Pengguna:Crisco 1492/Soedjatmoko

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Ini adalah sebuah nama Indonesia yang tidak menggunakan nama keluarga.

Soedjatmoko (lahir dengan nama Soedjatmoko Mangoendiningrat; 10 Januari 1922 – 21 Desember 1989), juga dikenal dengan nama panggilan Bung Koko, adalah seorang intelektual dan duta Indonesia.

Soedjatmoko dilahirkan dalam keluarga bangsawan di Sawahlunto, Sumatera Barat, Hindia Belanda. Setelah ke luar negeri bersama keluarga dan menyelesaikan pendidikan dasarnya, dia pergi ke Batavia (sekarang Jakarta) untuk belajar ilmu kedoktoran; di daerah kumuh, dia melihat banyak kemiskinan, yang menjadi bidang penelitian di kemudian hari. Setelah dikeluarkan dari sekolah kedoktoran oleh orang-orang Jepang pada tahun 1943 karena kegiatan politiknya, dia berpindah ke Surakarta dan menjadi doktor bersama ayahnya. Pada tahun 1947, setelah kemerdekaan Indonesia, Soedjatmoko dan dua pemuda lain dikirimkan ke Lake Success, New York, Amerika Serikat, untuk mewakili Indonesia di Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB). Mereka mendorong pengakuan kedaulatan Indonesia di dunia luas.

Setelah kerjanya di PBB, Soedjatmoko berusaha belajar di Littauer Center milik Harvard; namun, dia terpaksa mengundurkan diri karena tekanan dari pekerjaan lain, termasuk menjadi chargé d'affaires Indonesia pertama di London, Inggris, selama tiga bulan dan mendirikan bagian politik di Kedutaan Besar Indonesia di Washington, D.C. Pada tahun 1952 dia sudah kembali ke Indonesia. Dia bergabung dengan pers sosialis dan Partai Sosialis Indonesia. Dia terpilih sebagai anggota Konstituante dan berjasa dari tahun 1955 hingga 1959; dia menikah dengan Ratmini Gandasubrata pada tahun 1958. Namun, karena pemerintah Presiden Soekarno menjadi semakin otoriter, Soedjatmoko mulai mengkritik pemerintah. Untuk menghindari penyensoran, Soedjatmoko bekerja sebagai dosen tamu di Cornell University di Ithaca, New York, selama dua tahun; selama tiga tahun setelah itu dia menganggur di Indonesia.

Setelah gagalnya Gerakan 30 September dan Soekarno digantikan Soeharto sebagai presiden Indonesia, Soedjatmoko kembali bekerja untuk negara. Pada tahun 1966 dia dikirim sebagai salah satu wakil Indonesia di PBB, dan pada tahun 1968 dia menjadi Duta Besar Indonesia untuk Amerika Serikat; pada waktu yang sama dia mendapatkan beberapa gelar doktor honoris causa. Dia juga menasihati menteri luar negeri Adam Malik. Setelah kembali ke Indonesia pada tahun 1971, Soedjatmoko menjadi anggota beberapa wadah pemikir. Setelah peristiwa Malari pada Januari 1974, Soedjatmoko ditangkap dan diinterogasi selama dua minggu setengah karena disangka telah merencanakan protes itu. Biarpun dia akhirnya dibebaskan, selama dua tahun setengah dia tidak dapat keluar negeri. Pada tahun 1978 Soedjatmoko menerima Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding, dan pada tahun 1980 dia diangkat sebagai rektor United Nations University di Tokyo, Jepang. Dua tahun setelah kembali dari Jepang, Soedjatmoko meninggal akibat serangan jantung di Yogyakarta.

Kehidupan awal

Soedjatmoko dilahirkan pada tanggal 10 Januari 1922 di Sawahlunto, Sumatera Barat, dengan nama Soedjatmoko Mangoendiningrat. Dia anak kedua dari Saleh Mangoendiningrat, seorang dokter Jawa keturunan bangsawan asal Madiun, dan Isnadikin, seorang ibu rumah tangga Jawa asal Ponorogo; pasangan tersebut mempunyai tiga anak lain, serta dua anak angkat. Adik Soedjatmoko, Nugroho Wisnumurti, di kemudian hari juga bekerja untuk Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB). Saat dia berusia dua tahun, Soedjatmoko dan keluarga berpindah ke Belanda setelah ayahnya mendapatkan beasiswa untuk belajar di sana selama lima tahun. Setelah kembali ke Indonesia, Soedjatmoko melanjutkan sekolahnya di suatu sekolah dasar di Manado, Sulawesi Utara.

Soedjatmoko lalu sekolah di HBS Surabaya dan lulus pada tahun 1940. Sekolah itu memperkenalkan dia dengan bahasa Latin dan Yunani Kuno, dan salah satu gurunya memperkenalkan Soedjatmoko dengan kesenian Eropa; di kemudian hari Soedjatmoko menyatakan bahwa hal tersebut membuat dia melihat orang Eropa sebagai lebih dari sekadar kolonis. Dia lalu lanjut ke sekolah kedokteran di Batavia (sekarang Jakarta). Saat melihat daerah kumuh Jakarta, Soedjatmoko menjadi tertarik dengan masah kemiskinan; topik tersebut ditelitinya di kemudian hari. Namun, setelah Jepang menduduki Indonesia, pada tahun 1943 dia dikeluarkan dari sekolah karena kekerabatannya dengan Sutan Sjahrir – yang telah menikah kakak Soedjatmoko, Siti Wahyunah – serta keterlibatannya dalam protes terhadap pendudukan Jepang.

Setelah dikeluarkan, Soedjatmoko berpindah ke Surakarta dan membaca tentang sejarah Barat dan ilmu politik, yang memicu ketertarikannya dengan sosialisme; dia juga bekerja di rumah sakit milik ayahnya. Setelah kemerdekaan Indonesia, dia diminta menjadi Wakil Kepala Bagian Pers Asing di Kementerian Penerangan. Pada tahun 1946 dia dan dua sahabat mendirikan mingguan berbahasa Belanda, Het Inzicht (Di Dalam), sebagai tanggapan atas Het Uίtzicht (Pandangan) yang disponsor oleh Belanda; ini atas permintaan Sjahrir, yang sudah menjadi Perdana Menteri Indonesia. Tahun berikutnya, mereka menerbitkan jurnal sosialis Siasat, yang juga diterbitkan setiap minggu. Dalam periode ini Soedjatmoko mulai tidak menggunakan nama Mangoendiningrat, sebab nama bapaknya itu membuat dia teringat akan aspek feudalisme dalam budaya Indonesia.

Work in the US

In 1947, Sjahrir sent Soedjatmoko to New York as a member of the Indonesian Republic's "observer" delegation to the United Nations (UN). The delegation left to the United States via the Philippines after a two month stay in Singapore; while in the Philippines, President Manuel Roxas guaranteed support of the nascent nation's case at the United Nations. Soedjatmoko stayed in Lake Success, New York, the temporary location of the UN, and participated in debates over international recognition of the new country. Towards the end of his stay in New York, Soedjatmoko enroled at Harvard's Littauer Center; as, at the time, he was still part of the UN delegation, he commuted between New York and Boston for seven months. After being released from the delegation, he spent most of a year at Harvard's Littauer Center; for a period of three months, however, he was chargé d'affaires – the nation's first – at the Dutch East Indies desk of the Dutch embassy in London, serving in a temporary capacity while the Indonesian embassy was being established.

In 1951, he moved to Washington D.C. to establish the political desk at the Indonesian embassy there; he also became Alternate Permanent Representative of Indonesia at the UN. This busy schedule, demanding a commute between three cities, proved to be too much for him and he dropped out of the Littaur Center. In late 1951, he resigned and went to Europe for nine months, seeking political inspiration. In Yugoslavia, he met Milovan Djilas, who impressed him greatly.

Return to Indonesia

Upon returning to Indonesia, Soedjatmoko once again became an editor of Siasat. In 1952, he was one of the founders of Socialist Party daily Pedoman (Guidance); this was followed by a political journal, Konfrontasi (Confrontation). He also helped to establish the Pembangunan publishing house, which he directed until 1961. Soedjatmoko joined the Indonesian Socialist Party (Partai Sosialis Indonesia, or PSI) in 1955, and was elected as a member of Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia in the 1955 elections until the dissolution of the assembly in 1959. He served with the Indonesian delegation at the Bandung Conference in 1955. Later the same year, he founded the Indonesian Institute of World Affairs and became its Secretary General for four years. Soedjatmoko married Ratmini Gandasubrata in 1958. Together they had three daughters.

Towards the end of the 1950s, Soedjatmoko and President Sukarno, with whom he had had a warm working relationship, had a falling out over the president's increasingly authoritarian policies. In 1960 Soedjatmoko co-founded and headed the Democratic League, which attempted to promote democracy in the country; he also opposed Sukarno's Guided Democracy policy. When the effort failed, Soedjatmoko went to the US and took a position as guest lecturer at Cornell University. When he returned to Indonesia in 1962, he discovered that key members of the PSI had been arrested and the party banned; both Siasat and Pedoman were closed. To avoid trouble with the government, Soedjatmoko voluntarily left himself unemployed. In 1965 he was co-editor of An Introduction to Indonesian Historiography.

Ambassadorship and academic activities

After the failed coup d'état in 1965 and the replacement of Sukarno by Suharto, Soedjatmoko returned to public service. He served as vice-chairman of the Indonesian delegation at the UN in 1966, becoming the delegation's adviser in 1967. Also in 1967, Soedjatmoko became adviser to foreign minister Adam Malik, as well as a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, a London-based think tank; the following year he became Indonesian ambassador to the United States, a position which he held until 1971. During his time as ambassador, Soedjatmoko received honourary doctorates from several American universities, including Cedar Crest College in 1969 and Yale in 1970. He also published another book, Southeast Asia Today and Tomorrow (1969).

Soedjatmoko returned to Indonesia in 1971; upon his return he became Special Adviser on Social and Cultural Affairs to the Chairman of the National Development Planning Agency. That same year, he became a board member of the London-based International Institute for Environment and Development, a position which he held until 1976; he also joined the Club of Rome. In 1972 Soedjatmoko was selected to the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation, in which position he served 12 years; also in 1972 he became a governor of the Asian Institute of Management, a position which he held for two years. The following year he became a governor of the International Development Research Center. In 1974, based on falsified documents, he was accused of planning the Malari incident of January 1974, in which students protested and eventually rioted during a state visit by Prime Minister of Japan Kakuei Tanaka, and held for interrogation for two and a half weeks; he was also unable to leave Indonesia for two and a half years.

In 1978 Soedjatmoko received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding, often called Asia's Nobel Prize. The citation read, in part:

Encouraging both Asians and outsiders to look more carefully at the village folkways they would modernize, [Sodjatmoko] is fostering awareness of the human dimension essential to all development. [...] [H]is writings have added consequentially to the body of international thinking on what can be done to meet one of the greatest challenges of our time; how to make life more decent and satisfying for the poorest 40 percent in Southeastern and southern Asia.

In response, Soedjatmoko said he felt "humbled, because of [his] awareness that whatever small contribution [he] may have made is dwarfed by the magnitude of the problem of persistent poverty and human suffering in Asia, and by the realization of how much still remains to be done."

Later life and death

In 1980 Soedjatmoko moved to Tokyo, Japan. In September of that year he began service as the rector of the United Nations University, replacing James M. Hester. At the university, Soedjatmoko served as rector until 1987. In Japan he released two further books, The Primacy of Freedom in Development and Development and Freedom. He received the Asia Society Award in 1985, and the Universities Field Staff International Award for Distinguished Service to the Advancement of International Understanding the following year. Soedjatmoko died of cardiac arrest on 21 December 1989 when he was lecturing in Yogyakarta Muhammadiyah University.

Bibliografi

• Kahin, George McT.; Barnett, Milton L. (April 1990). "In Memoriam: Soedjatmoko, 1922 – 1989". Indonesia. Cornell University's Southeast Asia Program. 49: 133–140.