Penyangkalan perubahan iklim
Penyangkalan perubahan iklim, atau penyangkalan pemanasan global, adalah bagian dari kontroversi pemanasan global. Ini melibatkan penyangkalan, atau keraguan yang tidak beralasan yang bertentangan dengan konsensus ilmiah tentang perubahan iklim, termasuk sejauh mana itu disebabkan oleh manusia, dampaknya pada alam dan masyarakat, atau potensi adaptasi perubahan iklim dengan tindakan manusia.[2][3][4] Beberapa orang yang menyangkal mendukung istilah tersebut, sementara yang lain lebih menyukai istilah skeptisisme perubahan iklim.[3] Beberapa ilmuwan telah mencatat bahwa "skeptisisme" adalah deskripsi yang tidak akurat untuk mereka yang mennyangkal pemanasan global antropogenik.[5][6][7] Penyangkalan terhadap perubahan iklim juga bisa bersifat implisit, ketika individu atau kelompok sosial menerima sains mengenai perubahan iklim tetapi gagal untuk menerimanya atau menerjemahkan penerimaan mereka ke dalam tindakan.[8] Beberapa studi ilmu sosial telah menganalisis posisi ini sebagai bentuk denialisme.[9][10] dan pseudosains.[11]
Kampanye untuk melemahkan kepercayaan publik terhadap ilmu tentang perubahan iklim telah disebut sebagai "mesin penyangkalan" yang diatur oleh kepentingan industri, politik dan ideologis, dan didukung oleh media konservatif dan blogger skeptis untuk membuat-buat ketidakpastian tentang pemanasan global.[12][13][14]
Politik pemanasan global telah dipengaruhi oleh penyangkalan perubahan iklim, merongrong upaya untuk melakukan mitigasi perubahan iklim atau beradaptasi dengan iklim yang memanas.[15][16][17] Mereka yang mempromosikan penyangkalan umumnya menggunakan taktik retorika untuk memberikan kesan kontroversi ilmiah meskipun sebenarnya tidak ada kontroversi.[18][19]
Kampanye terorganisir untuk melemahkan kepercayaan publik dalam ilmu iklim dikaitkan dengan kebijakan ekonomi konservatif dan didukung oleh kepentingan industri yang bertentangan dengan regulasi emisi karbon dioksida.[20] Penyangkalan perubahan iklim telah dikaitkan dengan lobi bahan bakar fosil, Koch bersaudara, advokat industri dan wadah pemikir konservatif, sering kali di Amerika Serikat.[16][21][22][23] Lebih dari 90% makalah yang skeptis terhadap perubahan iklim berasal dari wadah pemikir sayap kanan.[24]
Sejak akhir 1970-an, perusahaan minyak bumi telah menerbitkan riset yang secara luas sejalan dengan pandangan standar tentang pemanasan global. Meskipun demikian, perusahaan minyak melakukan kampanye penyangkalan perubahan iklim untuk menyebarluaskan disinformasi publik selama beberapa dekade, sebuah strategi yang telah dibandingkan dengan penyangkalan terorganisir terhadap bahaya merokok tembakau oleh industri tembakau.[25][26][27]
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Brown, Alex (27 August 2013). "Tom Coburn Labels Himself a "Global Warming Denier"". The Atlantic. Diakses tanggal 23 October 2017. citing TulsaWorld [archived article]
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- ^ a b "Why Is It Called Denial?". National Center for Science Education. 2016-01-15. Diakses tanggal 21 January 2016.
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- ^ Björnberg, Karin Edvardsson; et al. (2017). "Climate and environmental science denial: A review of the scientific literature published in 1990-2015". Journal of Cleaner Production. 167: 229–241. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.066.
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- ^ Dunlap 2013, hlm. 691–698: "There is debate over which term is most appropriate… Those involved in challenging climate science label themselves "skeptics"… Yet skepticism is…a common characteristic of scientists, making it inappropriate to allow those who deny AGW to don the mantle of skeptics…It seems best to think of skepticism-denial as a continuum, with some individuals (and interest groups) holding a skeptical view of AGW…and others in complete denial"
- ^ Timmer 2014
- ^ Sven Ove Hansson: Science denial as a form of pseudoscience. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 63, (2017), 39-47, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.05.002.
- ^ Vaidyanathan 2014.
- ^ Dunlap 2013, hlm. 691–698: "From the outset, there has been an organized "disinformation" campaign… to "manufacture uncertainty" over AGW … especially by attacking climate science and scientists … waged by a loose coalition of industrial (especially fossil fuels) interests and conservative foundations and think tanks … often assisted by a small number of 'contrarian scientists. … greatly aided by conservative media and politicians … and more recently by a bevy of skeptical bloggers. This 'denial machine' has played a crucial role in generating skepticism toward AGW among laypeople and policy makers "
- ^ Begley 2007: "ICE and the Global Climate Coalition lobbied hard against a global treaty to curb greenhouse gases, and were joined by a central cog in the denial machine: the George C. Marshall Institute, a conservative think tank. .... the denial machine—think tanks linking up with like-minded, contrarian researchers"
- ^ Dunlap 2013: "Even though climate science has now firmly established that global warming is occurring, that human activities contribute to this warming… a significant portion of the American public remains ambivalent or unconcerned, and many policymakers (especially in the United States) deny the necessity of taking steps to reduce carbon emissions…From the outset, there has been an organized "disinformation" campaign… to generate skepticism and denial concerning AGW."
- ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
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- ^ Painter & Ashe 2012: "Despite a high degree of consensus amongst publishing climate researchers that global warming is occurring, and that it is anthropogenic, this discourse, promoted largely by non-scientists, has had a significant impact on public perceptions of the issue, fostering the impression that elite opinion is divided as to the nature and extent of the threat."
- ^ Hoofnagle, Mark (30 April 2007). "Hello Science blogs (Welcome to Denialism blog)"."Denialism is the employment of rhetorical tactics to give the appearance of argument or legitimate debate, when in actuality there is none. These false arguments are used when one has few or no facts to support one's viewpoint against a scientific consensus or against overwhelming evidence to the contrary. They are effective in distracting from actual useful debate using emotionally appealing, but ultimately empty and illogical assertions. Examples of common topics in which denialists employ their tactics include: Creationism/Intelligent Design, Global Warming denialism …" and "5 general tactics are used by denialists to sow confusion. They are conspiracy, selectivity (cherry-picking), fake experts, impossible expectations (also known as moving goalposts), and general fallacies of logic."
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- ^ Klein, Naomi (9 November 2011). "Capitalism vs. the Climate". The Nation. Diakses tanggal 2 January 2012.
- ^ Dunlap 2013: "The campaign has been waged by a loose coalition of industrial (especially fossil fuels) interests and conservative foundations and think tanks… These actors are greatly aided by conservative media and politicians, and more recently by a bevy of skeptical bloggers."
- ^ David Michaels (2008) Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health.
- ^ Hoggan, James; Littlemore, Richard (2009). Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming. Vancouver: Greystone Books. ISBN 978-1-55365-485-8. Diakses tanggal 19 March 2010. See, e.g., p31 ff, describing industry-based advocacy strategies in the context of climate change denial, and p73 ff, describing involvement of free-market think tanks in climate-change denial.
- ^ Xifra, Jordi (2016). "Climate Change Deniers and Advocacy: A Situational Theory of Publics Approach". American Behavioral Scientist. 60 (3): 276–287. doi:10.1177/0002764215613403.
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- ^ 'Shell knew': oil giant's 1991 film warned of climate change danger, The Guardian
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- Björnberg, Karin Edvardsson; et al. (2017). "Climate and environmental science denial: A review of the scientific literature published in 1990-2015". Journal of Cleaner Production. 167: 229–241. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.066.
- Boslough, Mark (5 December 2014). "Deniers are not Skeptics". Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Diakses tanggal 7 July 2015.
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- Conway, Erik; Oreskes, Naomi (2010). Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. USA: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-59691-610-4.
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- Dunlap, Riley E; McCright, Aaron M. (2011). Climate Change Denial: Sources, actors, and strategies. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-54478-8.
- Dunlap, Riley E. (2013). "Climate Change Skepticism and Denial: An Introduction". American Behavioral Scientist. 57 (6): 691–698. doi:10.1177/0002764213477097. Diakses tanggal 27 May 2015.
- Dunlap, Riley E.; McCright, Aaron M. (2011). "Organised Climate Change Denial". Dalam Dryzek, John S.; Norgaard, Richard B.; Schlosberg, David. The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society. Oxford University Press. hlm. 153. ISBN 978-0-19-956660-0.
- Dunlap, R. E.; Jacques, P. J. (2013). "Climate Change Denial Books and Conservative Think Tanks: Exploring the Connection". American Behavioral Scientist. 57 (6): 699–731. doi:10.1177/0002764213477096. PMC 3787818 . PMID 24098056.
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- Lever-Tracy, Constance (2010). Routledge Handbook of Climate Change and Society. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-87621-3.
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Bacaan lebih lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Kathy Mulvey (January 2017). "Tillerson Refuses to Acknowledge ExxonMobil's Efforts to Deceive the Public on Climate Change Diarsipkan 2017-07-09 di Wayback Machine."
- Hausfather, Zeke (January 2017). No 'Pause' in Global Warming: Oceans Heating Up and Sea Levels Rising at Alarming Pace Diarsipkan 2017-01-13 di Wayback Machine.. "Details the findings of a new report that confirms NOAA data about climate change."
- David Kaiser and Lee Wasserman (December 2016). "Part 1" and "Part 2," New York Review of Books
- "Frontline: Climate of Doubt". PBS. 23 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
- "Dealing in Doubt: The climate denial industry and climate science - a brief history of attacks on climate science, climate scientists and the IPCC". Greenpeace. 24 March 2010. Diakses tanggal 22 September 2014.
- Bowen, Mark (2008). Censoring Science: Dr. James Hansen and the Truth of Global Warming. Plume. ISBN 0-452-28962-9
- McCright, Aaron M.; Dunlap, Riley E. (2003). "Defeating Kyoto: The Conservative Movement's Impact on U.S. Climate Change Policy" (PDF). Social Problems. 50 (3): 348–373. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.189.3388 . doi:10.1525/sp.2003.50.3.348.
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