Daftar negara pembayar upeti Tiongkok
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Ini adalah daftar negara bagian yang membayar upetI kepada dinasti Dataran Tengah Tiongkok di bawah sistem pembayaran upeti. Ini mencakup negara-negara di Eropa, Asia Timur, Asia Selatan, Asia Tengah dan Asia Tenggara.[1]
Daftar negara pembayar upeti[sunting | sunting sumber]
Pada abad ke-5, hierarki status adalah elemen eksplisit dari sistem pembayaran upeti di mana Korea dan Vietnam diberi peringkat lebih tinggi daripada yang lain, termasuk Jepang, Ryukyu, Siam dan lainnya.[2] Semua misi diplomatik dan perdagangan ditafsirkan dalam konteks hubungan pembayar upeti dengan Tiongkok,[3] termasuk:
- Brunei (文萊)[4]
- Kamboja[8]
- Jepang[11][12]
- Korea[24][25]
- Goguryeo (173 misi penghormatan) [24][26]
- Baekje (45 misi penghormatan) [24][26]
- Silla (19 misi penghormatan) [24][26][27][28]
- Silla Bersatu (63 misi penghormatan pada abad ke-8) [24][28]
- Goryeo (Misi utusan)[24][29]
- Joseon (391 misi utusan antara 1392 dan 1450,[30] 435 misi duta besar khusus antara 1637 dan 1881.[31])[24][26][29]
- Malaysia
- Nepal[7][36]
- Filipina[37]
- Kerajaan Ryūkyū (Misi Ryukyu ke Kekaisaran Tiongkok)[38][39][40]
- Siam (Thailand)[38][43]
- Tibet[44]
- Vietnam[38][45]
- Ceylon (Sri Lanka)[46]
Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]
Kutipan[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ Gundry, R. S. "China and her Tributaries," National Review (United Kingdom), No. 17, July 1884, pp. 605-619., hlm. 605, di Google Books
- ^ Kang, David C. (2010). East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute, p. 59., hlm. 59, di Google Books
- ^ Wang, Zhenping. (2005). Ambassadors from the islands of immortals: China-Japan relations in the Han-Tang period, pp. 4-5, hlm. 4, di Google Books
- excerpt, criticizing "the western tributary theory, which sees the world only from the viewpoint of the Chinese and overly simplifies the intricate domestic and international situations ...."
- ^ Mohammad Al-Mahdi Tan Kho; Hurng-yu Chen (July 2014). "Malaysia-Philippines Territorial Dispute: The Sabah Case" (PDF). National Chengchi University. NCCU Institutional Repository. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 9 May 2016. Diakses tanggal 9 May 2016.
- ^ Wan Kong Ann; Victor H. Mair; Paula Roberts; Mark Swofford (April 2013). "Examining the Connection Between Ancient China and Borneo Through Santubong Archaeological Sites" (PDF). Universitas Tsinghua and Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania. Sino-Platonic Papers. ISSN 2157-9687. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 14 May 2016. Diakses tanggal 14 May 2016.
- ^ Johannes L. Kurz. "Boni in Chinese Sources: Translations of Relevant Texts from the Song to the Qing Dynasties" (PDF). Universiti Brunei Darussalam. National University of Singapore. hlm. 1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 22 May 2014. Diakses tanggal 1 June 2014.
- ^ a b c Kerr, George. (2000). Okinawa: The History of an Island People, p. 65., hlm. 65, di Google Books
- ^ a b Shambaugh, David L. et al. (2008). International Relations of Asia, p. 54 n15., hlm. 54, di Google Books citing the 1818 Collected Statutes of the Qing Dynasty (DaQing hui-tien)
- ^ "Funan". About.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-11-09. Diakses tanggal 2007-06-02.
- ^ "The Kingdom of Funan and Chenla (First to Eighth Century AD)". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-05-03. Diakses tanggal 2007-06-06.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh. (1911). The Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. 15, p. 224, hlm. 224, di Google Books
- ^ Yoda, Yoshiie et al. (1996) The Foundations of Japan's Modernization: a Comparison with China's Path, p. 40., hlm. 40, di Google Books
- excerpt, "While other countries in East Asia were almost consistently emeshed within the Chinese tribute system, Japan found itself sometimes inside sometimes outside of the system ...."
- ^ According to the Book of Later Han vol. 85, zh:s:Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File Diarsipkan 2012-05-24 di Archive.is.
- ^ Yoda, p. 40., hlm. 40, di Google Books
- excerpt, "... Japanese missions to the Sui [Dynasty] (581-604) ... were recognized by the Chinese as bearers of imperial tribute ...."
- ^ Imperial envoys made perilous passages on kentoshi-sen ships to Tang China Diarsipkan 2011-01-28 di Wayback Machine. "The cross-cultural exchanges began with 5 missions between 600 and 614, initially to Sui China (on kenzuishi-sen), and at least 18 or 19 missions were sent to T'ang China from 630 to 894 although not all of them were designated kentoshi."
- ^ Book of Sui, vol. 81
- ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Kentoshi" in Japan encyclopedia, p. 511, hlm. 511, di Google Books
- n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Loui
- ^ Fogel, Joshua A. (2009). Articulating the Sinosphere: Sino-Japanese Relations in Space and Time, pp. 102-107., hlm. 102, di Google Books
- ^ Yoda, p. 40., hlm. 40, di Google Books
- excerpt, "Japanese missions to the ... Tang Dynasties were recognized by the Chinese as bearers of imperial tribute; however, in the middle of the ninth century -- the early Heian Period -- Japan rescinded he sending of missions to the Tang Empire. Subsequently Japan conducted a flourishing trade with China and for the next five hundred years also imported much of Chinese culture, while nevertheless remaining outside the tribute system."
- ^ Edwin O. Reischauer (1955). Ennin's travels in T'ang China: Chapter III - Kentoshi. ISBN 978-89-460-3814-1
- ^ Old book of Tang, vol. 199
- ^ Fogel, p. 27., hlm. 27, di Google Books
- Goodrich, Luther Carrington et al. (1976). Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644, p. 1316., hlm. 1316, di Google Books
- note
- the economic benefit of the Sinocentric tribute system was profitable trade. The tally trade (kangō bōeki or kanhe maoyi in Chinese) was a system devised and monitored by the Chinese -- see Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric et al. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia, p. 471.
- ^ Frederick W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank. The Cambridge history of China: The Ming dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 1, pp. 491-492., hlm. 491, di Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g Pratt, Keith L. (1999). Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary. hlm. 482. ISBN 9780700704637. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-06-22. Diakses tanggal 2021-02-01.
- ^ Kwak, Tae-Hwan et al. (2003). The Korean peace process and the four powers, p. 100., hlm. 100, di Google Books
- excerpt, "The tributary relations between China and Korea came to an end when China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895."
- ^ a b c d Korea Herald. (2004) Korea now, p. 31; excerpt, "The Chinese also insist that even though Goguryeo was part of Chinese domain, Silla and Baekje were states subjected to China's tributary system."
- ^ Seth, Michael J. (2006). A concise history of Korea, p. 64, hlm. 64, di Google Books
- excerpt, "China found instead that its policy of using trade and cultural exchanges and offering legitimacy and prestige to the Silla monarchy was effective in keeping Silla safely in the tributary system. Indeed, the relationship that was worked out in the late seventh and early eighth centuries can be considered the beginning of the mature tributary relationship that would characterize Sino-Korean interchange most of the time until the late nineteenth century;"
- ^ a b Korean History Project, Unified Silla Diarsipkan 2008-11-20 di Wayback Machine..
- ^ a b Kwak, p. 99., hlm. 99, di Google Books
- excerpt, "Korea's tributary relations with China began as early as the fifth century, were regularized during the Goryeo dynasty (918-1392), and became fully institutionalized during the Yi dynasty (1392-1910)."
- ^ Clark, Donald N. (1998). "The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Part 2". The Cambridge History of China. 8: 280. ISBN 0-521-24333-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-09-26. Diakses tanggal 2020-10-18.
Between 1392 and 1450, the Choson court dispatched 391 envoys to China: on average, seven each year.
- ^ Kang, David C. (2010). East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute. Columbia University Press. hlm. 59. ISBN 978-0-231-15318-8. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-09-26. Diakses tanggal 2020-10-18.
thus, between 1637 and 1881, Korea sent 435 special embassies to the Qing court, or an average of almost 1.5 embassies per year.
- ^ "Chinese Sui Dynasty annals". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 27, 2006.
- ^ "Kedah: The Birthplace of Malay Civilisation". www.sabrizain.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-02-04. Diakses tanggal 2012-01-11.
- ^ "Kelantan". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-02-02. Diakses tanggal 2012-01-11.
- ^ "First Ruler of Melaka : Parameswara 1394-1414". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-06-03. Diakses tanggal 2012-01-11.
- ^ Gundry, "Nepal," pp. 609-610., hlm. 609, di Google Books
- ^ "The Political Economy of Philippines- China Relations" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2007-06-21. Diakses tanggal 2007-06-08.
- ^ a b c "Tribute and Trade" Diarsipkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine., KoreanHistoryProject.org. Retrieved on 30-01-2007.
- ^ "The Ancient Ryukyus Period/The Sanzan Period". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-27. Diakses tanggal 2007-06-08.
- ^ Gundry, "Ryūkyū," pp. 615-616., hlm. 615, di Google Books
- ^ a b Kerr, George. (2000). Okinawa: The History of an Island People, p. 74., hlm. 74, di Google Books
- ^ Kerr, p. 66., hlm. 66, di Google Books
- ^ Gundry, "Siam," pp. 616-619., hlm. 616, di Google Books
- ^ Gundry, "Tibet," pp. 610-611., hlm. 610, di Google Books
- ^ Gundry, "Annam," pp. 613-615., hlm. 613, di Google Books
- ^ Giovanni Andornino. "Working Papers of the Global Economic History Network (GEHN) No. 21/06 - The Nature and Linkages of China's Tributary System under the Ming and Qing Dynasties" (PDF). London School of Economics. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-01-10. Diakses tanggal 2016-10-31.
Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]
Artikel ini memuat teks dari The National Review, publikasi dari tahun 1884, sekarang berada pada domain umum di Amerika Serikat.- Artikel ini memuat teks dari The encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Volume 15, oleh Hugh Chisholm, publikasi dari tahun 1911, sekarang berada pada domain umum di Amerika Serikat.
- Artikel ini memuat teks dari China and her mysteries, oleh Alfred Stead, publikasi dari tahun 1901, sekarang berada pada domain umum di Amerika Serikat.
- Artikel ini memuat teks dari China's intercourse with Korea from the XVth century to 1895, oleh William Woodville Rockhill, publikasi dari tahun 1905, sekarang berada pada domain umum di Amerika Serikat.
- Artikel ini memuat teks dari Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Fragments Toward the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century, Volume 2, oleh E. Bretschneider, publikasi dari tahun 1888, sekarang berada pada domain umum di Amerika Serikat.
- van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus. (1797). Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795. Philadelphia: M.L.E. Moreau de Saint-Méry.
- _______________. (1798). An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1794 and 1795, Vol. I. London : R. Phillips.
- Fairbank, John K. "Tributary Trade and China's Relations with the West", The Far Eastern Quarterly (1942). Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 129–149.
- de Guignes, Chrétien-Louis-Joseph. (1808). Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France. Paris. OCLC 417277650.
- Kang, David C. (2010). East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute. New York : Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231153188; OCLC 562768984.
- Kerr, George H. (1965). Okinawa, the History of an Island People. Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle Co. OCLC 39242121
- Kwak, Tae-Hwan and Seung-Ho Joo. (2003). The Korean peace process and the four powers. Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate. ISBN 9780754636533; OCLC 156055048
- Korea Herald. (2004) Korea now. Seoul: Korea Herald. ISSN 1739-225X; OCLC 43438924 Diarsipkan 2016-04-04 di Wayback Machine..
- Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301.
- Pratt, Keith L., Richard Rutt, and James Hoare. (1999). Korea : a historical and cultural dictionary, Richmond: Curzon Press. ISBN 9780700704637; ISBN 978-0-7007-0464-4; OCLC 245844259.
- Seth, Michael J. (2006). A concise history of Korea: from the neolithic period through the nineteenth century. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742540040; OCLC 65407346.
- Wang, Zhenping. (2005). Ambassadors from the islands of immortals: China-Japan relations in the Han-Tang period. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824828714; OCLC 260081991.
