Orang-orang Jat

Orang-orang Jat ((pengucapan Punjabi: [d͡ʒəʈːᵊ]), (pengucapan bahasa Hindi: [d͡ʒaːʈ])) adalah komunitas pertanian tradisional di India Utara dan Pakistan.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[a]^[b]^[c]

Catatan kaki

^ "Glossary: Jat: title of north India's major non-elite 'peasant' caste."^[4]
^ "... in the middle decades of the (nineteenth) century, there were two contrasting trends in India's agrarian regions. Previously marginal areas took off as zones of newly profitable 'peasant' agriculture, disadvantaging non-elite tilling groups, who were known by such titles as Jat in western NWP and Gounder in Coimatore."^[5]
^ "In the later nineteenth century, this thinking led colonial officials to try to protect Sikh Jats and other non-elite 'peasants' whom they now favoured as military recruits by advocating legislation under the so-called land alienation."^[6]

Referensi

^ Khanna, Sunil K. (2004). "Jat". Dalam Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin. Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology: Health and Illness in the World's Cultures. 2. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. hlm. 777. ISBN 978-0-306-47754-6. Notwithstanding social, linguistic, and religious diversity, the Jats are one of the major landowning agriculturalist communities in South Asia.
^ Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction (edisi ke-2nd). Oxford University Press. hlm. 143. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0. Jat: Sikhs' largest zat, a hereditary land-owning community
^ Gould, Harold A. (2006). "Glossary". Sikhs, Swamis, Students and Spies: The India Lobby in the United States, 1900–1946. SAGE Publications. hlm. 439. ISBN 978-0-7619-3480-6. Jat: name of large agricultural caste centered in the undivided Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh
^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 385. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 201. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 212. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Bayly, C. A. (1989). Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 190–. ISBN 978-0-521-38650-0. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Brass, Tom (1995). New farmers' movements in India. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 183–. ISBN 978-0-7146-4134-8. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Byres, T. J. (1999). Rural labour relations in India. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 217–. ISBN 978-0-7146-8046-0. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Chowdhry, Prem (2008). "Customs in a Peasant Economy: Women in Colonial Harayana". Dalam Sarkar, Sumit; Sarkar, Tanika. Women and social reform in modern India: a reader. Indiana University Press. hlm. 147–. ISBN 978-0-253-22049-3. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Gupta, Akhil (1998). Postcolonial developments: agriculture in the making of modern India. Duke University Press. hlm. 361–. ISBN 978-0-8223-2213-9. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Gupta, Dipankar (1 January 1996). Political sociology in India: contemporary trends. Orient Blackswan. hlm. 70–. ISBN 978-81-250-0665-7. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12786-8. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Jalal, Ayesha (1995). Democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia: a comparative and historical perspective. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 212–. ISBN 978-0-521-47862-5. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Larson, Gerald James (1995). India's agony over religion. SUNY Press. hlm. 90–. ISBN 978-0-7914-2412-4. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Lynch, Owen M. (1990). Divine passions: the social construction of emotion in India. University of California Press. hlm. 255–. ISBN 978-0-520-06647-2. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003). The Indian army and the making of Punjab. Orient Blackswan. hlm. 176–. ISBN 978-81-7824-059-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Misra, Maria (2008). Vishnu's crowded temple: India since the Great Rebellion. Yale University Press. hlm. 89–. ISBN 978-0-300-13721-7. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Oldenburg, Veena Talwar (2002). Dowry murder: the imperial origins of a cultural crime. Oxford University Press. hlm. 34–. ISBN 978-0-19-515071-1. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Pandian, Anand; Ali, Daud, ed. (1 September 2010). Ethical Life in South Asia. Indiana University Press. hlm. 206–. ISBN 978-0-253-22243-5. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Pinch, William R. (1996). Peasants and monks in British India. University of California Press. hlm. 12, 26, 28. ISBN 978-0-520-20061-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Richards, John F. (26 January 1996). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 269–. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Shweder, Richard A.; Minow, Martha; Markus, Hazel Rose (November 2004). Engaging cultural differences: the multicultural challenge in liberal democracies. Russell Sage Foundation. hlm. 57–. ISBN 978-0-87154-795-8. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Schwartzberg, Joseph (2007). "Caste Regions of the Northern Plain". Dalam Singer, Milton; Cohn, Bernard S. Structure and Change in Indian Society. Transaction Publishers. hlm. 81–114. ISBN 978-0-202-36138-3. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Stern, Robert W. (2003). Changing India: bourgeois revolution on the subcontinent. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 58–. ISBN 978-0-521-00912-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Talbot, Ian (1996). Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the partition of India. Psychology Press. hlm. 94–. ISBN 978-0-7007-0427-9. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Tan, Tai Yong (2005). The garrison state: the military, government and society in colonial Punjab 1849–1947. SAGE. hlm. 85–. ISBN 978-0-7619-3336-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Wadley, Susan Snow (2004). Raja Nal and the Goddess: the north Indian epic Dhola in performance. Indiana University Press. hlm. 60–. ISBN 978-0-253-34478-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.
Wink, André (2002). Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries. BRILL. hlm. 163–. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.

Pranala luar

Orang-orang Jat di Curlie (dari DMOZ)

[5] "Glossary: Jat: title of north India's major non-elite 'peasant' caste."^[4]

[7] "... in the middle decades of the (nineteenth) century, there were two contrasting trends in India's agrarian regions. Previously marginal areas took off as zones of newly profitable 'peasant' agriculture, disadvantaging non-elite tilling groups, who were known by such titles as Jat in western NWP and Gounder in Coimatore."^[5]

[9] "In the later nineteenth century, this thinking led colonial officials to try to protect Sikh Jats and other non-elite 'peasants' whom they now favoured as military recruits by advocating legislation under the so-called land alienation."^[6]

[Khanna-1] Khanna, Sunil K. (2004). "Jat". Dalam Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin. Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology: Health and Illness in the World's Cultures. 2. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. hlm. 777. ISBN 978-0-306-47754-6. Notwithstanding social, linguistic, and religious diversity, the Jats are one of the major landowning agriculturalist communities in South Asia.

[NesbittE-2] Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction (edisi ke-2nd). Oxford University Press. hlm. 143. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0. Jat: Sikhs' largest zat, a hereditary land-owning community

[Gould-3] Gould, Harold A. (2006). "Glossary". Sikhs, Swamis, Students and Spies: The India Lobby in the United States, 1900–1946. SAGE Publications. hlm. 439. ISBN 978-0-7619-3480-6. Jat: name of large agricultural caste centered in the undivided Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh

[sbayly-p385-4] Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 385. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.

[sbayly-p201-6] Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 201. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.

[sbayly-p212-8] Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 212. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2011.

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