due to her not having a chronometer. Only 6 of the 378 on board survived. The seaside resort of Arniston, Western Cape, South Africa is named after the wreck.
Batavia	Dutch East India Company	56.6	1200	1628–1629	sunk	Struck a reef on Beacon Island off Western Australia but most of the crew and passengers made it to a nearby island. In 1970, the remains of the ship and many artefacts were salvaged.
Bredenhof	Dutch East India Company	41	850	1746–1753	sunk	Foundered on a reef thirteen miles off the African coast on 6 June 1753 carrying 30 chests of silver and gold ingots. Her cargo was recovered in 1986.
Bonhomme Richard	France/USA	46	998	1779	sunk	Former French East India Company (as the "Duc de Duras"), gift to the US revolutionaries. Sunk in battle during the Revolutionary War.
Ceylon	British	?	?	?	Captured	Captured in the action of 3 July 1810
Cumberland	British	40.8	1350	?	Sold	The ship was sold to the revolutionary Chilean government 1818 and renamed San Martín. 1821 sunk in Peru
Diemermeer	Dutch	?	?	?	Wrecked on the Banana Islands, Sierra Leone, 1748	The Captain, Christoffel Boort, and some surviving crew members built themselves a fort on the Banana Islands, but became embroiled in a dispute with the inhabitants. They were accused of kidnapping three children.
Doddington	British	?	499	?–1755	wrecked in Algoa Bay	23 survivors out of 270 marooned for some time on Bird Island. Ship carried a significant quantity of gold and silver, some of which was later illegally marine salvaged, with the ensuing legal battle influencing the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
Dutton	British	?	755	1781–1796	stranded	Chartered to the government to carry troops, blown ashore on Plymouth Hoe, most of the crew and passengers rescued by Sir Edward Pellew.
Earl of Abergavenny (I)	British	48.9	1182	1789–1794	Sold	Sold to the Admiralty in 1795
Earl of Abergavenny (II)	British	53.9	1460	1796–1805	Wrecked, with more than 250 lives lost	The wreck is located at Weymouth Bay, in England.
Earl of Mansfield (I)	British	?	782	1777–1790	Sunk	Sunk in 1790
Earl of Mansfield (II)	British	?	1416	1795-?	?
Exeter	British	1265	1792-1811+	Unknown	During the Action of 4 August 1800 Exeter captured the French frigate Médée , the only instance of a merchantman capturing a large warship during the French Revolutionary Wars. In February 1804 she was present at the Battle of Pulo Aura.
Friendship of Salem	East India Marine Society	171 ft 10 in (52,37 m)	1797-1812	Captured by the British	Captured as a prize of war by the British in September 1812
General Goddard	British	143 ft 10 in (43,84 m)	799	1782–1799	Captured	On 15 June 1795 captured seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena; Captured by the Spanish in the West Indies; subsequent fate unknown
Gosforth	British	810	1856-?
Götheborg	Swedish	?	?	?	sunk	Sank off Gothenburg in 1745
Grosvenor	British	?	729 tons	?	sunk	Sank off the Pondoland coast of South Africa, north of the mouth of the Umzimvubu River on 4 August 1782. Of 150 crew and passengers there were 123 survivors of whom only 18 made it to land alive.
Jonkheer Meester Van de Putterstock	Dutch	?	?	?	sank	The Jonkheer Meester Van de Putterstock with a cargo of sugar, coffee, spices and Banca tin with a value of £50,000 was wrecked under Angrouse Cliff near Mullion Cove, Cornwall in March 1667.
Joanna	British	?	?	?	Wrecked	Wrecked near Cape Agulhas on 8 June 1682
Kent	British	?	820	1800	Captured	Captured by Robert Surcouf, Bay of Bengal.
Kent	British	?	1,350	1825	Burned at sea	She was lost in 1825 on her third voyage to China, shortly after setting out. Some 550 persons of the 650 passengers and crew were saved.
Ponsborne	British	43.6	804	1780-1796	Wrecked	Sailed ports such as Bombay and China. Requisitioned for an expedition against the French in the West Indies in 1795, was wrecked off the coast of Granada on the 26th of March 1796.[1]
Red Dragon (also Dragon)	British	?	300	1601–1619	Sunk	Was the flagship of the first voyage of the English East India Company in 1601. Sunk by Dutch fleet
Repulse	British	?	1334	1820–1830	?
Royal Captain	British	44	860	1772-3	sunk	Struck a reef in the South China Sea, 3 lives and the entire freight was lost. Wreck located in 1999.
Sussex	British	?	490	1736–1738	sunk	Sunk off Mozambique, located in 1987. No actual wreck, but the freight was dispersed over a large area on the Bassas da India atoll due to wave movement. Several cannon, two anchors and thousands of porcelain fragments were salvaged.
Tryal	British	?	500	1621–1622	sunk	The likely wreck site was found in 1969 off Western Australia (Monte Bello Islands). At least 95 of the crew of 143 were lost and due to use of explosives while searching for treasures, there are only very few remains.
Windham	British	36.2	830	1800–1828	Scrapped	The French captured Windham at the Action of 18 November 1809, but the British recaptured her in December. The French again captured her at the Action of 3 July 1810, but the British recaptured her at the Battle of Grand Port. Windham was sold to the revolutionary Chilean government 1818 and renamed Lautaro. Beached at Valparaiso and scrapped 27 September 1828

Lihat pula

• Senjata Kapal Dagang

Pranala luar

Media terkait East Indiamen di Wikimedia Commons

• The East India Company
• The East Indiaman Gotheborg project