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[[Berkas:S. V. Ivanov. Yuri's Day. (1908).jpg|300px|thumb|''Seorang Petani Meninggalkan Tuan Tanahnya pada [[Hari George pada Musim Gugur|Hari Yuriev]]'', lukisan karya [[Sergei V. Ivanov]].]]
[[Berkas:S. V. Ivanov. Yuri's Day. (1908).jpg|300px|jmpl|''Seorang Petani Meninggalkan Tuan Tanahnya pada [[Hari George pada Musim Gugur|Hari Yuriev]]'', lukisan karya [[Sergei V. Ivanov]].]]
Istilah '''[[budak]]''', dalam hal [[Serf|petani budak]] di [[Kekaisaran Rusia]], adalah terjemahan lazim dari {{lang|ru|''krepostnoi krestyanin'' (крепостной крестьянин)}}. Asal muasal perbudakan di [[Rusia]] bermula pada bangsa [[Rusia Kiev]] pada abad ke-11. Dokumen hukum dari sebuah hikayat, seperti ''[[Russkaya Pravda]]'', membedakan beberapa tingkat dependennsi feudal [[petani]].
Istilah '''[[serf|hamba tani]]''' (yang berarti petani-petani yang tidak bebas) di [[Kekaisaran Rusia]] adalah terjemahan dari istilah {{lang|ru|''krepostnoi krestyanin'' (крепостной крестьянин)}}. Sistem perhambaan tani di [[Rusia]] bermula dari masa [[Rus' Kiev]] pada abad ke-11. Dokumen hukum dari masa itu, seperti ''[[Russkaya Pravda]]'', membedakan beberapa tingkatan dependensi [[feudalisme|feudal]] [[petani]].


Perbudakan menjadi bentuk dominan dari hubungan antara petani dan bangsawan pada abad ke-17. Perbudakan hanya ada di wilayah tengah dan selatan Kekaisaran Rusia. Perbudakan tak pernah didirikan di wilayah utara, [[Pegunungan Ural]] atau [[Siberia]].
Perhambaan tani merupakan bentuk hubungan antara petani dan bangsawan yang sering ditemui pada abad ke-17. Sistem perhambaan tani paling umum tersebar di wilayah tengah dan selatan Kekaisaran Rusia. Sistem perhambaan tani sebelumnya tidak pernah diberlakukan di wilayah utara, [[Pegunungan Ural]] atau [[Siberia]], tetapi pada masa kekuasaan Maharani [[Katarina yang Agung]], usaha-usaha mulai mengirim hamba-hamba tani ke wilayah tersebut untuk memperoleh sumber daya alam.


Tsar [[Alexander I dari Rusia|Alexander I]] ingin mereformasi sistem tersebut namun dihalangi. Hukum-hukum baru memperbolehkan setiap kelas (kecuali budak) untuk memiliki lahan, sebuah hak yang sebelumnya hanya ditujukan kepada bangsawan.<ref name="in JSTOR">Susan P. McCaffray, "Confronting Serfdom in the Age of Revolution: Projects for Serf Reform in the Time of Alexander I", ''Russian Review'' (2005) 64#1 pp 1-21 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3664324 in JSTOR]</ref> Perbudakan akhirnya ditiadakan oleh sebuah dekrit yang dikeluarkan oleh Tsar [[Alexander II dari Rusia|Alexander II]] pada 1861. Para cendekiawan mengeluarkan berbagai alasan mengenai peniadaan tersebut, yang meliputi kekhawatiran akan terjadinya pemberontakan berskala besar yang dilakukan oleh para budak, kebutuhan keuangan pemerintah, melibatkan sensibilitas kebudayaan dan kebutuhan militer untuk prajurit.<ref>Evsey D. Domar and Mark J. Machina, "On the Profitability of Russian Serfdom", (1984) p 919</ref>
Tsar [[Alexander I dari Rusia|Alexander I]] ingin mereformasi sistem tersebut, tetapi ia menghadapi rintangan yang besar. Hukum-hukum baru memperbolehkan semua golongan (kecuali hamba tani) untuk memiliki lahan, sebuah hak yang sebelumnya hanya diberikan kepada bangsawan.<ref name="in JSTOR">Susan P. McCaffray, "Confronting Serfdom in the Age of Revolution: Projects for Serf Reform in the Time of Alexander I", ''Russian Review'' (2005) 64#1 hlm. 1-21 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3664324 in JSTOR]</ref> Perhambaan tani akhirnya dihapuskan oleh sebuah dekret yang dikeluarkan oleh Tsar [[Alexander II dari Rusia|Alexander II]] pada 1861. Para cendekiawan telah mengajukan beberapa hipotesis mengapa ia menghapuskan sistem ini, seperti ketakutan bahwa para hamba tani akan memberontak, kebutuhan keuangan pemerintah, perubahan kebudayaan, dan kebutuhan akan prajurit-prajurit baru.<ref>Evsey D. Domar and Mark J. Machina, "On the Profitability of Russian Serfdom", (1984) hlm. 919</ref>


== Referensi ==
== Referensi ==
Baris 12: Baris 12:
* Blum, Jerome. ''Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century'' (1961)
* Blum, Jerome. ''Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century'' (1961)
* Blum, Jerome. ''The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe'' (1978) influential comparative history
* Blum, Jerome. ''The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe'' (1978) influential comparative history
* Dennison, Tracy. ''The institutional framework of Russian serfdom'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011) [http://www.langtoninfo.com/web_content/9780521194488_frontmatter.pdf excerpt]
* Dennison, Tracy. ''The institutional framework of Russian serfdom'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011) [http://www.langtoninfo.com/web_content/9780521194488_frontmatter.pdf excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045634/http://www.langtoninfo.com/web_content/9780521194488_frontmatter.pdf |date=2014-04-29 }}
* Domar, Evsey, and Mark Machina. "On the Profitability of Russian Serfdom". ''Journal of Economic History'' (1984) 44#4 pp.&nbsp;919–955. {{jstor|2122113}}.
* Domar, Evsey, and Mark Machina. "On the Profitability of Russian Serfdom". ''Journal of Economic History'' (1984) 44#4 pp.&nbsp;919–955. {{jstor|2122113}}.
* Emmons, Terence. ''The Russian Landed Gentry and the Peasant Emancipation of 1861'' (Cambridge University Press, 1968)
* Emmons, Terence. ''The Russian Landed Gentry and the Peasant Emancipation of 1861'' (Cambridge University Press, 1968)
Baris 28: Baris 28:
* Moon, David. ''Abolition of Serfdom in Russia: 1762–1907'' (2002)
* Moon, David. ''Abolition of Serfdom in Russia: 1762–1907'' (2002)
* Moon, David. ''The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930: The World the Peasants Made'' (London: Longman, 1999)
* Moon, David. ''The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930: The World the Peasants Made'' (London: Longman, 1999)
* Nafziger, Steven. 'Serfdom, emancipation, and economic development in Tsarist Russia" (Working paper, Williams College, MA, 2012). [http://www.ehs.org.uk/dotAsset/60e0d541-627e-4028-bca1-5fb981169cc2.doc online]
* Nafziger, Steven. 'Serfdom, emancipation, and economic development in Tsarist Russia" (Working paper, Williams College, MA, 2012). [http://www.ehs.org.uk/dotAsset/60e0d541-627e-4028-bca1-5fb981169cc2.doc online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045548/http://www.ehs.org.uk/dotAsset/60e0d541-627e-4028-bca1-5fb981169cc2.doc |date=2014-04-29 }}
* Rudolph, Richard L. "Agricultural structure and proto-industrialization in Russia: economic development with unfree labor". ''Journal of economic history'' (1985) 45#1 pp: 47–69. {{JSTOR|2122007}}.
* Rudolph, Richard L. "Agricultural structure and proto-industrialization in Russia: economic development with unfree labor". ''Journal of economic history'' (1985) 45#1 pp: 47–69. {{JSTOR|2122007}}.
* Stanziani, Alessandro. "Revisiting Russian Serfdom: Bonded Peasants and Market Dynamics, 1600s–1800s". ''International Labor and Working-Class History'' (2010) 78#1 pp: 12-27.
* Stanziani, Alessandro. "Revisiting Russian Serfdom: Bonded Peasants and Market Dynamics, 1600s–1800s". ''International Labor and Working-Class History'' (2010) 78#1 pp: 12-27.
* Viaene, Vincent, Wayne Thorpe, and H. G. Koenigsberger. "Reassessing Russian Serfdom". ''European History Quarterly'' (1996) 26 pp.&nbsp;483–526.
* Viaene, Vincent, Wayne Thorpe, and H. G. Koenigsberger. "Reassessing Russian Serfdom". ''European History Quarterly'' (1996) 26 pp.&nbsp;483–526.
* Wallace, Donald Mackenzie. ''Russia'' (1878) Chapter XXVIII The Serfs; [http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/russian/Russia/chap42.html online]
* Wallace, Donald Mackenzie. ''Russia'' (1878) Chapter XXVIII The Serfs; [http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/russian/Russia/chap42.html online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231050914/http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/russian/Russia/chap42.html |date=2006-12-31 }}
* Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling. ''Russia's Age of Serfdom 1649–1861'' (2008).
* Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling. ''Russia's Age of Serfdom 1649–1861'' (2008).


Baris 40: Baris 40:


== Pranala luar ==
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/stearns_awl/chapter24/objectives/deluxe-content.html Serfdom: The Life of East Europe's Masses]
* [http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/stearns_awl/chapter24/objectives/deluxe-content.html Serfdom: The Life of East Europe's Masses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911093816/http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/stearns_awl/chapter24/objectives/deluxe-content.html |date=2007-09-11 }}
* [http://www.cyberussr.com/rus/saltychikha.html Saltychikha (1730–1801): Russian serf-owner]
* [http://www.cyberussr.com/rus/saltychikha.html Saltychikha (1730–1801): Russian serf-owner]
* [http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/movable_type/2003_archives/001447.html The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis]
* [http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/movable_type/2003_archives/001447.html The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206025241/http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/movable_type/2003_archives/001447.html |date=2010-12-06 }}
* [http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/7298449 Russian serfdom], [[The Argus (Australia)|The Argus]], Friday 30&nbsp;July 1858, p.&nbsp;7
* [http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/7298449 Russian serfdom], [[The Argus (Australia)|The Argus]], Friday 30&nbsp;July 1858, p.&nbsp;7


Revisi terkini sejak 18 Mei 2021 19.46

Seorang Petani Meninggalkan Tuan Tanahnya pada Hari Yuriev, lukisan karya Sergei V. Ivanov.

Istilah hamba tani (yang berarti petani-petani yang tidak bebas) di Kekaisaran Rusia adalah terjemahan dari istilah krepostnoi krestyanin (крепостной крестьянин). Sistem perhambaan tani di Rusia bermula dari masa Rus' Kiev pada abad ke-11. Dokumen hukum dari masa itu, seperti Russkaya Pravda, membedakan beberapa tingkatan dependensi feudal petani.

Perhambaan tani merupakan bentuk hubungan antara petani dan bangsawan yang sering ditemui pada abad ke-17. Sistem perhambaan tani paling umum tersebar di wilayah tengah dan selatan Kekaisaran Rusia. Sistem perhambaan tani sebelumnya tidak pernah diberlakukan di wilayah utara, Pegunungan Ural atau Siberia, tetapi pada masa kekuasaan Maharani Katarina yang Agung, usaha-usaha mulai mengirim hamba-hamba tani ke wilayah tersebut untuk memperoleh sumber daya alam.

Tsar Alexander I ingin mereformasi sistem tersebut, tetapi ia menghadapi rintangan yang besar. Hukum-hukum baru memperbolehkan semua golongan (kecuali hamba tani) untuk memiliki lahan, sebuah hak yang sebelumnya hanya diberikan kepada bangsawan.[1] Perhambaan tani akhirnya dihapuskan oleh sebuah dekret yang dikeluarkan oleh Tsar Alexander II pada 1861. Para cendekiawan telah mengajukan beberapa hipotesis mengapa ia menghapuskan sistem ini, seperti ketakutan bahwa para hamba tani akan memberontak, kebutuhan keuangan pemerintah, perubahan kebudayaan, dan kebutuhan akan prajurit-prajurit baru.[2]

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

  1. ^ Susan P. McCaffray, "Confronting Serfdom in the Age of Revolution: Projects for Serf Reform in the Time of Alexander I", Russian Review (2005) 64#1 hlm. 1-21 in JSTOR
  2. ^ Evsey D. Domar and Mark J. Machina, "On the Profitability of Russian Serfdom", (1984) hlm. 919

Bacaan tambahan[sunting | sunting sumber]

  • Blum, Jerome. Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century (1961)
  • Blum, Jerome. The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe (1978) influential comparative history
  • Dennison, Tracy. The institutional framework of Russian serfdom (Cambridge University Press, 2011) excerpt Diarsipkan 2014-04-29 di Wayback Machine.
  • Domar, Evsey, and Mark Machina. "On the Profitability of Russian Serfdom". Journal of Economic History (1984) 44#4 pp. 919–955. JSTOR 2122113.
  • Emmons, Terence. The Russian Landed Gentry and the Peasant Emancipation of 1861 (Cambridge University Press, 1968)
  • Gorshkov, Boris B. "Serfs on the Move: Peasant Seasonal Migration in Pre-Reform Russia, 1800–61". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History (Fall 2000) 627–56
  • Gorshkov, Boris B. "Serfs, Emancipation of" in Encyclopedia of Europe, 1789–1914. John Merriman and Jay Winter, eds. in chief. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006
  • Hellie, Richard, Slavery in Russia, 1450–1725 (1984)
  • Hoch, Steven. "Did Russia's Emancipated Serfs Really Pay Too Much for Too Little Land? Statistical Anomalies and Long-Tailed Distributions". Slavic Review (2004) 63#2 pp. 247–274.
  • Hoch, Steven. Serfdom and Social Control in Russia: Petrovskoe, a Village in Tambov (University of Chicago Press, 1986)
  • Hoch, Steven and Wilson R. Augustine. "The Tax Censuses and the Decline of the Serf Population in Imperial Russia, 1833–1858". Slavic Review (1979) 38#3 pp: 403-425.
  • Kolchin, Peter. Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom (1987).
  • Lust, Kersti. "Kiselev's Reforms of State Peasants: The Baltic Perspective", Journal of Baltic Studies (2008) 39#1 pp 57–71.
  • Lust, Kersti. "The Impact of the Baltic Emancipation Reforms on Peasant-Landlord Relations: A Historiographical Survey", Journal of Baltic Studies (2013) 44#1 pp. 1–18.
  • McCaffray, Susan P. "Confronting Serfdom in the Age of Revolution: Projects for Serf Reform in the Time of Alexander I", Russian Review (2005) 64#1 pp 1–21 JSTOR 3664324.
  • Mironov, Boris. “When and Why was the Russian Peasantry Emancipated?” in Serfdom and Slavery: Studies in Legal Bondage Ed. M.L. Bush. (London: Longman, 1996) pp. 323–347.
  • Moon, David. Abolition of Serfdom in Russia: 1762–1907 (2002)
  • Moon, David. The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930: The World the Peasants Made (London: Longman, 1999)
  • Nafziger, Steven. 'Serfdom, emancipation, and economic development in Tsarist Russia" (Working paper, Williams College, MA, 2012). online Diarsipkan 2014-04-29 di Wayback Machine.
  • Rudolph, Richard L. "Agricultural structure and proto-industrialization in Russia: economic development with unfree labor". Journal of economic history (1985) 45#1 pp: 47–69. JSTOR 2122007.
  • Stanziani, Alessandro. "Revisiting Russian Serfdom: Bonded Peasants and Market Dynamics, 1600s–1800s". International Labor and Working-Class History (2010) 78#1 pp: 12-27.
  • Viaene, Vincent, Wayne Thorpe, and H. G. Koenigsberger. "Reassessing Russian Serfdom". European History Quarterly (1996) 26 pp. 483–526.
  • Wallace, Donald Mackenzie. Russia (1878) Chapter XXVIII The Serfs; online Diarsipkan 2006-12-31 di Wayback Machine.
  • Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling. Russia's Age of Serfdom 1649–1861 (2008).

Sumber primer[sunting | sunting sumber]

  • Gorshkov, Boris B., ed. A Life Under Russian Serfdom: Memoirs of Savva Dmitrievich Purlevskii, 1800–68. Budapest & New York, 2005
  • Nikitenko, Aleksandr. Up from Serfdom: My Childhood and Youth in Russia, 1804–1824 (2001)

Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

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