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Tamil Sri Lanka

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Tamil Sri Lanka adalah anggota kelompok etnik Tamil yang tinggal di negara Sri Lanka. Meskipun orang Tamil Sri Lanka berbeda secara budaya dan bahasa, studi genetik menunjukkan bahwa mereka berkaitan erat dengan kelompok etnis Sinhala di pulau itu.[1] Orang Tamil Sri Lanka kebanyakan beragama Hindu dan sebagian menganut Kristen. Sastra Tamil Sri Lanka tentang berbagai topik termasuk agama dan sains berkembang pesat selama periode abad pertengahan di istana Kerajaan Jaffna. Dialek Tamil Sri Lanka terkenal karena arkaisme[2] dan kata-kata yang tidak digunakan sehari-hari di negara bagian Tamil Nadu di India.[3] [4][5][6][7]

Identitas

Migrasi

Sekelompok kecil orang dari selatan Tamil Nadu bermigrasi ke utara Sri Lanka pada abad ke-3 SM.[8][9] Migrasi besar-besaran baru terjadi setelah invasi kerajaan Chola pada abad ke-11.[10] Para pendatang ini selanjutnya mendirikan sebuah kerajaan yang berpusat di Jaffna untuk mempertahankan identitas mereka.[11] Suksesnya pendirian kerajaan ini memicu terjadinya migrasi besar-besaran hingga abad ke-18, sekaligus untuk menghindari invasi kerajaan Islam di India pada masa itu.[12]

Agama

Mayoritas Tamil Sri Lanka menganut agama Hindu, sementara 7 persen di antaranya adalah Kristen.[13]

Nasionalisme

Sejak awal pemerintahan Britania Raya di tahun 1796, Tamil Sri Lanka tidak berasimilasi dengan masyarakat sekitar dengan mempertahankan bahasa, budaya, dan kepercayaan mereka.[14] Dengan adanya pemisahan komunitas berdasarkan suku oleh pemerintah Inggris, hal ini perlahan menjadi kesadaran nasional.[15]

Tamil Sri Lanka
இலங்கை தமிழர்
(ஈழத் தமிழர்)
Jumlah populasi
~ 3 juta
(perkiraan; tidak termasuk Moor dan Tamil India)
Daerah dengan populasi signifikan
 Sri Lanka2,270,924 (2012)[16]
 Kanada143,000 (2014)[17]
 Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia~120,000 (2006)[18]
 India~100,000 (2005)[19]
 Jerman~60,000 (2008)[20]
 Prancis~50,000 (2008)[21]
  Swiss~35,000 (2006)[22]
 Australia~30,000[23]
 Italia~25,000[24]
 Malaysia~24,436 (1970)[25]
 Belanda~20,000[24]
 Norwegia~10,000 (2000)[24]
 Denmark~9,000 (2003)[26]
Bahasa
Bahasa di Sri Lanka: Bahasa Tamil (dan dialek Sri Lanka)
Beberapa Bahasa Sinhala & Bahasa Inggris
Agama
Kelompok etnik terkait

Referensi

  1. ^ "The Sinhala-Tamil Cross-Pollinated Siblings". Colombo Telegraph (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2013-11-15. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-14. 
  2. ^ Bass 2012, hlm. 52"Although some Jaffna Tamils claim that their dialect is superior and closer to classical, pure Tamil, other Tamils ridicule it as archaic and old-fashioned."
  3. ^ Lehmann 1998, hlm. 104"Greater continuity may be observed between Old Tamil and modern Sri Lankan Tamil than between the old language and the modern mainland dialects spoken in India."
  4. ^ Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam (2000). Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (dalam bahasa Inggris). UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0759-3. 
  5. ^ Manogaran, Chelvadurai; Pfaffenberger, Bryan (2019-06-12). The Sri Lankan Tamils: Ethnicity And Identity (dalam bahasa Inggris). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-00-030600-2. 
  6. ^ "Tamils". Minority Rights Group (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-01-13. 
  7. ^ Bass, Daniel (2013). Everyday Ethnicity in Sri Lanka: Up-country Tamil Identity Politics (dalam bahasa Inggris). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-52624-1. 
  8. ^ Manogaran 1994, hlm. Chapter 2 hal.1-2"Historians, archaeologist, and epigraphist have pieced together fragmentary evidence to present a picture of continuous migration of small numbers of people from the shores of southern Tamil Nadu to northern Sri Lanka from as early as the 3rd century B.C."
  9. ^ Manogaran, Chelvadurai, 1935- (1994). The Sri Lankan Tamils : ethnicity and identity. Pfaffenberger, Bryan, 1949- (edisi ke-Westview softcover ed). Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-8845-7. OCLC 30703623. 
  10. ^ Manogaran 1994, hlm. Chapter 2 hal.2"The Chola invasions of the 11th century were followed by a period of (...). These invasions contributed to the large scale settlement of Tamils in the northern and eastern parts of the island."
  11. ^ Manogaran 1994, hlm. Chapter 2 hal.2b"The seat of this kingdom was in the Jaffna peninsula in northern Sri Lanka, (...). The establishment of a Tamil kingdom was critical to the emergence of the conscious among the inhabitants of the kingdom that the Sri Lankan Tamils were bound together by a common identity (...)"
  12. ^ Manogaran 1994, hlm. Chapter 2 hal.2c"The establishment of a flourishing Tamil kingdom triggered off successive waves of immigrants from Tamil Nadu who were attracted by (...) free from the Islamic invasions (...). These waves of immigrants persisted well into the 18th century."
  13. ^ Wilson 2000, hlm. 1"With Christian proselytisation via Portuguese Catholicism, Dutch Protestantism and British and American Protestant missionary endeavours, about 7 per cent of the Tamils became Christian converts."
  14. ^ Wilson 2002, hlm. 1b"From the beginnings of British rule in 1796, the Tamils of Ceylon (the island bore this name till 1972, when it became 'Sri Lanka') remained a community apart, retaining their own distinct identity."
  15. ^ Wilson 2000, hlm. 2"It was not difficult consciously to mantain this national awareness as long as the island remained under neutral British rule. The British encouraged this separation of the different communities by nominating representatives to the Legislative Council system (...)"
  16. ^ "Census of Population and Housing 2011". www.statistics.gov.lk. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-13. 
  17. ^ "Tamils by the Numbers". TamilCulture.ca (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2012-11-05. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-13. 
  18. ^ "BBCSinhala.com". www.bbc.com. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-13. 
  19. ^ Kumar, Acharya, A. (2014). "Ethnic conflict and refugees in Sri Lanka". Antropología Experimental. 0 (7). Ringkasan. 
  20. ^ Baumann, Martin; Salentin, Kurt (2006-10-01). "Migrant Religiousness and Social Incorporation: Tamil Hindus from Sri Lanka in Germany". Journal of Contemporary Religion. 21 (3): 297–323. doi:10.1080/13537900600925958. ISSN 1353-7903. 
  21. ^ TamilNet. "TamilNet". www.tamilnet.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-01-13. 
  22. ^ swissinfo.ch, S. W. I.; Corporation, a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting. "Swiss Tamils look to preserve their culture". SWI swissinfo.ch (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-01-13. 
  23. ^ "History of the Tamil Diaspora". murugan.org. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-13. 
  24. ^ a b c "History of the Tamil Diaspora". murugan.org. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-13. 
  25. ^ "Tamil". Ethnologue (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-01-13. 
  26. ^ Barnes 2002, hlm. 110"In Denmark we have around nine thousand Sri Lankan Tamils, more than eight thousand of whom are Hindus."
  27. ^ Perera, Yohan. "22,254 Tamil Buddhists in SL". Daily Mirror. Diakses tanggal 31 March 2016. 

Daftar Pustaka

Barnes, Michael (2002). Theology and the dialogue of religions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-511-01900-9. OCLC 52611459.  Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam (2000). Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0759-3.  Lehmann, Thomas (1998). The Dravidian languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10023-2. OCLC 36407883.  Bass, Daniel (2012). Everyday Ethnicity in Sri Lanka : Up-country Tamil Identity Politics. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-22418-8. OCLC 823386993. 

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