Alkitab Protestan
Alkitab Protestan adalah Alkitab Kristen yang penerjemahannya atau perevisiannya dilakukan oleh orang-orang Kristen Protestan. Umumnya diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa vernakular, Alkitab jenis ini terdiri dari 39 kitab Perjanjian Lama (sesuai dengan kanon Alkitab Ibrani, dikenal khususnya oleh orang-orang Kristen non-Protestan sebagai kitab-kitab protokanonika) dan 27 kitab Perjanjian Baru, dengan total 66 kitab.[2] Beberapa orang Protestan menggunakan Alkitab yang juga menyertakan 14 kitab tambahan dalam bagian yang dikenal sebagai Apokrifa (meskipun kitab-kitab ini tidak dianggap kanonik) dengan total 80 kitab.[3][4] Hal ini adalah kontras dengan 73 kitab dalam Alkitab Katolik, yang menyertakan tujuh kitab deuterokanonika sebagai bagian dari Perjanjian Lama.[5] Pembagian antara kitab-kitab protokanonika dan deuterokanonika tidak diterima oleh semua Protestan yang memandang kitab-kitab sebagai kanonik atau tidak kanonik, sehingga mereka mengklasifikasi kitab-kitab dalam Deuterokanon, bersama kitab-kitab lainnya, sebagai bagian dari Apokrifa.[6] Terkadang, istilah "Alkitab Protestan" hanya digunakan sebagai sebutan singkat untuk Alkitab yang hanya berisi 66 kitab dari Perjanjian Lama dan Perjanjian Baru.
Alkitab Protestan awal
Sejak Reformasi Protestan, kalangan Protestan biasanya mengeluarkan Apokrifa Alkitab dari kanon, namun sebelum keputusan British and Foreign Bible Society tahun 1825 kebanyakan Alkitab Protestan memasukkan Apokrifa tersebut dalam buku cetakan yang sama. Hal ini biasanya dapat ditemukan dalam suatu bagian terpisah dan terkadang memuat suatu keterangan yang menyatakan bahwa kitab-kitab Apokrifa tersebut nonkanonik. Sebuah edisi quarto yang masih terlestarikan dari Great Bible, diproduksi pada suatu waktu setelah tahun 1549, tidak memuat Apokrifa tersebut kendati sebagian besar salinan Great Bible memuatnya di antara kitab-kitab Perjanjian Lama. Sebuah edisi quarto tahun 1575 dari Bishops' Bible juga tidak memuat Apokrifa tersebut. Setelah itu, beberapa salinan dari Geneva Bible edisi 1599 dan 1640 dicetak tanpa memuatnya.[7]
Kitab-kitab yang termasuk
Kitab-kitab yang membentuk Akitab Protestan dengan penamaan yang diterima luas di kalangan gereja Protestan disajikan di bawah ini. Angka depan "1", "2", atau "3" biasanya diucapkan sebagai bilangan ordinal, sehingga Kitab "Samuel Pertama" untuk "1 Samuel".[8]
Perjanjian Baru
Matius, Markus, Lukas, Yohanes, Kisah Para Rasul, Roma, 1 Korintus, 2 Korintus, Galatia, Efesus, Filipi, Kolose, 1 Tesalonika, 2 Tesalonika, 1 Timotius, 2 Timotius, Titus, Filemon, Ibrani, Yakobus, 1 Petrus, 2 Petrus, 1 Yohanes, 2 Yohanes, 3 Yohanes, Yudas, Wahyu.
Terjemahan dalam bahasa Inggris yang penting
Sebagian besar terjemahan Alkitab dalam bahasa Inggris mengikuti kanon dan pengurutan Protestan, sedangkan beberapa terjemahan menawarkan beberapa versi (Protestan, Katolik, Ortodoks Timur) dengan kanon dan pengurutan yang berbeda-beda. Contohnya, versi ESV yang menyertakan Apokrifa telah diakui sebagai Alkitab Katolik.[9]
Sebagian besar terjemahan Perjanjian Baru dari masa Reformasi didasarkan pada Textus Receptus, sedangkan banyak terjemahan Perjanjian Baru yang dibuat sejak 1900 bergantung pada teks Alexandria yang eklektik dan kritis.
Terjemahan dalam bahasa Inggris yang penting termasuk:
Singkatan | Nama | Tahun | Dengan Apokrifa? | Terjemahan | Dasar tekstual sumber utama ditunjukkan |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
WYC | Alkitab Wycliffe | 1382 - 1395 | Yes | Formal equivalence | Vulgata Latin karya Hieronimus |
TYN | Alkitab Tyndale | 1526 (NT), 1530 (Pentateuch), 1531 (Jonah) | No | Formal equivalence | Pent. & Jon: Hebrew Bible or Polyglot Bible with reference to Luther's translation[10] NT: Erasmus's Novum Instrumentum omne |
TCB | Coverdale Bible | 1535 | Yes | Formal equivalence | Tyndale Bible, Luther Bible, Zürich Bible and the Vulgate |
Alkitab Matthew | 1537 | Yes | Formal equivalence | Tyndale Bible, Coverdale Bible | |
GEN | Alkitab Jenewa | 1557 (NT), 1560 (OT) | Usually | Formal equivalence | OT: Hebrew Bible NT: Textus Receptus |
KJV atau AV | King James Version (atau "Authorized Version") | 1611, 1769 (revisi Blayney) | Varies | Formal equivalence | OT: Bomberg's Hebrew Rabbinic Bible Apoc.: Septuagint NT: Beza's Greek New Testament |
YLT | Young's Literal Translation | 1862 | No | Extreme formal equivalence | OT: Masoretic text NT: Textus Receptus |
DBY | Alkitab Darby | 1867 (NT) OT+NT (1890) |
No | Formal equivalence | |
RV | Revised Version (atau English Revised Version) | 1881 (NT), 1885 (OT) | Version available from 1894 | Formal equivalence | |
ASV | American Standard Version | 1900 (NT), 1901 (OT) | No | Formal equivalence | NT: Westcott and Hort 1881 and Tregelles 1857, (Reproduced in a single, continuous, form in Palmer 1881). OT: Masoretic Text with some Septuagint influence). |
RSV | Revised Standard Version | 1946 (NT), 1952 (OT) | Version available from 1957 | Formal equivalence | NT: Novum Testamentum Graece. OT: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia with limited Dead Sea Scrolls and Septuagint influence. Apocrypha: Septuagint with Vulgate influence. |
NEB | New English Bible | 1961 (NT), 1970 (OT) | Version available from 1970 | Dynamic equivalence | NT: R.V.G. Tasker Greek New Testament. OT: Biblia Hebraica (Kittel) 3rd Edition. |
NASB | New American Standard Bible | 1963 (NT), 1971 (OT), 1995 (update) | No | Formal equivalence |
|
AMP | The Amplified Bible | 1958 (NT), 1965 (OT) | No | Dynamic equivalence | |
GNB | Good News Bible | 1966 (NT), 1976 (OT) | Version available from 1979 | Dynamic equivalence, paraphrase | NT: Medium Correspondence to Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece 27th edition |
LB | The Living Bible | 1971 | No | Paraphrase | Paraphrase of American Standard Version, 1901, with comparisons of other translations, including the King James Version, and some Greek texts. |
NIV | New International Version | 1973 (NT), 1978 (OT) | No | Optimal equivalence |
|
NKJV | New King James Version | 1979 (NT), 1982 (OT) | No | Formal equivalence | NT: Textus Receptus, derived from the Byzantine text-type. OT: Masoretic Text with Septuagint influence |
NRSV | New Revised Standard Version | 1989 | Version available from 1989 | Formal equivalence | OT: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia with Dead Sea Scrolls and Septuagint influence. Apocrypha: Septuagint (Rahlfs) with Vulgate influence. NT: United Bible Societies' The Greek New Testament (3rd ed. corrected). 81% correspondence to Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece 27th edition.[14] |
REB | Revised English Bible | 1989 | Version available | Dynamic equivalence | NT: Medium correspondence to Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece 27th edition, with occasional parallels to Codex Bezae. OT: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (1967/77) with Dead Sea Scrolls and Septuagint influence. Apocrypha: Septuagint with Vulgate influence. |
GW | God's Word Translation | 1995 | No | Optimal equivalence | NT: Nestle-Aland Greek New Testament 27th edition. OT: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. |
CEV | Contemporary English Version | 1991 (NT), 1995 (OT) | Version available from 1999 | Dynamic equivalence | |
NLT | New Living Translation | 1996 | Version available | Dynamic equivalence |
|
HCSB | Holman Christian Standard Bible | 1999 (NT), 2004 (OT) | No | Optimal equivalence | NT: Novum Testamentum Graece 27th edition. OT: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia with some Septuagint influence. |
ESV | English Standard Version | 2001 | Version available from 2009 | Formal equivalence |
|
MSG | The Message | 2002 | Version available from 2013 | Highly idiomatic paraphrase / Extreme dynamic equivalence | |
CEB | Common English Bible | 2010 (NT), 2011 (OT) | Yes | Dynamic equivalence | OT: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (4th edition), Biblia Hebraica Quinta (5th edition) Apoc.: Göttingen Septuagint (in progress), Rahlfs' Septuagint (2005) NT: Nestle-Aland Greek New Testament (27th edition). |
MEV | Modern English Version | 2011 (NT), 2014 (OT) | Formal equivalence | NT: Textus Receptus OT: Jacob ben Hayyim Masoretic Text | |
CSB | Christian Standard Bible | 2017 | Optimal equivalence | NT: Novum Testamentum Graece 28th edition. OT: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia 5th Edition with some Septuagint influence. | |
EHV | Evangelical Heritage Version | 2017 (NT), 2019 (OT) | No | Balanced between formal and dynamic | OT: Various. Includes Masoretic Text, and Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. NT: Various. Includes Textus Receptus and Novum Testamentum Graecae. |
LSV | Literal Standard Version | 2020 | No | Formal Equivalence | Major revision of Young's Literal Translation OT: Masoretic Text with strong Septuagint influence and some reference to the Dead Sea Scrolls. NT: Textus Receptus and the Majority Text. |
Lihat pula
Referensi
- ^ Lobenstein-Reichmann, Anja (29 March 2017). "Martin Luther, Bible Translation, and the German Language". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.382. ISBN 9780199340378.
- ^ Meade, John (7 November 2021). "Why Are Protestant and Catholic Bibles Different?". Text & Canon Institute.
- ^ King James Version Apocrypha, Reader's Edition (dalam bahasa Inggris). Hendrickson Publishers. 2009. hlm. viii. ISBN 9781598564648.
The version of 1611, following its mandate to revise and standardize the English Bible tradition, included the fourteen (or fifteen) books of the Apocrypha in a section between the Old and New Testaments (see the chart on page vi). Because of the Thirty-Nine Articles, there was no reason for King James' translators to include any comments as to the status of these books, as had the earlier English translators and editors.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaTedfordGoudey2008
- ^ Roman Catholic Code of Canon Law, 825
- ^ Henze, Matthias; Boccaccini, Gabriele (20 November 2013). Fourth Ezra and Second Baruch: Reconstruction after the Fall. Brill. hlm. 383. ISBN 9789004258815.
Why 3 and 4 Esdras (called 1 and 2 Esdras in the NRSV Apocrypha) are pushed to the front of the list is not clear, but the motive may have been to distinguish the Anglican Apocrypha from the Roman Catholic canon affirmed at the fourth session of the Council of trent in 1546, which included all of the books in the Anglican Apocrypha list except 3 and 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh. These three texts were designated at Trent as Apocrypha and later included in an appendix to the Clementine Vulgate, first published in 1592 (and the standard Vulgate text until Vatican II).
- ^ "Salinan arsip" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-09-24. Diakses tanggal 2016-02-04.
- ^ Library of Congress Rule Interpretations, C.8. http://www.itsmarc.com/crs/mergedProjects/lcri/lcri/c_8__lcri.htm
- ^ "Catholic Edition of ESV Bible Launched". Daijiworld. 2018-02-10.
- ^ "On Translating the Old Testament: The Achievement of William Tyndale".
- ^ "More Information about NASB 2020". The Lockman Foundation. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-01-10. Diakses tanggal 2021-01-10.
For the Old Testament: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS) and Biblia Hebraica Quinta (BHQ) for the books available. Also the LXX, DSS, the Targums, and other ancient versions when pertinent.
- ^ "More Information about NASB 2020". The Lockman Foundation. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-01-10. Diakses tanggal 2021-01-10.
For the New Testament: NA28 supplemented by the new textual criticism system that uses all the available Gr mss. known as the ECM2.
- ^ a b "The New International Version". Biblia. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-08-08. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-08.
- ^ Clontz (2008), "The Comprehensive New Testament", ranks the NRSV in eighth place in a comparison of twenty-one translations, at 81% correspondence to the Nestle-Aland 27th ed. ISBN 978-0-9778737-1-5
- ^ "Translation Process". Tyndale. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-01-10. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-10.
The Old Testament translators used the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible as represented in Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (1977), with its extensive system of textual notes ... The translators also further compared the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Septuagint and other Greek manuscripts, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Syriac Peshitta, the Latin Vulgate, and any other versions or manuscripts that shed light on the meaning of difficult passages.
- ^ "Translation Process". Tyndale. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-01-10. Diakses tanggal 2021-01-10.
The New Testament translators used the two standard editions of the Greek New Testament: the Greek New Testament, published by the United Bible Societies (UBS, fourth revised edition, 1993), and Novum Testamentum Graece, edited by Nestle and Aland (NA, twenty-seventh edition, 1993) ... However, in cases where strong textual or other scholarly evidence supported the decision, the translators sometimes chose to differ from the UBS and NA Greek texts and followed variant readings found in other ancient witnesses. Significant textual variants of this sort are always noted in the textual notes of the New Living Translation.
- ^ "Preface to the English Standard Version". ESV.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-05-26. Diakses tanggal 2021-01-04.
The ESV is based on the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible as found in Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (5th ed., 1997) ... The currently renewed respect among Old Testament scholars for the Masoretic text is reflected in the ESV’s attempt, wherever possible, to translate difficult Hebrew passages as they stand in the Masoretic text rather than resorting to emendations or to finding an alternative reading in the ancient versions. In exceptional, difficult cases, the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Septuagint, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Syriac Peshitta, the Latin Vulgate, and other sources were consulted to shed possible light on the text, or, if necessary, to support a divergence from the Masoretic text.
- ^ "Preface to the English Standard Version". ESV.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-05-26. Diakses tanggal 2021-01-04.
[The ESV is based] on the Greek text in the 2014 editions of the Greek New Testament (5th corrected ed.), published by the United Bible Societies (UBS), and Novum Testamentum Graece (28th ed., 2012), edited by Nestle and Aland ... in a few difficult cases in the New Testament, the ESV has followed a Greek text different from the text given preference in the UBS/Nestle-Aland 28th edition.
- ^ English Standard Version Bible with Apocrypha. New York: Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-1952-8910-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 3, 2021.
- ^ ESV: Anglican Edition. Huntington Beach, CA: Anglican Liturgy Press. 2019. ISBN 978-1-7323448-6-0.
- ^ "Preface to the Apocrypha". ESV: Anglican Edition. Huntington Beach, CA: Anglican Liturgy Press. 2019. hlm. 1047–1048. ISBN 978-1-7323448-6-0.
Kesalahan pengutipan: Ditemukan tag <ref>
untuk kelompok bernama "lower-alpha", tapi tidak ditemukan tag <references group="lower-alpha"/>
yang berkaitan