Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi

Wealth of Nations dianggap luas sebagai karya tulis pertama yang membahas tentang ekonomi modern.

Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi mengacu pada berbagai inovasi, revolusi dan teori tentang hal-hal yang kelak menjadi ekonomi politik dan ekonomi dari zaman dahulu sampai saat ini. Studi ini mencakup banyak pemikiran ekonomi yang berbeda-beda. Filsuf Yunani seperti Aristoteles membahas pemikiran tentang "seni" memperoleh kekayaan dan mempertanyakan apakah properti sebaiknya berada dalam kepemilikan swasta atau umum. Pada abad pertengahan, cendekiawan Thomas Aquinas menyatakan adalah suatu kewajiban moral bisnis untuk menjual barang-barang dengan harga wajar.

Filsuf Britania, Adam Smith, sering disebut-sebut sebagai bapak ekonomi modern karena treatise-nya The Wealth of Nations (1776). Pemikirannya dibuat berdasarkan berbagai karya dari pendahulunya pada abad ke-18, terutama pada fisiokrat. Bukunya muncul pada malam Revolusi Industri dengan perubahan-perubahan besar dalam dunia ekonomi. Penerus Smith meliputi para pakar ekonomi klasik seperti Rev. Thomas Malthus, Jean-Baptiste Say, David Ricardo, dan John Stuart Mill. Mereka menguji cara kelas bawah, kapitalis dan buruh memproduksi dan mendistribusikan penghasilan negara dan menguji efek populasi dan perdagangan internasional. Di London, Karl Marx mengkritik sistem kapitalis yang ia anggap eksploitatif dan mengasingkan pihak lain. Sejak 1870, ekonomi neoklasik berusaha menciptakan bidang studi yang lebih positif, matematis dan ilmiah daripada politik normatif.

Setelah peperangan pada awal abad ke-20, John Maynard Keynes memimpin reaksi melawan abstensi pemerintahan dari urusan-urusan ekonomi dan menganjurkan kebijakan fiskal intervensionis untuk mendorong permintaan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dengan dunia dibagi antara dunia pertama yang kapitalis, dunia kedua yang komunis, dan dunia ketiga yang miskin, konsensus pascaperang mulai hilang. Para ahli seperti Milton Friedman dan Friedrich von Hayek memperingatkan The Road to Serfdom dan sosialisme serta memfokuskan teori mereka terhadap hal-hal yang dapat diperoleh melalui kebijakan moneter dan deregulasi yang lebih baik. Karena kebijakan Keynesian gagal pada 1970-an, muncullah kelompok Klasik Baru, dengan pencetus teori utama seperti Robert Lucas dan Edward Prescott. Kebijakan ekonomi pemerintah sejak 1980-an ditantang dan pakar ekonomi pembangunan seperti Amartya Sen dan pakar ekonomi informasi seperti Joseph Stiglitz memperkenalkan ide-ide baru terhadap pemikiran ekonomi pada abad ke-21.

Lihat pula

Artikel

• Sejarah perdagangan internasional
• Marshall Plan
• Hukum kompetisi
• Hukum kontrak
• Hukum korporat
• Ekonomi energi
• Hukum buruh
• Sudut pandang terhadap kapitalisme
• Regulasi
• Torts
• World Trade Organisation

• Ekonomi konstitusional

Daftar

• Daftar pakar ekonomi
• Daftar topik ekonomi
• Daftar sistem ekonomi
• Daftar topik perdagangan internasional
• Daftar karya tulis tentang ekonomi
• Daftar jurnal ilmiah tentang ekonomi

Bahan rujukan

Sumber utama

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Marshall, Alfred (1890) Principles of Economics Marx, Karl (1871) Das Kapital Mill, John Stuart (1871) Principles of Political Economy Mun, Thomas (1621) A Discourse of Trade from England unto the East Indies North, Dudley (1691) Discourses upon trade Petty, William (1690) The Political Arithmetick Quesnay, François (1758) Tableau économique Ricardo, David (1827) Principles of Political Economy and Taxation Robinson, Joan (1953) The Production Function and the Theory of Capital Robinson, Joan (1962) Economic Philosophy Scotus, Duns (1295) Sententiae Sen, Amartya (1985) "The Moral Standing of the Market," in Ethics and Economics, ed. Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D. Miller, Jr and Jeffrey Paul, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, pp. 1–19 Sen, Amartya (1976-7) "Rational Fools: A Critique of the Behavioural Foundations of Economic Theory," Philosophy and Public Affairs, 6, pp. 317–44 Sen, Amartya (1987) On Ethics and Economics Oxford, Basil Blackwell Sismondi, J.-C.-L. Simonde de (1819, trans.1991) "New Principles of Political Economy: Of Wealth in Its Relation to Population" Smith, Adam (1759) The Theory of Moral Sentiments Smith, Adam (1776) An Inquiry Into The Wealth of Nations Sraffa, Piero (1960) Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities Stigler, George J (1965) "The Nature and Role of Originality in Scientific Progress", in Essays in the History of Economics, University of Chicago Press, pp. 1–15 Stiglitz, Joseph E. (1996) Whither Socialism? Thornton, Henry (1802) The Paper Credit of Great Britain Turgot, Jacques (1766) Réflexions sur la formation et la distribution des richesses in French and English Veblen, Thorsten, The Theory of the Leisure Class: an economic study of institutions (1899) Veblen, Thorsten (1904) Theory of Business Enterprise von Hörnigk, Philip (1684) Österreich Über Alles, Wenn Sie Nur Will

Sumber sekunder

• Blaug, Mark (1997). Economic Theory in Retrospect, 5th ed.. Cambridge University Press. Description & chapter links, pp. vii -xvi.
• _____ (2001). "No History of Ideas, Please, We're Economists," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(1), pp. 145-164 (press +).
• Buchholz, Todd G. (1989). New Ideas from Dead Economists, New York Penguin Group. p. 151
• Danbom, David B. (1997) Why Americans Value Rural Life, Rural Development Perspectives, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 15–18
• Ekelund, Robert B., Jr. and Robert F. Hébert (2007). A History of Economic Theory and Method. Waveland Press. 5th ed. ISBN `1-57766-486-8.Description.
• Cossa, Luigi. (1893). An Introduction to the Study of Political Economy, London and New York: Macmillan [1]
• Fusfeld, Daniel R. (1994). The Age of the Economist, Harper Collins, 7th Ed. ISBN 0673468054
• Hague, William (2004). William Pitt the Younger Harper Perennial ISBN 0007147201
• Heilbroner, Robert (1953) The Worldly Philosophers, Simon & Schuster 7th Ed. 1999, ISBN 0-684-86214-X
• Macfie, Alec Lawrence (1955). "The Scottish Tradition in Economic Thought". Econ Journal Watch 6(3): 389-410. Reprinted from Scottish Journal of Political Economy 2(2): 81-103 [2]
• Markwell, Donald (2006). John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace, Oxford University Press.
• Medema, Steven G., abd Warren J. Samuels, 2003. The History of Economic Thought: A Reader. Routledge. Description & chapter links, pp. vii-ix.
• Mochrie, Robert (2005). Justice in Exchange: The Economic Philosophy of John Duns Scotus
• Pressman, Steven (2006). Fifty Major Economists, Routledge, ISBN 0415366496
• Screpanti, Ernesto, Stefano Zamagni, (2005). An Outline of the History of Economic Thought, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. Description & ch.-preview links, pp. xi-xviii.
• Schumpeter, Joseph (1954) History of Economic Analysis, 1,260 pp. Description. Chapter-preview links for Parts I-V (arrow-page searchable). Routledge Ed. 1994, ISBN 0415108926
• Spengler, Joseph J., and William R. Allen, ed. (1960). Essays in Economic Thought: Aristotle to Marshall+. Rand McNally.
• Spiegel, Henry William (1971) The Growth of Economic Thought, Duke University Press, 3rd Ed. 1991, ISBN 0822309653
• Stephen, Leslie (1898), Templat:DNB Cite
• Nicola, PierCarlo (2000). Mainstream Mathermatical Economics in the 20th Century. Springer. ISBN 9783540670841. 
• Stigler, George J. (1965). Essays in the History of Economics. University of Chicago Press.

Jurnal

European Journal of the History of Economic Thought (U.K.) History of Economic Ideas (Italy) History of Economics Review (Australia)

History of Economic Thought (Japan) History of Political Economy (U.S.) Journal of the History of Economic Thought (U.K.)

Pranala luar

• Pioneers of the social sciences London School of Economics and Political Science
• The History of Economic Thought website
• Archive for the History of Economic Thought
• Biographies of economists
• Library of Economics and Liberty
• The Prehistory of Modern Economic Thought by Justin Ptak
• Chapter One and Chapter Sixteen from An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought by Murray Rothbard.