BP (perusahaan)

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Bp Company
Publik
Kode emiten
ISINGB0007980591
IndustriMinyak Bumi Dan Gas Alam
Pendahulu
Didirikan14 April 1909; 115 tahun lalu (1909-04-14)
PendiriWilliam Knox D'Arcy
Charles Greenway
Kantor
pusat		London, England, UK
Wilayah operasi
seluruh dunia
Tokoh
kunci
Produk
Merek
Produksi
37 Mbbl/d (5,9×10^6 m3/d) of BOE (2018)[1]
Jasastasiun bensin
PendapatanPenurunan US$183.50 billion (2020)[2]
Penurunan US$(21.74) billion (2020)[2]
Penurunan US$(20.73) billion (2020)[2]
Total asetPenurunan US$267.65 billion (2020)[2]
Total ekuitasPenurunan US$85.57 billion (2020)[2]
Karyawan
70,100 (2020)[3]
Situs webbp.com

BP plc adalah sebuah perusahaan minyak bumi bermarkas di London, dan salah satu 4 besar perusahaan minyak di seluruh dunia (bersama dengan Shell, ExxonMobil, dan Total).

BP beroperasi di hampir 80 negara di seluruh dunia, memproduksi sekitar 37 juta barel per hari (5.900.000 m3/d) oil equivalent, dan memiliki total cadangan terbukti 19.945 miliar barel (3,1710×1012 m3) setara minyak.[1] Perusahaan ini memiliki sekitar 18.700 stasiun servis di seluruh dunia.[1] Divisi terbesarnya adalah BP America di Amerika Serikat . Di Rusia, BP memiliki 19,75% saham di Rosneft, perusahaan minyak dan gas publik terbesar di dunia berdasarkan cadangan dan produksi hidrokarbon.[4] BP memiliki daftar utama di London Stock Exchange dan merupakan konstituen dari FTSE 100 Index. Ini memiliki daftar sekunder di Bursa Saham Frankfurt dan Bursa Saham New York. Pada tahun 2020 Forbes Global 2000, BP menduduki peringkat sebagai perusahaan publik terbesar ke-357 di dunia.[5]

sejarah

merger perusahaan

Pada Desember 1998, BP bergabung dengan American Oil Company (Amoco), membentuk "BP Amoco". Namun, langkah ini dipandang umum sebagai sebuah pembelian Amoco oleh BP, hanya saja digambarkan secara resmi sebagai sebuah penggabungan karena alasan legal. Dan setelah setahun beroperasi bersama, mereka menggabungkan banyak operasi dan nama "Amoco" dilepas dari nama perusahaan. Divisi BP Solar telah menjadi pemimpin dalam produksi panel surya.

sekarang

BP juga merupakan partner pemimpin dalam jalur pipa Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan yang kontroversial.

Pada 20 April 2010 Deepwater Horizon meledak, mengakibatkan 11 orang meninggal, dan menyebabkan tumpahan minyak yang mengkontaminasi daerah yang luas dari lingkungan laut Amerika Serikat dan terus memiliki dampak serius pada kehidupan liar, industri perikanan lokal, dan pariwisata daerah. Pemerintah AS menyebut BP sebagai pihak yang bertanggung jawab atas insiden ini.

Struktur perusahaan

Manajemen

Helge Lund adalah ketua dewan direksi BP plc dengan Bernard Looney sebagai chief executive officer.[6][7]

Mulai Februari 2020, individu-individu berikut menjabat di dewan:[8]

  • Helge Lund (ketua)
  • Bernard Looney (kepala eksekutif)
  • Brian Gilvary (kepala petugas keuangan)
  • Nils Andersen (direktur non-eksekutif independen)
  • Alison Carnwath, DBE (direktur non-eksekutif independen)
  • Pamela Daley (direktur non-eksekutif independen)
  • Ian Davis (direktur independen senior)
  • Ann Dowling, DBE (direktur non-eksekutif independen)
  • Melody Meyer (sutradara non-eksekutif independen)
  • Brendan Nelson (direktur non-eksekutif independen)
  • Paula Rosput Reynolds (direktur non-eksekutif independen)
  • John Sawers, GCMG (direktur non-eksekutif independen)

Stock

BP stock is composed of original BP shares as well as shares acquired through mergers with Amoco in 1998 and the Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) in 2000.[9][10] The company's shares are primarily traded on the London Stock Exchange, but also listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in Germany. In the United States shares are traded in US$ on the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American depository shares (ADS). One ADS represents six ordinary shares.[11]

Following the United States Federal Trade Commission's approval of the BP-Amoco merger in 1998, Amoco's stock was removed from Standard & Poor's 500 and was merged with BP shares on the London Stock Exchange.[9] The merger with Amoco resulted in a 40% increase in share price by April 1999.[12] However, shares fell nearly 25% by early 2000, when the Federal Trade Commission expressed opposition to BP-Amoco's acquisition of ARCO.[13] The acquisition was ultimately approved in April 2000 increasing stock value 57 cents over the previous year.[10]

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in April 2010 initiated a sharp decline in share prices, and BP's shares lost roughly 50% of their value in 50 days.[14] BP's shares reached a low of $26.97 per share on 25 June 2010.[15] Shares reached a post-spill high of $49.50 in early 2011.[16]

On 22 March 2013, BP announced an $8 billion share repurchase.[17][18] The buyback decision followed closure of the TNK-BP deal and it has to offset the dilution to earnings per share following the loss of dividends from TNK-BP.[18] The buyback was also seen as a way to invest excess cash from the TNK-BP deal.[18]

Hingga 27 Mei 2018, major institutional shareholders include BlackRock Investment Management (UK) Ltd. (3.35% hingga 14 Mei 2018), The Vanguard Group, Inc. (3.12% as at 2 May 2018), Norges Bank Investment Management (2.21% as at 2 May 2018) and Legal & General Investment Management Ltd. (2.07% hingga 2 Mei 2018).[19]

Branding and public relations

In the first quarter of 2001 the company adopted the marketing name of BP, and replaced its "Green Shield" logo with the "Helios" symbol, a green and yellow sunflower logo named after the Greek sun god and designed to represent energy in its many forms. BP introduced a new corporate slogan – "Beyond Petroleum" along with a $200M advertising and marketing campaign.[20][21] According to the company, the new slogan represented their focus on meeting the growing demand for fossil fuels, manufacturing and delivering more advanced products, and to enable transitioning to a lower carbon footprint.[22]

By 2008, BP's branding campaign had succeeded with the culmination of a 2007 Effie Award from the American Marketing Association, and consumers had the impression that BP was one of the greenest petroleum companies in the world.[23] BP was criticised by environmentalists and marketing experts, who stated that the company's alternative energy activities were only a fraction of the company's business at the time.[24] According to Democracy Now, BP's marketing campaign amounted to a deceptive greenwashing public-relations spin campaign given that BP's 2008 budget included more than $20 billion for fossil fuel investment and less than $1.5 billion for all alternative forms of energy.[25][26] Oil and energy analyst Antonia Juhasz notes BP's investment in green technologies peaked at 4% of its exploratory budget prior to cutbacks, including the discontinuation of BP Solar and the closure of its alternative energy headquarters in London.[27][25] According to Juhasz, "four percent...hardly qualifies the company to be Beyond Petroleum", citing BP's "aggressive modes of production, whether it's the tar sands [or] offshore".[25]

BP attained a negative public image from the series of industrial accidents that occurred through the 2000s, and its public image was severely damaged after the Deepwater Horizon explosion and Gulf Oil spill. In the immediate aftermath of the spill, BP initially downplayed the severity of the incident, and made many of the same PR errors that Exxon had made after the Exxon Valdez disaster.[28][29] CEO Tony Hayward was criticised for his statements and had committed several gaffes, including stating that he "wanted his life back."[30] Some in the media commended BP for some of its social media efforts, such as the use of Twitter and Facebook as well as a section of the company's website where it communicated its efforts to clean up the spill.[31][32][33]

In February 2012 BP North America launched a $500 million branding campaign to rebuild its brand.[34]

The company's advertising budget was about $5 million per week during the four-month spill in the Gulf of Mexico, totaling nearly $100 million.[35][36]

In May 2012, BP tasked a press office staff member to openly join discussions on the Wikipedia article's talk page and suggest content to be posted by other editors.[37] Controversy emerged in 2013 over the amount of content from BP that had entered this article.[38][39] Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales stated that, by identifying himself as a BP staff member, the contributor in question had complied with site policy regarding conflicts of interest.[38]

Integrity and compliance

Investigative journalism by BBC Panorama and Africa Eye aired in June 2019 criticizing BP for the way in which it had obtained the development rights of Cayar Offshore Profond and St. Louis Offshore Profond blocks, off the coast of Senegal in 2017. In 2012, a Frank Timiș company, Petro-Tim, though previously unknown to the oil industry, was awarded a license to explore the blocks despite having no known record in the industry. Soon after, Aliou Sall, brother of Senegal's president, Macky Sall, was hired at the company, implying a conflict of interest,[40] causing public outrage in Senegal. The 2019 program by BBC Panorama and Africa Eye accuses BP of a failure in due diligence when it agreed on a deal with Timis Corporation in 2017. The deal by BP is expected to provide substantial royalties to Frank Timiș despite accusations of initially obtaining the exploration rights through corruption. Kosmos Energy was also implicated.[41] BP refutes any implications of improper conduct. Regarding the acquisition of Timis Corporation interests in Senegal in April 2017, BP states that it "paid what it considered a fair market value for the interests at this stage of exploration/development". However, BP has not made public what was the basis of the valuation, and states that "the details of the deal are confidential".[42] BP argues that "the amount which would be paid separately by BP to Timis Corporation would be less than one percent of what the Republic of Senegal would receive". Senegal's justice ministry has called an inquiry into the energy contracts.[40]

LGBTQ recognition

In 2014, BP backed a global study researching challenges for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender employees and for ways that companies can be a "force for change" for LGBT workers around the world.[43] In 2015, Reuters wrote that BP is "known for their more liberal policies for gay and transgender workers".[44] A 2016 article in the Houston Chronicle said BP was "among the first major companies in the United States to offer LGBT workers equal protection and benefits roughly 20 years ago".[45] BP scored a 100% on the 2018 Human Rights Campaign's Corporate Equality Index, which was released in 2017, although this was the most common score.[46] Also in 2017, BP added gender reassignment surgery to its list of benefits for U.S. employees.[47] According to the Human Rights Campaign, BP is one of only a few oil and gas companies offering transgender benefits to its employees.[47] BP ranked No. 51 on the list of Top 100 employers for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender staff on the 2017 Stonewall Workplace Equality Index.[48] Also in 2017, John Mingé, chairman and president of BP America, signed a letter alongside other Houston oil executives denouncing the proposed "bathroom bill" in Texas.[49]

BP Indonesia

BP telah beroperasi di Indonesia lebih dari 35 tahun, kini menjadi salah satu investor terbesar di Indonesia, dengan investasi kumulatif lebih dari USD 5 Milyar. Akuisisi asset ARCO pada tahun 2000-an dan persetujuan dari Pemerintah Republik Indonesia pada Maret 2005 untuk memulai konstruksi LNG Tangguh, memperbesar secara signifikan posisi BP pada sektor energi di Indonesia. Saat ini BP Indonesia memiliki karyawan lebih dari 1.000 orang, yang sebagian besar berada di Jakarta dan Papua Barat.[50]

LNG Tangguh

LNG Tangguh adalah mega-proyek yang membangun kilang LNG di Teluk Bintuni, Papua Barat, untuk menampung gas alam yang berasal dari beberapa Blok di sekitar Teluk Bintuni, seperti Blok Berau, Blok Wiriagar dan Blok Muturi. LNG Tangguh ini melengkapi pengilangan gas yang sudah ada di Indonesia, yaitu di LNG Arun, Aceh dan LNG Bontang, Kalimantan Timur. Proyek ini meliputi kegiatan pengeboran gas dari enam lapangan untuk menarik cadangan gas sekitar 14,4 triliun kaki kubik melalui dua anjungan lepas pantai yang terletak di Teluk Bintuni. Dari dua anjungan tersebut, gas akan mengalir melalui pipa bawah laut menuju fasilitas proses LNG di pantai selatan teluk. Dari sana, LNG akan dibawa ke pasar energi menggunakan tanker LNG.[51]

Proyek LNG Tangguh ini terletak di Teluk Bintuni yang berada di daerah kepala burung Pulau Papua pada koordinat 2°26′30″LS,133°08′10″BT. Dari Jakarta, membutuhkan waktu tempuh sekitar tujuh jam perjalanan udara untuk sampai ke lokasi.

LNG Tangguh telah memperoleh empat kontrak jangka panjang dengan Fujian LNG di Cina, K-Power dan POSCO di Korea, serta Sempra Energy di Meksiko.[52]

Pranala luar

  1. ^ a b c Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama AR18-glance
  2. ^ a b c d e "Annual Results 2020" (PDF). BP. Diakses tanggal 25 February 2021. 
  3. ^ "Exclusive: Oil major BP to cut 15% of workforce". Reuters. 8 June 2020. Diakses tanggal 25 February 2021. 
  4. ^ Overland, Indra; Godzimirski, Jakub; Lunden, Lars Petter; Fjaertoft, Daniel (2013). "Kemitraan lepas pantai Rosneft: the pembukaan kembali perbatasan minyak Rusia?". Polar Record (dalam bahasa Inggris). 49 (2): 140–153. doi:10.1017/S003224741200137 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. ISSN 0032-2474. 
  5. ^ "Forbes Global 2000". Diakses tanggal 31 Oktober 2020. 
  6. ^ and-insights/press-releases/helge-lund-to-suceed-carl-henric-svanberg-as-chairman.html "Helge Lund untuk menggantikan Carl-Henric Svanberg sebagai ketua BP" Periksa nilai |url= (bantuan) (Siaran pers). BP. 28 April 2018. Diakses tanggal 21 Maret 2019. 
  7. ^ name="LooneyCEO"Raval, Anjli (12 Februari 2020). "Bos BP baru Bernard Looney menjanjikan emisi nol-bersih pada tahun 2050". Financial Times. Diakses tanggal 12 Februari 2020. 
  8. ^ corporate/who-we-are/board-and-executive-management/the-board.html "Dewan" Periksa nilai |url= (bantuan). BP Plc. Diakses tanggal 28 Februari 2020. 
  9. ^ a b "Business: The Company File Green light for BP Amoco". BBC News. 30 December 1998. Diakses tanggal 28 August 2012. 
  10. ^ a b "BP pumps up 2Q profit". CNN. 8 August 2000. Diakses tanggal 28 August 2012. 
  11. ^ "Share capital". BP. 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 August 2012. Diakses tanggal 11 September 2012. 
  12. ^ Brierly, David (4 April 1999). "BP strikes it rich in America". The Independent. London. Diakses tanggal 28 August 2012. 
  13. ^ "BP Amoco's 4th-Quarter Profit Doubled on Rise in Oil Prices". The New York Times. 16 February 2000. Diakses tanggal 28 August 2012. 
  14. ^ Smith, Hannah (20 April 2011). "BP one year on: How events unfolded". IFAonline. Diakses tanggal 28 August 2012. 
  15. ^ Hays, Kristen; Schnurr, Leah (7 July 2010). "BP shares soar as spill spreads". Reuters. Diakses tanggal 28 August 2012. 
  16. ^ Peralta, Eyder (31 July 2012). "BP Posts $1.4 Billion Loss, Surprising The Market". NPR. Diakses tanggal 28 August 2012. 
  17. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama forbes220313
  18. ^ a b c Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Bloomberg 04102013
  19. ^ "BP Plc: Institutional shareholders". ft.com/marketsdata. 27 May 2018. Diakses tanggal 27 May 2018. 
  20. ^ Laura Ries for Ries Pieces. May 2010. BP has a Brand Problem
  21. ^ Anne Landman PR Watch. 3 May 2010 BP's "Beyond Petroleum" Campaign Losing its Sheen
  22. ^ Kennedy, D. (2010). "Beyond petroleum". Science. BP. 329 (5993): 727. Bibcode:2010Sci...329..727K. doi:10.1126/science.1194561 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 20705817. 
  23. ^ Gregory Solman for Adweek 21 January 2008 Coloring Public Opinion?
  24. ^ Stephen A. Greyser for the Harvard Business Review Magazine. 9 June 2010 The BP Brand's Avoidable Fall
  25. ^ a b c Interviewer: Amy Goodman, Guest: Antonia Juhasz (5 May 2010). "BP Funnels Millions into Lobbying to Influence Regulation and Rebrand Image". Amy Goodman's Weekly Column. Democracy Now. 
  26. ^ Carbon Scam: Noel Kempff Climate Action Project and the Push for Sub-national Forest Offsets Sub-prime carbon brought to you by AEP, BP, and Pacificorp, Greenpeace 10/2009 pages 4–5 Diarsipkan 28 June 2011 di Wayback Machine.
  27. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama reuters211211
  28. ^ Ann C Mulkern for The New York Times. 10 June 2010 BP's PR Blunders Mirror Exxon's, Appear Destined for Record Book
  29. ^ Van Buskirk, Eliot (9 June 2010). "BP's Social Media Campaign Going About as Well as Capping That Well". Wired. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2013. 
  30. ^ Suzanne Vranica for the Wall Street Journal. 29 December 2010 Public Relations Learned the Hard Way
  31. ^ Christopher Beam for Slate. 5 May 2010 Oil Slick: How BP is handling its P.R. disaster
  32. ^ Elizabeth Shogren for NPR. 21 April 2011 BP: A Textbook Example Of How Not To Handle PR
  33. ^ Ian Smith for Intelegia. 24 January 2011. Good Content Strategy or Public Relations Diarsipkan 17 June 2013 di Wayback Machine.
  34. ^ Jonathan Morris for Wall St. Cheat Sheet. 3 February 2012 BP To Spend $500M to Restore Its Brand
  35. ^ Visser, Nick (16 April 2013). "WATCH: A History of BP's Ads Since The Gulf Spill". Huffington Post. 
  36. ^ Shelley DuBois (1 September 2010). "BP's advertising budget during the spill neared $100 million – Sep. 1, 2010". CNN. Diakses tanggal 26 April 2013. 
  37. ^ Brian Merchant for Motherboard. 2 April 2013. Meet the PR Guru Who Wants to Help Corporations Write Wikipedia Diarsipkan 3 April 2013 di Wayback Machine.
  38. ^ a b Violet Blue, "Big Oil's Wikipedia cleanup: A brand management experiment out of control", ZDNet, 27 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013
  39. ^ Natasha Lennard Salon, 21 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013
  40. ^ a b "Senegal justice ministry calls for inquiry into energy contracts". Reuters. 10 June 2019. Diakses tanggal 16 June 2019. 
  41. ^ "Response to BBC Panorama". Kosmos Energy | Deepwater Exploration and Production (dalam bahasa Inggris). 6 June 2019. Diakses tanggal 16 June 2019. 
  42. ^ "BP Response to BBC Panorama Programme" (PDF). BP Press Release. 6 June 2019. Diakses tanggal 16 June 2019. 
  43. ^ "BP backs global discrimination research". Financial Times. 10 February 2014. Diakses tanggal 7 November 2017. 
  44. ^ Driver, Anna (30 January 2015). "Exxon adds discrimination protections in U.S. for LGBT workers". Reuters. Diakses tanggal 7 November 2017. 
  45. ^ Blum, Jordan (16 January 2016). "In energy sector, coming out 'can put you at risk'". Houston Chronicle. Diakses tanggal 7 November 2017. 
  46. ^ "Corporate Equality Index 2018" (PDF). Human Rights Campaign. Diakses tanggal 17 November 2017. 
  47. ^ a b Hunn, David (26 May 2017). "BP boosts benefits, includes gender reassignment surgery". Houston Chronicle. Diakses tanggal 7 November 2017. 
  48. ^ "Stonewall Workplace Equality Index" (PDF). Stonewall. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 5 February 2018. Diakses tanggal 7 November 2017. 
  49. ^ Andrews, Travis M. (1 August 2017). "Houston oil executives join Dallas business leaders in denouncing Texas 'bathroom bill'". The Washington Post. Diakses tanggal 7 November 2017. 
  50. ^ BP in Indonesia
  51. ^ http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9004779&contentId=7008759
  52. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama TangguhLNG
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