Daftar artefak terkait Alkitab

Detail "Arch of Titus" menunjukkan jarahan dari Kejatuhan Yerusalem oleh Titus pada tahun 70 M. Digambarkan di sini menorah dari Bait Suci dan trumpet, serta Meja Roti.

Black Obelisk 841 SM. Earliest known picture of an Israelite: possibly Jehu son of Omri, or Jehu's ambassador, kneeling at the feet of Shalmaneser III.

Lachish relief – Judean captives being led away into slavery by the Assyrians after the siege of Lachish in 701 SM, which is also well-preserved in a series of reliefs that once decorated the Assyrian king Sennacherib's palace at Nineveh.

The Cylinder of Nabonidus confirms Belshazzar's existence. (see Book of Daniel)

The Cyrus cylinder, regarding King Cyrus's treatment of religion, which is significant to the books of Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah.

Taylor prism on display at the British Museum. Describes the Assyrian king Sennacherib's siege of Jerusalem in 701 SM during the reign of king Hezekiah, which is recorded by Herodotus and the Bible in Isaiah chapters 33 and 36; 2 Kings 18:17; 2 Chronicles 32:9. Photo by David Castor.

Shalmaneser III's (859–824 SM) Kurkh Monolith names King Ahab.

Mesha Stele c. 850 SM – Possible reference to the House of David; also mentions Omri, Israel, Yahweh, Bezer and others

A stone on the Temple Mount with the Hebrew language inscription "To the Trumpeting Place"

Portal showing a series of inscriptions recounting pharaoh Shishaq's invasion of Judah and Israel in 925 SM, located at the Bubastis Portal outside the Temple of Amun at Karnak(1 Kings:14:25-HE; 2 Chronicles:12:1–12-HE).

Siloam Inscription Transcription.

Hezekiah's tunnel

Replica of the Gezer calendar in Gezer, Israel.

LMLK seal stamp; Redondo Beach collection #22

Kain Kafan dari Torino (Turin Shroud): foto wajah, film positif (kiri), film negatif (kanan). Catatan: foto negatif diubah kontrasnya.

Berikut adalah daftar artefak yang berkaitan dengan Alkitab, yaitu barang-barang buatan manusia yang mempunyai arti penting dalam sejarah yang dicatat dalam Alkitab.

2000 SM

• Epik Gilgames atau Prasasti Air Bah (Deluge Tablet) – The Epic of Gilgamesh records a Babylonian flood story (see: Noah).
• Law tablets – ancient Near East legal tablets: Code of Hammurabi, Laws of Eshnunna, the Code of Ur-Nammu, king of Ur (sekitar 2050 SM), the Laws of Eshnunna (sekitar 1930 SM) and the codex of Lipit-Ishtar of Isin (sekitar 1870 SM). Later codes than Hammurabi's include the Code of the Nesilim. Hittite laws, the Assyrian laws, and Mosaic Law / Ten Commandments. (see Cuneiform law).
• Tulisan-tulisan orang Het (Hittite texts) (Abad ke-17 SM dan seterusnya)
• Ledakan gunung Minoa (Minoan Eruption) - bekas abu yang ditemukan di berbagai tempat penggalian (Tel) bertanggalkan Zaman Perunggu Akhir

1500 SM

• Ugaritic religious texts – (Abad ke-14 – 12 SM) verifies the account of Philo, preserved by Eusebius, regarding the Canaanite religion.
• Surat Amarna (c. 1300-an SM) – correspondence on clay tablets between the Egyptian Mministration and various Middle East kings petty sub-rulers in Canaan during the New Kingdom.
• Papirus Ipuwer (c. Abad ke-13 SM) – ancient papyrus manuscript describing Egypt as afflicted by natural disasters and in a state of chaos. Statements such as "the River is blood" have been interpreted by some as an Egyptian account of the Tulah Mesir described in the Book of Exodus in the Bible. However, it is generally rejected by Egyptologists (see there Parallels with the Book of Exodus).
• Midianite pottery – (13th-12th Mnturies SM) The Biblical account states that Midian was where Moses spent the 40 years between the time that he fled Egypt after killing an Egyptian who had been beating a Hebrew, and his return to lead the Israelites. During those years, he married Zipporah, the daughter of Jethro, the priest of Midian. In later years the Midianites were often oppressive and hostile to the Israelites, at least partly as God's punishment for their idolatry.
• Merneptah Stele (c. 1209/1208 SM).- one of the earliest known references to Israel or to the Israelites.

Abad ke-10 SM

• 6-chamber gates - (10th Abad SM) - "These gates have been found at Hazor, Megiddo, Gezer, and Lachish, and were associated especially by Yigael Yadin with Solomonic building projects." [1]
• Khirbet Qeiyafa pottery sherd – (10th Abad SM) inscription - both the language it was written in and the translation are disputed. Was discovered in excavations near Israel's Elah valley.
• Gezer calendar (10th Abad SM) – calendar from the Biblical city of Gezer. It is one of the oldest known examples of Hebrew writing.
• Tell es-Safi Potsherd (10th to mid 9th Mnturies SM) – Potsherd inscribed with the two names "alwt" and "wlt", etymologically related to the name Goliath and demonstrate that the name fits with the context of late-tenth/early-ninth-century SM Philistine culture. Found at Tell es-Safi, the traditional identification of Gath.
• Large Stone Structure – possible site of King David's palace (tentatively dated to 10th to 9th Abad SM).
• Stepped Stone Structure – (1000-900 SM) - has been suggested as being Jebusite, the Millo, or part of the Large Stone Structure, which has been suggested as being part of King David's palace.
• Bubastis portal – showing a series of inscriptions recounting pharaoh Shishaq's invasion of Judah and Israel in 925 SM, located outside the Temple of Amun at Karnak.(1 Kings:14:25-HE; 2 Chronicles:12:1–12-HE).
• Ukiran Shishak (Shishaq Relief) – depicts Egypt's victory over King Rehoboam c. 925 SM, time of the plunder of Solomon's Temple in Judah.
• Khirbet Qeiyafa shrines- cultic objects seen as evidence of a "cult in Judah at time of King David" and with features (triglyphs and recessed doors) which may resemble features in descriptions of the Temple of Solomon.
• Isbeth Sartah ostracon inscribed ostracon dating to 11th Abad SM and containing Proto-Canaanite language. Aaron Demsky consider it " the oldest inscription emanating from a Hebrew cultural milieu." It is also considered to be an example of early literacy.

Abad ke-9 SM

• Amman Citadel Inscription – 9th Abad SM inscription in the Ammonite language, one of the few surviving written records of Ammon.
• Tel Dan Stele – (9th Abad SM) a stele commemorating victory by Aramaeans against the Israelites. It is claimed by a number of scholars that the inscription contains the phrase House of David although others dispute this .
• Melcarth/Ben-Hadad stele – (9th–8th Abad SM) William F. Albright identifies Bir-hadad with Ben-hadad I, who was a contemporary of the biblical Asa and Baasha.
• Seal of Jehucal – (9th Abad SM ?) Jehucal or Jucal is mentioned in chapters 37 and 38 of the Book of Jeremiah where King Zedekiah sends Jehucal son of Shelemiah and the priest Zephaniah son of Maaseiah to the prophet Jeremiah saying `Please pray for us to the Lord our God` (Chapter 38 verse 3).
• Kurkh Monolith (c. 859–824 SM) - British Museum – names King Ahab of Israel, erected by Shalmaneser III to commemorate the Battle of Karkar, which Ahab participated in along with many other regional leaders.
• The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III (c. 858–824 SM) - British Museum – scholars believe the obelisk depicts either Yehu putra Omri (a king of Israel mentioned in 2 Kings), or Jehu's ambassador, paying homage to Assyrian king Shalmaneser III (c.825 SM); an early, possibly the earliest, surviving picture of an Israelite. The inscription identifies "the tribute of Jehu, son of Omri: I received from him silver, gold, a golden bowl, a golden vase with pointed bottom, golden tumblers, golden buckets, tin, a staff for a king [and] spears."
• Ostraca House – (probably about 850 SM, at least prior to 750 SM) 64 legible ostraca found in the treasury of Ahab – written in early Hebrew.
• Mesha stele (also called the Moabite stone) (c.850 SM) – a Transjordan stele describing the victories of Moabite king Mesha over the Kingdom of Israel. French scholar André Lemaire suggested that line 31 of the Stele bears the phrase "the house of David" (in Biblical Archaeology Review [May/June 1994], pp. 30–37).
• Balaam inscription (c. 840–760 SM) 9th or 8th Abad SM inscription about a prophet named Balaam (cf. the Book of Numbers).

Abad ke-8 SM

• Sefire stele – (8th Abad SM) described as "the best extrabiblical source for West Semitic traditions of covenantal blessings and curses."
• Siloam inscription – Records the construction of Hezekiah's tunnel in the 8th Abad SM .
• Stele of Zakkur – (8th Abad SM) Mentions Hazael king of Aram.
• Shebna's lintel inscription – (8th - 7th Abad SM ?) found over the doorway of a tomb, has been ascribed to Hezekiah's comptroller Shebna.
• Babylonian Chronicles (c. 747–247 SM) – dealing with Nebuchadnezzar's siege of Jerusalem, etc. (see Siege of Jerusalem (587 SM), Zedekiah and Book of Kings, Book of Jeremiah, Lamentations.)
• King Ahaz's Seal (732 to 716 SM) – Ahaz was a king of Judah but "did not do what was right in the sight of the Lord his God, as his ancestor David had done" (2 Kings 16:2; 2 Chronicles 28:1). He worshiped idols and followed pagan practices. "He even made his son pass through fire, according to the abominable practices of the nations" (2 Kings 16:3). Ahaz was the son and successor of Jotham.
• Bullae (c.715–687 SM or 716–687 SM) (clay roundels impressed with a personal seal identifying the owner of an object, the author of a document, etc) are, like ostraka, relatively common, both in digs and on the antiquities market. The identification of individuals named in bullae with equivalent names from the Bible is difficult, but identifications have been made with king Hezekiah and his servants (????? avadim in Hebrew).
• Hezekiah's tunnel (c. 701 SM) – a tunnel created by King Hezekiah in anticipation of an Assyrian invasion. From National Geographic: "The tunnel, which is about 500 meters (550 yards) long, brings water from the Gihon Springs [sic], located some 300 meters (330 yards) outside the walls of old Jerusalem, to the Siloan Pool [sic] inside the ancient city. It was built to protect the city's water supply during an Assyrian siege".
• Lachish relief – portion of the Sennacherib relief, which depicts captives from Judah being led into captivity after the fall of Lachish in 701 SM
• Taylor Prism – a clay prism inscribed with the annals of the Assyrian king Sennacherib notable for describing his siege of Jerusalem in 701 SM during the reign of king Hezekiah. This event is recorded in several books contained in Bible including Isaiah chapters 33 and 36; 2 Kings 18:17; 2 Chronicles 32:9. This event is also recorded by Herodotus.
• Annals of Tiglath Pileser III – 730 SM, records tributes from many Judean and Israeli kings; Ahaz of Judah, Menahem, Pekah and Hosheah of Israel. The annals also refer to Ahaziah who is considered by many scholars to be identical with the biblical Uzziah, king of Judah

Abad ke-7 SM

• Ekron dedicatory inscription (7th Abad SM) – a dedicatory inscription of the seventh-century king of Ekron, Achish. Achish is a name used in the Hebrew Bible for two Philistine rulers of Gath. The inscription states "This temple was built by 'Akish, son of Padi, son of Yasid, son of Ma, son of Ya'ir, ruler of Ekron..." The inscription not only securely identifies the site, it gives a brief king-list of rulers of Ekron, fathers to sons: Ya'ir, Ma, Yasid, Padi, 'Akish.
• Bulla of Jehucal – son of Shelemiah, son of Shevi. This person seems to be mentioned (twice) in the Book of Jeremiah who thus presumably lived in the late 7th Abad SM (i.e. at about the same time as Jeremiah). (see Large Stone Structure for discovery) (see also Book of Jeremiah).
• LMLK seals on storage jar handles, excavated from strata formed by Sennacherib's invasion during the reign of Hezekiah (circa 700 SM).
• Necho II basalt cartouche - (610 SM – 595 SM) found at Sidon, suggesting Necho II's involvement in the region (see: Josiah)
• Bulla of Shaphan (r. 609–598 SM) – possible link to a figure during the reign of Jehoiakim.
• Beit Lehi contains oldest known Hebrew writing of the word “Jerusalem” dated to 7th Abad SM “I am YHWH thy Lord. I will accept the cities of Judah and I will redeem Jerusalem”“Absolve us oh merciful God. Absolve us oh YHWH”
• Three shekel ostracon is a pottery fragment with inscription describing donations to the House of Yahweh
• Mesad Hashavyahu Ostracon is an inscribed pottery fragment dated to 7th Abad SM and written in ancient Hebrew language. It contains earliest extra-biblical reference to the observance of Shabbat.

Abad ke-6 SM

• Ketef Hinnom priestly blessing – Probably the oldest surviving texts currently known from the Hebrew Bible – Priestly blessing dated to 600 SM. Text from the Book of Numbers in the Old Testament. Described as "one of most significant discoveries ever made" for biblical studies.
• Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets (6th Abad SM) – Describe the rations set aside for a royal captive identified with Jehoiachin, king of Judah (Cf. 2 Kings 24:12,15–6; 25:27–30; 2 Chronicles 36:9–10; Jeremiah 22:24–6; 29:2; 52:31–4; Ezekiel 17:12).
• Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet – (circa 595 SM) a clay cuneiform inscription referring to an official at the court of Nebuchadrezzar II, king of Babylon, possibly the same official named in the Biblical Jeremiah.
• Lachish letters – letters written in carbon ink by Hoshaiah, a military officer stationed near Jerusalem, to Joash the commanding officer at Lachish during the last years of Jeremiah during Zedekiah’s reign (c.588 SM) (see Nehemiah 12:32, Jeremiah 42:1, 43:2). Lachish fell soon after, two years before the fall of Jerusalem.
• Cylinder of Cyrus (c. 559 SM-530 SM) - British Museum – regarding King Cyrus's treatment of religion, which is significant to the books of Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah.
• Cylinder of Nabonidus (555–539 SM) - British Museum – proves Belshazzar's existence. See Daniel 5; 7:1; 8:1. Daniel 5 describes Belshazzar's Feast where a hand was seen writing on the wall of the chamber a mysterious sentence mene mene tekel upharsin. (see also Nabonidus Chronicle)
• Trumpeting place inscription – (after 516 SM?) A stone (2.43x1 meters) with Hebrew language inscription "To the Trumpeting Place" excavated by B. Mazar at the southern-western corner of the Temple Mount. It is believed to be a directional sign for the priests who blew a trumpet announcing the beginning and end of the Shabbat in the Second Temple period.

Abad ke-5 SM

• Elephantine papyri, ancient Jewish papyri dating to the 5th Abad SM, name three persons mentioned in Nehemiah: Darius II, Sanballat the Horonite and Johanan the high priest.
• Nabonidus Chronicle – (5th Abad SM) Amélie Kuhrt describes it as "the most reliable and sober [ancient] account of the fall of Babylon."

Abad ke-2 SM

• Gulungan Laut Mati (250 SM - 70 M)
• Hasmonean coinage (164 SM – 35 SM)

Abad ke-1 SM

• Herod's temple (c. 19 SM)
• Western Wall – (c. 19 SM) is an important Jewish religious site located in the Old City of Jerusalem. Just over half the wall, including its 17 courses located below street level, dates from the end of the Second Temple period, being constructed around 19 SM by Herod the Great. The remaining layers were Mded from the 7th Abad onwards.
• Second Temple Inscription – inscription from Herod's Temple, late 1st Abad SM. It warns gentiles to refrain from entering the Temple enclosure, on pain of death.

Abad ke-1 M

• Jehohanan Crucifixion Nail – Skeletal remains of crucified individual, showing a nail through the right calcaneus bone. It gives insight into the method of crucifixion used around the time of Jesus.
• Arch of Titus – (c. 82 M) relief shows spoils from the sack of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 M. Depicted are the menorah and trumpets, as well as what might be the Table of Showbread. (see: Judaea Capta coinage)
• Erastus Inscription (Roman period)
• Herodium (after 40 SM)
• Judaea Capta coinage (after 70 M)
• Nazareth Inscription bears an edict of Caesar prohibiting grave robbing; relevant to claims of resurrection.

Abad ke-2 M

• List of New Testament papyri (after 100 M)

Periode yang tidak jelas

• Biblical period ostraca (broken pottery used for writing brief notes, the ancient equivalent of notepaper) are relatively common in archaeological digs. One ostracon, found at Elah, may contain the earliest known example of Hebrew.
• Bulla of Gedalyahu/Galihu Ben Immer – A bulla was excavated that contains part of a name Gabriel Barkay suggests may have been Galihu son of Immer, a brother of Pashur son of Immer, who is described in the Bible [Jeremiah 20:1] as a priest and temple official."
• Cave of the Patriarchs – The compound, located in the ancient city of Hebron, is the second holiest site for Jews (after the Temple Mount in Jerusalem) and is also venerated by Christians and Muslims all of whom have some traditions which maintain that the site is the burial place of three Biblical couples: (1) Abraham and Sarah; (2) Isaac and Rebekah; (3) Jacob and Leah.
• Foundation Stone – stone also called the Well of Souls, now located in the Dome of the Rock. According to the Bible, King David purchased a threshing floor owned by Araunah the Jebusite, and some believe that it was upon this rock that he offered the sacrifice mentioned in the verse. David wanted to construct a Temple in Jerusalem, but as his hands were "bloodied," he was forbidden to do so himself. The task was left to his son Solomon, who completed the Temple in c. 950 SM.
• Pim weight – evidence of the use of an ancient source for the Book of Samuel due to the use of an archaic term.
• Shiphrah slave list – Shiphrah was one of two midwives who helped prevent the genocide of Hebrew children by the Egyptians, according to the Book of Exodus 1:15–21. The name is found in a list of slaves in Egypt during the reign of Sobekhotep III. This list is on Brooklyn 35.1446, a papyrus scroll kept in the Brooklyn Museum.

Staircase that led up to the Temple

• Susa remains – Susa is mentioned in the Ketuvim of the Hebrew Bible, mainly in Esther, but also once each in Nehemiah and Daniel. Both Daniel and Nehemiah lived in Susa during the Babylonian captivity of Judah of the 6th Abad SM. The bible states that Esther became queen there, and saved the Jews from genocide. A tomb presumed to be that of Daniel is located in the area, known as Shush-Daniel. The tomb is marked by an unusual white, stone cone, which is neither regular nor symmetric. Many scholars believe it was at one point a Star of David.
• Makam Daniel (Tomb of Daniel) (sebelum 1160 M)
• [Makam Rahel]] (Rachel's Tomb) di dekat Bethlehem (sebelum abad ke-4 M)
• Prasasti Uzia (Uzziah Tablet) – (Abad ke-8 SM atau 30-70 M?) controversial tablet discovered in 1931 by Professor E.L. Sukenik of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in a Russian convent.
• Warren's Shaft – possible route corresponding to the biblical account of Joab, king David's commander, launching a secretive attack against the Jebusites, who controlled Jerusalem.
• Kolam Betesda (Pool of Bethesda) – Pada abad ke-19, arkeolog menemukan bekas kolam tepat seperti yang digambarkan dalam Injil Yohanes.
• First Temple period water cistern in Jerusalem, near the Temple Mount, was discovered in 2012. The huge water reservoir was built between 1000-586 SM. According to Dr. Tvika Tsuk, chief archaeologist of Israel Nature and Parks Authority, the water cistern was used by the pilgrims ascending to the Temple.

Kontroversial

• Acheiropoieta (see Shroud of Turin, Image of Edessa, and the Veil of Veronica)
• Ivory pomegranate
• James Ossuary
• Jehoash Inscription – controversial black stone tablet in Phoenician regarding King Jehoash's repair work. Suspected to be a forgery, (but see: Book of Kings).
• Sholmit/Temech seal
• Sudarium dari Oviedo
• Menara Siloam (Tower of Siloam) – reruntuhan yang mungkin sama dengan yang dicatat dalam Injil Lukas.

Artefak yang disebutkan di Alkitab tetapi tidak ditemukan di zaman modern

• Tabut Perjanjian
• Efod
• Hoshen
• Bahtera Nuh
• Tiang-tiang Salomo (Solomonic column) – (Boas dan Yakhin)

Pemalsuan

• Stone Seal of Manasseh – Stone seal of Manasseh, King of Judah c.687–642 SM. Reportedly offered to a private collector for one million dollars.

Museum penting

• Israel Museum, Yerusalem
• Bible Lands Museum, Yerusalem
• Hecht Museum
• Oriental Institute, Chicago

Lihat pula

Dead Sea scroll fragments on display at the Archaeological Museum, Amman

• Archaeology of Israel
• Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem
• Assyro-Babylonian religion
• The Bible and history
• Biblical archaeology (excavations and artifacts)
• Chronology of the Bible
• Cities of the Ancient Near East
• Hittite sites – Hittites – History of the Hittites
• Library of Ashurbanipal
• List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
• List of burial places of Biblical figures
• List of Egyptian papyri by date
• List of megalithic sites
• Model of Jerusalem in the Late 2nd Temple Period
• Near Eastern archaeology
• Nag Hammadi library – early Christian gnostic papyri.
• Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible
• Oxyrhynchus Papyri – collection of Old and New Testament papyri, Apocryphal works and works of Philo
• Relics attributed to Jesus
• Syro-Palestinian archaeology