Kaisar Norton

Kaisar Norton
Kaisar Norton
	Joshua Abraham Norton I
Lahir	Joshua Abraham Norton; c. 1819; Inggris
Meninggal	8 Januari 1880; San Francisco, California, Amerika Serikat

Joshua Abraham Norton (c. 1819^[2] – 8 Januari 1880) adalah tokoh yang memproklamirkan dirinya sendiri sebagai Yang Mulia Kaisar Norton I, adalah warga negara terkenal dari San Francisco, California, yang pada tahun 1859 memproklamirkan dirinya "Kaisar Amerika Serikat"^[3] dan kemudian "Pelindung Meksiko".^[4]

Lahir di Inggris, Norton menghabiskan sebagian besar awal hidupnya di Afrika Selatan. Dia pindah ke San Francisco pada tahun 1849 setelah menerima warisan sebesar $40.000 dari properti ayahnya. Norton awalnya mencari nafkah sebagai pengusaha, tetapi ia kehilangan keberuntungannya dari investasi di beras Peru.^[5]

Setelah kalah dalam tuntutan hukum di mana dia mencoba untuk membatalkan kontrak berasnya, Norton meninggalkan San Francisco. Ia kembali beberapa tahun kemudian, ternyata mentalnya tidak seimbang, dan mengaku sebagai Kaisar Amerika Serikat.^[6] Meskipun dia tidak memiliki kekuatan politik, dan pengaruhnya hanya diberikan sejauh ia mencoba ramah dengan orang di sekitarnya, ia diperlakukan dengan hormat di San Francisco, dan mata uang yang dikeluarkan dalam namanya dihormati di perusahaan yang ia sering dikunjungi.

Meskipun ia dianggap gila, atau setidaknya sangat eksentrik,^[7] warga San Francisco merayakan kehadirannya yang megah dan pernyataannya, yang paling terkenal, "order" bahwa Kongres Amerika Serikat dibubarkan secara paksa dan banyaknya dekret yang menyerukan jembatan penyeberangan dan terowongan yang akan dibangun di bawah Teluk San Francisco (yang kedua terjadi lama setelah kematiannya dalam bentuk San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge dan Transbay Tube).^[8] Norton jatuh di sudut jalan, dan meninggal sebelum dia dapat diberikan perawatan medis. Hari berikutnya, hampir 30.000 orang memadati jalan-jalan San Francisco untuk memberi penghormatan kepada Norton.^[9] Warisan Norton telah diabadikan dalam literatur beberap penulis seperti Mark Twain, Robert Louis Stevenson, Christopher Moore dan Neil Gaiman yang menulis karakter mereka yang didasarkan pada dirinya. serta Morris dan Goscinny di Lucky Luke (Kaisar Smith).

Catatan

^ Sources dispute over Norton's birthplace. Most sources agree that England was his birthplace, and some pinpoint the exact location to London, while others state different locations.
^ There are a number of disputed claims regarding Norton's date of birth. Many sources (Cowan, Norton's tombstone, and most present-day books on Norton) pinpoint Norton being born sometime in 1819, while a few sources state that he was born on 4 February 1819. Norton's obituary by the San Francisco Chronicle put him at 65 years old at the time of his death, which would mean he was born in 1814. Drury's Norton I, Emperor of the United States (1986) refers to immigration records which said Norton was two years old in 1820 when his parents moved to South Africa.
^ Smith, Fred (2002-01-31). "Emperor Joshua Norton I of America". BBC. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-15.
^ Hansen, Gladys (1995). San Francisco Almanac. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-0841-6.
^ Carr, Patricia E. (1975). "Emperor Norton I: The benevolent dictator beloved and honored by San Franciscans to this day". American History Illustrated. 10: 14–20.
^ Weeks, David (1996). Eccentrics: A Study of Sanity and Strangeness. New York: Kodansha Globe. hlm. 3–4. ISBN 1-56836-156-4.
^ "New Perspectives on the West: Joshua Abraham Norton". PBS. 2001. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-24.
^ Herel, Suzanne (2004-12-15). "Emperor Norton's name may yet span the bay". The San Francisco Chronicle. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2004-12-24. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-17.
^ Moylan, Peter. "Encyclopedia of San Francisco: Emperor Norton". San Francisco Museum and Historical Society. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-02-23. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-17.

Referensi

Barker, Malcolm, E. (2001). Bummer & Lazarus: San Francisco's Famous Dogs : Revised With New Stories, New Photographs, and New Introduction. San Francisco: Londonborn Publications. ISBN 0-930235-07-X.
Caufield, Catherine (1981). The Emperor of the United States and other magnificent British eccentrics. Routledge and Kegan Paul. hlm. 150–152. ISBN 0-7100-0957-7.
Cech, John (1997). A rush of dreamers : being the remarkable story of Norton I, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico. New York: Marlowe. ISBN 1-56924-775-7.
Cowan, Robert Ernest. "Norton I, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico (Joshua A. Norton, 1819-1880)" in Quarterly of the California Historical Society. San Francisco: California Historical Society, October 1923.
Cowan, Robert E., et al. The Forgotten Characters of Old San Francisco. Los Angeles: The Ward Ritchie Press, 1964.
Dressler, Albert (1927). Emperor Norton, life and experiences of a notable character in San Francisco, 1849-1880. San Francisco: A. Dressler. LC CT275.N75 D7.
Drury, William (1986). Norton I, Emperor of the United States. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-396-08509-1.
Kramer, William M. (1974). Emperor Norton of San Francisco : a look at the life and death and strange burials of the most famous eccentric of gold rush California. Santa Monica, California: Norton B. Stern. ASIN B0006CF3KO.
Lane, Allen Stanley (1939). Emperor Norton, Mad Monarch of America. Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton printers, Ltd. ASIN B00086ATPC.
Ryder, David Warren (1939). San Francisco's Emperor Norton. San Francisco: Alex. Dulfer Printing and Lithographing Co. LC CT275.N75 R9.

Pranala luar

2 episode pendek radio Dissoving Parties Diarsipkan 2012-02-02 di Wayback Machine. and Royal Wardrobe Diarsipkan 2012-02-02 di Wayback Machine. from proclamations by Emperor Norton I, 1862-69. California Legacy Project.
episode pendek radio Norton Imperator Diarsipkan 2012-02-02 di Wayback Machine. a tribute poem by Dr. George Chismore,1880. California Legacy Project.
Webcomic Norton I, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico by K. Beaton
Emperor Norton I at Find A Grave

[1] Sources dispute over Norton's birthplace. Most sources agree that England was his birthplace, and some pinpoint the exact location to London, while others state different locations.

[2] There are a number of disputed claims regarding Norton's date of birth. Many sources (Cowan, Norton's tombstone, and most present-day books on Norton) pinpoint Norton being born sometime in 1819, while a few sources state that he was born on 4 February 1819. Norton's obituary by the San Francisco Chronicle put him at 65 years old at the time of his death, which would mean he was born in 1814. Drury's Norton I, Emperor of the United States (1986) refers to immigration records which said Norton was two years old in 1820 when his parents moved to South Africa.

[BBC-3] Smith, Fred (2002-01-31). "Emperor Joshua Norton I of America". BBC. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-15.

[SFMuseumNorton-4] Hansen, Gladys (1995). San Francisco Almanac. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-0841-6.

[Carr-5] Carr, Patricia E. (1975). "Emperor Norton I: The benevolent dictator beloved and honored by San Franciscans to this day". American History Illustrated. 10: 14–20.

[6] Weeks, David (1996). Eccentrics: A Study of Sanity and Strangeness. New York: Kodansha Globe. hlm. 3–4. ISBN 1-56836-156-4.

[PBS-7] "New Perspectives on the West: Joshua Abraham Norton". PBS. 2001. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-24.

[SH-8] Herel, Suzanne (2004-12-15). "Emperor Norton's name may yet span the bay". The San Francisco Chronicle. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2004-12-24. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-17.

[SFMHS-9] Moylan, Peter. "Encyclopedia of San Francisco: Emperor Norton". San Francisco Museum and Historical Society. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-02-23. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-17.

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