Lompat ke isi

Bahasa Dacia

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Bahasa Dacia
Dituturkan diRumania, Bulgaria utara, Serbia timur; Moldova, Ukraina barat daya, Slowakia tenggara, Hungaria timur
KepunahanKemungkinan abad ke-6[1]
Kode bahasa
ISO 639-3xdc
LINGUIST List
LINGUIST list sudah tidak beroperasi lagi
xdc
Glottologdaci1234[2]
IETFxdc
Status pemertahanan
Terancam

CRSingkatan dari Critically endangered (Terancam Kritis)
SESingkatan dari Severely endangered (Terancam berat)
DESingkatan dari Devinitely endangered (Terancam)
VUSingkatan dari Vulnerable (Rentan)
Aman

NESingkatan dari Not Endangered (Tidak terancam)
ICHEL Red Book: Extinct

Bahasa Dacia diklasifikasikan sebagai bahasa yang telah punah (EX) pada Atlas Bahasa-Bahasa di Dunia yang Terancam Kepunahan

Referensi: [3][4]
 Portal Bahasa
L • B • PW   
Sunting kotak info  Lihat butir Wikidata  Info templat

Bahasa Dacia adalah bahasa yang pernah dituturkan di kawasan Karpatia pada zaman kuno. Pada abad ke-1, bahasa ini mungkin merupakan bahasa yang paling banyak dituturkan di wilayah Dacia dan Moesia dan mungkin juga sebagian dari wilayah sekitarnya. Bahasa ini diperkirakan mengalami kepunahan pada abad ke-7.

Walaupun para ahli bahasa sepakat bahwa bahasa ini merupakan bagian dari rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa, saat ini masih diperdebatkan bahasa ini tergolong ke dalam subrumpun yang mana. Terdapat beberapa hipotesis terkait dengan hal ini:

  1. Bahasa Dacia merupakan dialek bahasa Trakia yang sudah punah, atau sebaliknya. Contoh ahli yang mendukung hipotesis ini adalah Baldi (1983) dan Trask (2000).
  2. Bahasa Dacia adalah bahasa yang terpisah dari bahasa Trakia, tetapi memiliki hubungan yang erat dengannya dan masuk ke dalam subrumpun yang sama ("Trako-Dacia" atau "Daco-Trakia").[5]
  3. Bahasa Dacia, Trakia dan Baltik (Duridanov juga menambahkan Pelasgia) membentuk subrumpun tersendiri. Contoh ahli yang mendukung hipotesis ini adalah Schall (1974), Duridanov (1976), Radulescu (1987) dan Mayer (1996).[6][7][8][9]
  4. Georgiev (1977) mengusulkan bahwa bahasa Daco-Moesia merupakan nenek moyang bahasa Albania, tergolong ke dalam suatu cabang yang bukan Trakia, tetapi memiliki hubungan erat dengan bahasa Trakia dan terpisah dari bahasa Iliria.[10][11]

Bahasa Dacia sangat jarang ditulis. Tidak seperti bahasa Frigia yang didokumentasikan oleh sekitar 200 inskripsi, hanya terdapat satu inskripsi dalam bahasa Dacia yang masih bertahan.[12][13] Nama-nama Dacia yang mengacu kepada sejumlah tumbuh-tumbuhan dan daun-daunan untuk obat-obatan tradisional mungkin masih dapat ditemui di teks-teks kuno,[14][15] termasuk sekitar 60 nama tumbuhan di dalam teks karya Dioscorides.[16] Sekitar 1.150 nama pribadi[13][17] dan 900 toponim mungkin juga berasal dari bahasa Dacia.[13] Selain itu, beberapa ratus kosakata dalam bahasa Rumania dan Albania modern mungkin berasal dari bahasa-bahasa Balkan kuno seperti bahasa Dacia. Ahli bahasa telah merekonstruksi sekitar 100 kata Dacia dari nama-nama tempat dengan menggunakan teknik linguistik komparatif, tetapi hanya sekitar 20-25 yang memperoleh dukungan secara luas pada tahun 1982.[18]

Catatan kaki

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  1. ^ Bahasa Dacia at MultiTree on the Linguist List
  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Dacian". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 
  3. ^ "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Spanyol, Rusia, and Tionghoa). UNESCO. 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 Juni 2011. 
  4. ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). UNESCO. 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 31 Mei 2022. Diakses tanggal 31 Mei 2022. 
  5. ^ Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (1970). Cambridge ancient history. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 840. ISBN 978-0-521-07791-0. 
  6. ^ Schall H., Sudbalten und Daker. Vater der Lettoslawen. In:Primus congressus studiorum thracicorum. Thracia II. Serdicae, 1974, S. 304, 308, 310
  7. ^ The Language of the Thracians, Ivan Duridanov, 2.9 Thracian and Illyrian
  8. ^ Radulescu M., The Indo-European position of lllirian, Daco-Mysian and Thracian: a historic Methodological Approach, 1987
  9. ^ "South Baltic - Mayer". Lituanus. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-05-13. Diakses tanggal 2018-09-12. 
  10. ^ Georgiev 1977, hlm. 282.
  11. ^ Траките и техният език (1977 В Георгиев), hlm. 132, 183, 192, 204
  12. ^ Asenova 1999, hlm. 212.
  13. ^ a b c Nandris 1976, hlm. 730.
  14. ^ Dioscurides
  15. ^ Pseudo-Apuleius
  16. ^ Glanville 1998, hlm. 120.
  17. ^ Petrescu-Dîmbovița 1978, hlm. 130.
  18. ^ Polomé 1982, hlm. 872.

Daftar pustaka

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  • Academic American Encyclopedia (1994). Academic American encyclopedia: Volume 10. Grolier Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-7172-2053-3. 
  • Almassy, Katalin (2006). "Celts and Dacians(?) In the Great Hungarian Plain 1st c. BC to 1st c. AD". Dalam Salac, V.; Bemman, J. Mitteleuropa in Zeit Marbods. 
  • Asher, R. E.; Simpson, J. M. Y. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Volume 3. Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-035943-4. 
  • Abramea, Anna P (1994). Thrace. Idea Advertising-Marketing. ISBN 978-960-85609-1-8. 
  • Antoniewicz, Jerzy (1966). "Tribal Territories of the Baltic People in the Hallstatt – La Tene and Roman Periods in the Light of Archaeology and Toponymy". Acta Baltico-Slavica. Białostockie Towarzystwo Naukowe Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich. 4–5. 
  • Asenova, Petja (1999). Bulgarian in Handbuch der Südosteuropa-Linguistik. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-03939-0. 
  • Avery, Catherine (1972). The New Century handbook of classical geography. Appleton-Century-Crofts,. 
  • Baldi, Philip, Ph.D. (1983). An Introduction to the Indo-European Languages. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-1091-3. 
  • Pop, Ioan Aurel; Nägler, Thomas, ed. (2005). The History of Transylvania: Until 1541. Romanian Cultural Institute. ISBN 978-973-7784-00-1. 
  • Bazovski, Igor (2008): Celts, the Iron Age Warriors" (summary of review) on SNM (Slovak National Museum) website
  • Berindei, Dan; Candea, Virgil (2001). Mostenirea timpurilor indepartate. Editura Enciclopedica. 
  • Berenger, Jean (1994). A History of the Habsburg Empire 1273–1700. Longman Group United Kingdom. ISBN 978-0-582-09009-5. 
  • Bolovan, Ioan; Constantiniu, Florin; Michelson, Paul E.; et al. (1997). Treptow, Kurt, ed. A History of Romania. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-345-0. 
  • Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World (2000)
  • Bulei, Ion (2005). A short history of Romania. Bucharest; Meronia Publishers. ISBN 978-973-9884-41-9. 
  • Bunbury, Sir Edward Herbert (1979) [1883]. A history of ancient geography among the Greeks and Romans: from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 2. J. C. Gieben. 
  • Bynon, Thelma (1974). Historical Linguistics. 
  • Carnap-Bornheim, Claus (2003). Kontakt, Kooperation, Konflikt: Germanen und Sarmaten zwischen dem 1. und dem 4. Jahrhundert nach Christus. Wachholtz. 
  • Georgiev, V (1972). "The Earliest Ethnological Situation of the Balkan Peninsula as Evidenced by Linguistic and Onomastic Data". Aspects of the Balkans: continuity and change edited by Birnbaum Henrik and Vryonis Speros. Mouton. 
  • Georgiev, Vladimir (1977): The Thracians and their Language (Bulg with French summary)
  • Georgiev, V (1981). Introduction to the history of the Indo-European languages. Bulgarian Academy. 
  • Giurescu, Constantin C.; Giurescu, Dinu C. (1974). Istoria Românilor: Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă la întemeierea statelor românești. Editura Stiintifica. 
  • Childe, V. Gordon (1930). The Bronze Age. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8196-0123-0. 
  • CIL: Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
  • Crossland, R.A. (1982). "Linguistic problems of the Balkan area in the late prehistoric and early Classical period". Dalam Boardman, John. The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3. 
  • Dumitrescu, V.L.; Bolomey, A.; Mogosanu, F. (1982). "The Prehistory of Romania: from the earliest times to 1000 B.C.". Dalam John Boardman; I. E. S. Edwards. The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3. 
  • Ehrich, Robert W. (1970). Some Indo-European Speaking Groups of the Middle. Danube and the Balkans: Their Boundaries as Related to Cultural Geography Through Time. University of Pennsylvania Press. 
  • Georgiev, Vladimir I. (1977). Trakite i technijat ezik/Les Thraces et leur langue (The Thracians and their language) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian and French). Sofia, Bulgaria: Izdatelstvo na Bălgarskata Akademija na naukite. 
  • Hehn, Victor (1976). Cultivated plants and domesticated animals in their migration from Asia to Europe : historico-linguistic studies. Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science, John Benjamin. ISBN 978-90-272-0871-2. ; originally Culturpflanzen und Haustiere in ihrem Übergang aus Asien nach Griechenland und Italien sowie das übrige Europa: Historisch-linguistische Skizzen. Berlin: Gebr. Borntraeger, 1885; iv + 456 pp.
  • Price, Glanville (1998). Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22039-9. 
  • Messing, Gordon M. (1972). "'Thrakisch-dakische Studien, I: Die thrakisch- und dakisch-baltischen Sprachbeziehungen by Ivan Duridanov' reviewed by Gordon M. Messing Cornell University Edited by George Melville Bolling". Language. Linguistic Society of America. 48 (4): 960–963. doi:10.2307/412001. 
  • Du Nay, André (1977). The early history of the Rumanian language. 
  • Duridanov, I. (1969). Die Thrakisch- und Dakisch-Baltischen Sprachbeziehungen. 
  • Duridanov, I. (1985). Die Sprache der Thraker. 
  • McHenry, Robert, ed. (1993). The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia. Encyclopædia Britannica. ISBN 978-0-85229-571-7. 
  • Fisher, Iancu (2003). Les substrats et leur influence sur les langues romanes: la Romania du Sud-Est / Substrate und ihre Wirkung auf die romanischen Sprachen: Sudostromania in Romanische Sprachgeschichte. Mouton De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-014694-3. 
  • Fol, Alexander (1996). ‘’Thracians, Celts, Illyrians and Dacians’’ in History of Humanity: From Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D. Bernan Assoc. ISBN 978-92-3-102812-0. 
  • Fraser, P.M (1959). Samothrace: no. 1. The inscriptions on stone edited by Karl Lehmann Phyllis and Williams Lehmann. Pantheon Books. 
  • Eric P., Hamp (1966). Ancient Indo-European Dialects: The position of Albanian. University of California Press and Cambridge University Press. 
  • Heather, Peter (2010). Empires and Barbarians: Migration, Development, and the Birth of Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-973560-0. 
  • Hoddinott, R.F. (1989). "Thracians, Mycenaeans and "The Trojan Question"". Thracians and Mycenaeans: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Thracology Rotterdam, 24–26 September 1984 edited by Jan G. P. Best and Nanny M. W. de Vries. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN 978-90-04-08864-1. 
  • Hrushevskyi, Mykhailo (1997). History of Ukraine-Rus'. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. ISBN 978-1-895571-19-6. 
  • Jones, A. H. M. (1964): The Later Roman Empire, 284–602
  • Katacic, Radoslav; Krizman, Mate (1976). Ancient languages of the Balkans. Mouton. 
  • Lengyel, Alfonz; Radan, George (1980). The Archaeology of Roman Pannonia. University Press of Kentucky. 
  • Lloshi, Xhevat (1999): Albanian in Handbuch der Südosteuropa Linguistik Band 10 (online)
  • MacKenzie, Andrew (1986). Archaeology in Romania: the mystery of the Roman occupation. Hale. 
  • Maenchen-Helfen, Otto (1973). World Of the Huns studies in their history and culture. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-01596-8. 
  • Mielczarek, Mariusz (1989). Ancient Greek coins found in Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe. Zakład Narodowy Imienia Ossolińskich. 
  • Mayer, H.E. (1992). "Dacian and Thracian as southern Baltoidic". Lituanus. 38 (2). ISSN 0024-5089. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-12-16. Diakses tanggal 2018-09-12. 
  • Mihailov, G (2008). "Thrace before the Persian entry into Europe". The Cambridge ancient history: Volume 3, Part 2. Cambridge University Press. 
  • Milewski, Tadeusz (1969). Teils. Panstwowe Wydawn Naukowe, Poland. 
  • Mocsy, Andras (1974). Pannonia and Upper Moesia: History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. Routledge & Kegan Paul Books. ISBN 978-0-7100-7714-1. 
  • Momigliano, Arnaldo (1984). Secondo contributo alla storia degli studi classici. Ed. di Storia e Letteratura. 
  • Mountain, Harry (1998). The Celtic Encyclopedia. Universal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-890-1. 
  • Müllenhoff, Karl (1856). Ueber die Weltkarte und Chorographie des Kaiser Augustus: Feier des Geburtstatges seiner Majestät des Konigs Frederik's VII. Kiel Druck von C.F. Mohr. 
  • Muller, Karl, ed. (1883). Claudi Ptolomaei Geographia. 
  • Nandris, John (1976). The Dacian Iron Age A Comment in a European Context in Festschrift für Richard Pittioni zum siebzigsten Geburtstag. Wien, Deuticke, Horn, Berger. ISBN 978-3-7005-4420-3. 
  • Nicolet, Claude (1991). Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire. Univ of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-472-10096-5. 
  • Oledzki, Marek (2001). "The Przeworsk culture in the Upper Tisza Basin. An outline of problems". Ethnographisch-archäologische Zeitschrift, Volume 42. Karl-Heinz Otto, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Verlag der Wissenschaften. 
  • Oltean, Ioana Adina (2007). Dacia: landscape, colonisation and romanisation. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-41252-8. 
  • Olteanu, Sorin (2007). "Toponime procopiene". SCIVA. 58 (1–2): 67–116. 
  • Olteanu, Sorin (1989). "Kaga şi Kōgaionon. Datele problemei". Thraco-Dacica. X: 215–217. 
  • Paliga, Sorin (1986). The social structure of the South-East European Societies in the Middle Ages. A Linguistic View. Volumes 26–29. Linguistica. 
  • Panayotou, A. (2007). "Greek and Thracian". A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83307-3. 
  • Papazoglu, Fanula (1978). The Central Balkan Tribes in Pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci, & Moesians. Diterjemahkan oleh Stansfield-Popovic, Mary. John Benjamins North America. ISBN 978-90-256-0793-7. 
  • Parvan, Vasile (1928). Dacia. The Cambridge University Press. 
  • Pelletier, André (1985). "La Médecine en Gaule: villes d'eaux, sanctuaires des eaux". Picard. 
  • Poghirc, Cicerone (1989). "Considerations chrono-geographiques sur l'oscillation a/o en Thrace et en Daco-Mesien". Thracians and Mycenaeans: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Thracology Rotterdam, 24–26 September 1984. Brill Academic. ISBN 978-0-8196-0123-0. 
  • Poghirc, Cicerone (1986). "Dioscoride et Pseudo-Apulee Temoins des debuts de la differenciation dans la Romania". Linguistique générale et linguistique romane: histoire de la grammaire : actes du XVIIe Congrès international de linguistique et philologie romanes, Aix-en-Provence, 29 août-3 septembre 1983. Wechselnde Verleger. 
  • Polomé, Edgar Charles (1982). "Balkan Languages (Illyrian, Thracian and Daco-Moesian)". Cambridge Ancient History. III.1. hlm. 866–888. 
  • Popescu-Spineni, Marin (1987). Rumänien in seinen geographischen und kartographischen Quellen: vom Altertum bis an die Schwelle unseres Jahrhunderts (dalam bahasa German). O. Harassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-02582-9. 
  • Poultney, James W. (1968). "Introduzione alia storia delle Iingue indeuropee by Vladimir I. Georgiev, 1966. Reviewed by James W. Poultney,". Language. Linguistic Society of America. 44: 334–342. doi:10.2307/411629. 
  • Price, Glanville (2000). Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe. Wiley-Blackwell; 1 edition. ISBN 978-0-631-22039-8. 
  • Raftery, Barry, ed. (2001). Philip's Atlas of the Celts. Octopus Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-5400-7880-6. 
  • Renfrew, Colin (1990). Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-38675-3. 
  • Russu, Ion Iosif (1963). "Die Ortsnamen der Balkanhalbinsel in De Aedificiis". Revue de Linguistique. VIII: 123–132. 
  • Russu, Ion Iosif (1969). Die Sprache der Thrako-Daker. 
  • Shashi, Shyam Singh (1992). Encyclopaedia of humanities and social sciences. Volume 25. Anmol Publications. 
  • Solta, Georg Renatus (1980). Berücksichtigung des Substrats und des Balkanlateinischen. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 
  • Schütte, Gudmund (1917). Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe: a reconstruction of the prototypes. H. Hagerup. 
  • Schütte, Gudmund (1952). "A Ptolemaic Riddle Solved". Classica et Mediaevalia, Volume 13. 13 (edisi ke-1). Gyldendal. 
  • Sluşanschi, Dan (1989). "Kaga şi Kōgaionon. Analiză filologică şi lingvistică". Thraco-Dacica. X: 219–224. 
  • Tacheva, Margarita (1997). The Thracian Bessi domo et militiae. Živa antika – Skopje. ISSN 0514-7727. 
  • Wald, Lucia; Sluşanschi, Dan; Băltăceanu –, Francisca (1987). Introducere în studiul limbii şi culturii indo-europene. Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. 
  • Walde-Pokorny, Julius (1959). The Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (IEW, "Indo-European Etymological Dictionary") and notes. 
  • Walde, Alois; Pokorny, Julius (1973). Vergleichendes Warterbuch Der Indogermanischen Sprachen. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-004556-7. 
  • Thompson, E.A. (1982): Zosimus 6.10.2 and the Letters of Honorius in Classical Quarterly 33 (ii)
  • Trask, Robert Lawrence (2000). The dictionary of historical and comparative linguistics. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1001-3. 
  • Appel René, Muysken Pieter (2006) Language Contact and Bilingualism, Amsterdam University Press, ISBN 978-90-5356-857-6
  • Campbell, George L. (1998) Concise Compendium of the World's Languages, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-16049-0
  • Daicoviciu Hadrian (1972), Dacii, Editura Enciclopedică Română -->
  • Dimiter, Detschew (1957). Die thrakischen Sprachreste. Wien. 
  • I. E. S. Edwards, C. J. Gadd, N. G. L. Hammond (1971) The Cambridge Ancient History: Early History of the Middle East Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-07791-0, 1971
  • Georgiev (Gheorghiev), Vladimir Raporturile dintre limbile dacă, tracă şi frigiană, "Studii Clasice" Journal, II, 1960, 39–58
  • Madgearu, Alexandu; Gordon, Martin (2007). The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5846-6. 
  • Petrescu-Dîmbovița, Mircea (1978). 'Scurta istorie a Daciei Preromane'. Junimea. 
  • Polome E.C. (1982) Chapter 20e in Balkan Languages (Illyrian, Thracian and Daco-Moesian) from The Cambridge Ancient History, By John Boardman, 2nd Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, The Prehistory of the Balkans, the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3
  • Rankin, David; Rankin, H. D. (1996). Celts and the Classical World, 2nd Edition. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-15090-3. 
  • Rădulescu, Mircea-Mihai (1984). Illyrian, Thracian, Daco-Mysian, the substratum of Romanian and Albanian. Journal of Indo-European Studies. ISSN 0092-2323. 
  • Rădulescu, Mircea-Mihai (1987). "The Indo-European position of Illyrian, Daco-Mysian and Thracian: A historica-methodological approach". Journal of Indo-European Studies. ISSN 0092-2323. 
  • Rosetti, A. (1982). La linguistique Balkanique in Revue roumaine de linguistique, volume 27. Editions de l’Academie de la RSR. 
  • Rosetti, Alexandru; Graur, Alexandru (1969). Istoria limbii române: Volume 2. Editura Academiei Romania. 
  • Rosetti, Alexandru (1978). Istoria limbii române: De la origini pina in sec XVII (dalam bahasa Romanian). Editura Stiintifica si Enciclopedica. 
  • Russu, I. I. (1967). Limba traco-dacilor. Bucharest: Editura Ştiinţifică. 
  • Polome, Edgar C. (1983). Linguistic situation in the western provinces in Sprache Und Literatur (Sprachen Und Schriften). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-009525-8. 
  • Taylor, Timothy (2001). "Northeastern European Iron Age, Dacian". Encyclopedia of prehistory. Springer; 1st edition. ISBN 978-0306462580. 
  • Toma, Corina (2007). "Repertoriu orientativ al descoperirilor dacice de pe teritoriul Ungariei, A Catalogue of the Dacian Period Discoveries Found in the Territory of Hungary p=65–77" (dalam bahasa Romanian and English). Muzeul Ţării Crişurilor. ISSN 1016-2798. 
  • Trask, Robert Lawrence (2000). Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-57958-218-0. 
  • Urbariczyk, Przemyslaw (1997). Origins of Central Europe Introduction. Warsaw. ISBN 83-85463-56-9. 
  • Van Antwerp Fine, John (2000). The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press / ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3. 
  • Vraciu, Ariton (1976). "Sur la methodologie des recherches dans le domain des rapports linguistiques du thraco-dace et des autres langues indo-europeennes". Thraco-Dacica. Institutul de Tracologie (Romania), Editura Academiei. 
  • Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples, 2-Volume Set. Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4964-6. 
  • Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz (1994). "Proto-Albanian and the problem of the Albanian nation". Bulletin de la Société polonaise de linguistique, Volumes 50–52. Gebethner and Wolff. ISSN 0032-3802. 
  • Walters E. Garrison (1989) Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0-8156-2440-0