Yahwe

Artikel ini mengenai Tuhan Bangsa Israel dan Yehuda. Lihat juga: Tetragrammaton.

Sekeping koin drachma (seperempat shekel) dari provinsi Persia Yehud, menampilkan Yahweh (dewa bulan) digambarkan sebagai laki-laki berjanggut duduk di atas takhta beroda dan bersayap.

Yahweh (/ˈjɑːhweɪ/, atau sering disebut /ˈjɑːweɪ/ dalam bahasa Indonesia; bentuk baku dalam bahasa Indonesia: Yahwe; Ibrani: יהוה) meskipun Yahweh tidak pernah disembah secara eksklusif oleh bangsa Israel. Namanya mungkin dimulai sebagai julukan kepada El, Dewa tertinggi dalam Panteon Kanaan, Referensi terawal yang menyebut nama Yahweh didapat dari catatan Mesir Kuno yang menempatkannya sebagai sesembahan di antara kaum nomad di kawasan selatan Transjordan. Dalam literatur alkitab tertua, dia digambarkan sebagai "prajurit ilahi" yang memimpin tentara surgawi melawan semua musuh Israel; ia kemudian menjadi pemimpin utama dari kerajaan Samaria dan Yehuda, dan dalam kurun waktu tertentu, kerajaan menyatakan bahwa Yahweh sebagai pencipta seluruh alam semesta dan memiliki keilahian yang tak dapat disangkal. Pada masa akhir pembuangan ke Babilonia (abad ke-6 SM), keberadaan ilah-ilah lain disangkal, dan Yahweh dicanangkan sebagai pencipta alam semesta, sebagai Tuhan satu-satunya yang menjadi pemilik sejati seluruh alam semesta.

Referensi

Daftar Pustaka

• Ackerman, Susan (2003). "Goddesses". Dalam Richard, Suzanne. Near Eastern Archaeology:A Reader. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-083-5. 
• Ahlstrom, Gosta W. (1991). "The Role of Archaeological and Literary Remains in Reconstructing Israel's History". Dalam Edelman, Diana Vikander. The Fabric of History: Text, Artifact and Israel's Past. A&C Black. 
• Albertz, Rainer (1994). A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy. Westminster John Knox. 
• Allen, Spencer L. (2015). The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East. Walter de Gruyter. 
• Becking, Bob (2001). "The Gods in Whom They Trusted". Dalam Becking, Bob. Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah. A&C Black. 
• Bennett, Harold V. (2002). Injustice Made Legal: Deuteronomic Law and the Plight of Widows, Strangers, and Orphans in Ancient Israel. Eerdmans. 
• Betz, Arnold Gottfried (2000). "Monotheism". Dalam Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9053565035. 
• Cohen, Shaye J.D. (1999). "The Temple and the Synagogue". Dalam Finkelstein, Louis; Davies, W. D.; Horbury, William. The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 3, The Early Roman Period. Cambridge University Press. 
• Cohn, Norman (2001). Cosmos, Chaos, and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith. Yale University Press. 
• Collins, John J. (2005). The Bible After Babel: Historical Criticism in a Postmodern Age. Eerdmans. 
• Coogan, Michael D.; Smith, Mark S. (2012). Stories from Ancient Canaan (2nd Edition). Presbyterian Publishing Corp. ISBN 9053565035. 
• Cook, Stephen L. (2004). The Social Roots of Biblical Yahwism. Society of Biblical Literature. 
• Darby, Erin (2014). Interpreting Judean Pillar Figurines: Gender and Empire in Judean Apotropaic Ritual. Mohr Siebeck. 
• Davies, Philip R.; Rogerson, John (2005). The Old Testament World. Westminster John Knox. 
• Davies, Philip R. (2010). "Urban Religion and Rural Religion". Dalam Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John. Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah. Continuum International Publishing Group. 
• Day, John (2002). Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan. Continuum. 
• Dever, William G. (2003a). "Religion and Cult in the Levant". Dalam Richard, Suzanne. Near Eastern Archaeology:A Reader. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-083-5. 
• Dever, William G. (2003b). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From. Eerdmans. 
• Dever, William G. (2005). Did God Have A Wife?: Archaeology And Folk Religion In Ancient Israel. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2852-1. 
• Dijkstra, Meindert (2001). "El the God of Israel-Israel the People of YHWH: On the Origins of Ancient Israelite Yahwism". Dalam Becking, Bob; Dijkstra, Meindert; Korpel, Marjo C.A.; Vriezen, Karel J.H. Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah. A&C Black. 
• Edelman, Diana V. (1995). "Tracking Observance of the Aniconic Tradition". Dalam Edelman, Diana Vikander. The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9053565035. 
• Elior, Rachel (2006). "Early Forms of Jewish Mysticism". Dalam Katz, Steven T. The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period. Cambridge University Press. 
• Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts. Simon and Schuster. 
• Frerichs, Ernest S. (1998). The Bible and Bibles in America. Scholars Press. 
• Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel. Continuum. 
• Gorman, Frank H., Jr. (2000). "Feasts, Festivals". Dalam Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-1-57506-083-5. 
• Gnuse, Robert (1999). "The Emergence of Monotheism in Ancient Israel: A Survey of Recent Scholarship". Religion. 29: 315–336. 
• Grabbe, Lester (2010). "'Many nations will be joined to YHWH in that day': The question of YHWH outside Judah". Dalam Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John. Religious diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-567-03216-4. 
• Grabbe, Lester (2007). Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?. A&C Black. 
• Hackett, Jo Ann (2001). "'There Was No King In Israel': The Era of the Judges". Dalam Coogan, Michael David. The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513937-2. 
• Halpern, Baruch; Adams, Matthew J. (2009). From Gods to God: The Dynamics of Iron Age Cosmologies. Mohr Siebeck. 
• Handy, Lowell K. (1995). Among the Host of Heaven: The Syro-Palestinian Pantheon as Bureaucracy. Eisenbrauns. 
• Hess, Richard S. (2007). Israelite Religions: An Archaeological and Biblical Survey. Baker Academic. 
• Humphries, W. Lee (1990). "God, Names of". Dalam Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey. Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. 
• Keel, Othmar (1997). The Symbolism of the Biblical World: Ancient Near Eastern Iconography and the Book of Psalms. Eisenbrauns. 
• Levin, Christoph (2013). Re-Reading the Scriptures: Essays on the Literary History of the Old Testament. Mohr Siebeck. 
• Liverani, Mario (2014). Israel's History and the History of Israel. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317488934. 
• Mafico, Temba L.J. (1992). "The Divine Name Yahweh Alohim from an African Perspective". Dalam Segovia, Fernando F.; Tolbert, Mary Ann. Reading from this Place: Social Location and Biblical Interpretation in Global Perspective. 2. Fortress Press. 
• Mastin, B.A. (2005). "Yahweh's Asherah, Inclusive Monotheism and the Question of Dating". Dalam Day, John. In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel. Bloomsbury. 
• Mettinger, Tryggve N.D. (2006). "A Conversation With My Critics: Cultic Image or Aniconism in the First Temple?". Dalam Amit, Yaira; Naʼaman, Nadav. Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context. Eisenbrauns. 
• Meyers, Carol (2001). "Kinship and Kingship: The early Monarchy". Dalam Coogan, Michael David. The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513937-2. 
• McDonald, Nathan (2007). "Aniconism in the Old Testament". Dalam Gordon, R.P. The God of Israel. Cambridge University Press. 
• Miller, Patrick D (2000). The Religion of Ancient Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22145-4. 
• Miller, Patrick D (1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. Westminster John Knox Press. 
• Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). Biblical History and Israel's Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History. Eerdmans. 
• Niehr, Herbert (1995). "The Rise of YHWH in Judahite and Israelite Religion". Dalam Edelman, Diana Vikander. The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9053565035. 
• Noll, K.L. (2001). Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction. A&C Black. 
• Petersen, Allan Rosengren (1998). The Royal God: Enthronement Festivals in Ancient Israel and Ugarit?. A&C Black. 
• Schniedewind, William M. (2013). A Social History of Hebrew: Its Origins Through the Rabbinic Period. Yale University Press. 
• Smith, Mark S. (2000). "El". Dalam Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. 
• Smith, Mark S. (2001). The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts. Oxford University Press. 
• Smith, Mark S. (2002). The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel. Eerdmans. 
• Smith, Mark S. (2003). "Astral Religion and the Divinity". Dalam Noegel, Scott; Walker, Joel. Prayer, Magic, and the Stars in the Ancient and Late Antique World. Penn State Press. 
• Smith, Mark S. (2010). God in Translation: Deities in Cross-Cultural Discourse in the Biblical World. Eerdmans. 
• Smith, Morton (1984). "Jewish Religious Life in the Persian Period". Dalam Finkelstein, Louis. The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 1, Introduction: The Persian Period. Cambridge University Press. 
• Sommer, Benjamin D. (2011). "God, names of". Dalam Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine L. The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press. 
• Van Der Toorn, Karel (1995). "Ritual Resistance and Self-Assertion". Dalam Platvoet, Jan. G.; Van Der Toorn, Karel. Pluralism and Identity: Studies in Ritual Behaviour. BRILL. 
• Van Der Toorn, Karel (1999). "Yahweh". Dalam Van Der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Eerdmans. 
• Van Der Toorn, Karel (1996). Family Religion in Babylonia, Ugarit and Israel: Continuity and Changes in the Forms of Religious Life. BRILL. 
• Wright, J. Edward (2002). The Early History of Heaven. Oxford University Press. 
• Wyatt, Nicolas (2010). "Royal Religion in Ancient Judah". Dalam Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John. Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-567-03216-4.