USS Constitution
42°22′19.5″N 71°03′20.08″W / 42.372083°N 71.0555778°W
![]() Constitution, dressed overall, fires a 17-gun salute in Boston Harbor, 4 July 2014
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Sejarah | |
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Nama | USS Constitution |
Asal nama | Konstitusi Amerika Serikat[1] |
Dipesan | 1 Maret 1794 |
Pembangun | Galangan kapal Edmund Hartt |
Biaya | $302,718[2] |
Pasang lunas | 1 November 1794 |
Diluncurkan | 21 Oktober 1797 |
Pelayaran perdana | 22 Juli 1798[3] |
Ganti nama |
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Reklasifikasi |
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Pelabuhan daftar | Charlestown Navy Yard[2] |
Identifikasi |
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Julukan | Old Ironsides |
Status | Aktif |
Catatan | Komandan pertama: Kapten Samuel Nicholson |
Lencana |
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Ciri-ciri umum (ketika dibangun c. 1797) | |
Jenis | 44-gun frigat kelas-United States |
Tonase | 1,576[5] |
Berat benaman | 2,200 ton[5] |
Panjang | |
Lebar | 43 ft 6 in (13,26 m) |
Tinggi |
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Sarat air |
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Kedalaman palka | 14 ft 3 in (4,34 m)[1] |
Dek | Orlop, Berth, Gun, Spar |
Pendorong | Layar (tiga tiang, ship rig) |
Tata layar | 42.710 sq ft (3.968 m2) on three masts[2] |
Kecepatan | 13 knot (24 km/h; 15 mph)[7] |
Kapal dan pesawat yang diangkut |
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Awak kapal | 450 termasuk 55 Marinir dan 30 anak-anak (1797)[2] |
Senjata |
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USS Constitution (Frigate) | |
Letak: | Pangkalan AL Boston, Boston, Massachusetts |
Luas | < 1 hektar |
Dibangun: | 1797 |
Arsitek: | Joshua Humphreys |
Pihak pengelola: | Federal |
NRHP Reference#: | 66000789[8] |
Dimasukkan ke NRHP: | 15 Oktober 1966 |
USS Constitution, atau juga dikenal sebagai Old Ironsides, adalah kapal berbahan kayu dengan tiga layar jenis frigat milik Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat. Kapal ini merupakan kapal angkatan laut tertua yang masih beroperasi.[Note 1]
Sejarah
[sunting | sunting sumber]Karier aktif
[sunting | sunting sumber]USS Constitution dibuat pada tahun 1797, salah satu dari 6 frigat pertama AL AS, dan kapal ketiga yang dibangun. Nama "Constitution" (Konstitusi) adalah salah satu dari 10 nama yang diberikan kepada Presiden George Washington untuk dipilih.[10][11] Pembuat kapal ini mendesain frigat ini lebih besar dan bersenjata lebih banyak daripada frigat standar pada masanya. Tugasnya yang pertama adalah melindungi kapal-kapal dagang AS yang berlayar, dan untuk mengalahkan bajak laut di Perang Barbaria Pertama.
Constitution dikenang atas aksinya selama Perang 1812 melawan Britania Raya, ketika ia menangkap banyak kapal pedagang, dan mengalahkan lima kapal perang Britania Raya: HMS Guerriere, Java, Pictou, Cyane, dan Levant. Peperangan dengan Guerriere memberinya julukan "Old Ironsides" dan pujian dari publik, yang telah berulang kali menyelamatkannya dari pembongkaran. Kapal tersebut terus berpatroli di daerah Laut Tengah dan Afrika, dan mengelilingi dunia pada tahun 1840-an.
Selama Perang Saudara, USS Constitution menjadi kapal latih di Akademi AL AS. USS Constitution juga membawa karya seni dan industri AS untuk dipajang di Paris Expo 1878.
Setelah pensiun
[sunting | sunting sumber]Constitution dipensiunkan pada tahun 1881 dan menjadi kapal museum pada tahun 1907. Pada tahun 1934, Constitutioni menyelesaikan tur 3 tahun, 90 kota di AS. Kapal ini berlayar lagi pada tahun 1997, memperingati 200 tahun usianya, dan sekali lagi pada bulan Agustus 2012 untuk memperingati 200 tahun kemenangannya atas Guerriere.
Misi Constitution saat ini adalah untuk mempromosikan peranan AL AS di masa perang dan damai, melalui penjangkauan edukasi, demonstrasi historis, dan partisipasi aktif di even-even publik. Sebagai kapal AL yang diawaki penuh, awak kapalnya terdiri dari 60 kru dan pelaut, yang berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan seremonial, pendidikan, dan acara-acara khusus lainnya, selain memberikan tur gratis bagi pengunjung sepanjang tahun, biasanya di Galangan Kapal Charlestown di Boston, Massachussets.
Galeri foto
[sunting | sunting sumber]-
USS Constitution underway
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Inside USS Constitution in 2015
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Constitution fires a 21-gun salute toward Fort Independence
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Constitution sails into Boston Harbor
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USS Constitution in dry dock for restoration work in 2016
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USS Constitution in dock, 2018
Komandan kapal
[sunting | sunting sumber]Berikut ini 80 komandan kapal Constitution sejak 1797.[12]
Nama | Pangkat | Mulai | Berakhir |
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Samuel Nicholson | Captain | 7/22/1798 | 6/5/1799 |
Silas Talbot | Captain | 6/5/1799 | 9/8/1801 |
Nathaniel Haraden | Sailing Master | 6/30/1802 | 5/14/1803 |
Edward Preble | Captain | 5/14/1803 | 10/28/1804 |
Stephen Decatur | Captain | 10/28/1804 | 11/9/1804 |
John Rodgers | Captain | 11/9/1804 | 5/30/1806 |
Hugh George Campbell | Captain | 5/30/1806 | 12/8/1807 |
John Rodgers | Captain | 2/20/1809 | 6/17/1810 |
Isaac Hull | Captain | 6/17/1810 | 9/15/1812 |
William Bainbridge | Captain | 9/15/1812 | 7/18/1813 |
Charles Stewart | Captain | 7/18/1813 | 7/16/1815 |
Jacob Jones | Captain | 4/1/1821 | 5/31/1824 |
Thomas Macdonough | Captain | 5/31/1824 | 10/14/1825 |
Daniel Todd Patterson | Captain | 10/14/1825 | 12/5/1825 |
George Campbell Read | Captain | 1/23/1826 | 2/21/1826 |
Daniel Todd Patterson | Captain | 2/21/1826 | 7/19/1828 |
Jesse Duncan Elliott | Captain | 3/3/1835 | 8/18/1838 |
Daniel Turner | Captain | 3/1/1839 | 11/8/1841 |
Foxhall Alexander Parker Sr. | Captain | 7/15/1842 | 2/16/1843 |
John Percival | Captain | 12/13/1843 | 10/5/1846 |
John Gwinn | Captain | 10/9/1848 | 9/4/1849 |
James H. Rowan | Lieutenant | 9/4/1849 | 9/18/1849 |
Thomas Anderson Conover | Captain | 9/18/1849 | 1/16/1851 |
John Singleton Rudd | Commander | 12/22/1852 | 6/15/1855 |
David Dixon Porter | Lieutenant | 8/1/1860 | 8/22/1860 |
George Washington Rodgers II | Lieutenant | 9/20/1860 | 9/23/1861 |
Edward Phelps Lull | Lieutenant | 9/23/1861 | 12/15/1863 |
Henry Martin Blue | Lieutenant | 12/15/1863 | 4/16/1864 |
Philip Carrigan Johnson Jr. | Lieutenant Commander | 4/16/1864 | 2/16/1866 |
Edmund Matthews | Lieutenant Commander | 2/16/1866 | 2/26/1866 |
Thomas Henderson Eastman | Lieutenant Commander | 2/26/1866 | 11/6/1867 |
George Dewey | Lieutenant Commander | 11/6/1867 | 8/1/1870 |
Henry Lycurgis Howison | Lieutenant Commander | 8/1/1870 | 9/19/1871 |
Henry A. Adams Jr. | Captain | 1/13/1877 | 8/15/1877 |
James Augustin Greer | Captain | 8/15/1877 | 8/23/1877 |
Reigart Boliver Lowry | Captain | 8/23/1877 | 9/5/1877 |
Augustus Paul Cooke | Commander | 9/5/1877 | 1/9/1878 |
Oscar C. Badger | Captain | 1/9/1878 | 8/2/1879 |
Francis H. Baker | Captain | 8/2/1879 | 9/25/1879 |
Oscar Fitzalon Stanton | Captain | 10/1/1879 | 6/14/1881 |
Edwin Malcolm Shepard | Commander | 6/14/1881 | 12/14/1881 |
John William Powers | Lieutenant | 5/20/1905 | 5/22/1905 |
Louis Joseph Gulliver | Commander | 7/1/1931 | 6/8/1934 |
Hermann Pierce Knickerbocker | Lieutenant Commander | 8/24/1940 | 12/1/1941 |
Clarence Earl McBride | Lieutenant | 12/1/1941 | 3/27/1945 |
Owen William Huff | Lieutenant Commander | 3/27/1945 | 7/8/1947 |
Harry Corrolli | Lieutenant | 7/8/1947 | 12/1/1947 |
Louis Everette Wood | Chief Warrant Officer | 12/1/1947 | 3/11/1950 |
Knud Haabendal Christensen | Chief Warrant Officer | 3/11/1950 | 4/30/1952 |
Albert C. Messier | Lieutenant | 4/30/1952 | 6/22/1954 |
Charles William Morris | Lieutenant | 6/22/1954 | 4/25/1957 |
David G. O’Brien | Lieutenant Junior Grade | 4/25/1957 | 3/31/1959 |
Edward Joseph Melanson Jr. | Lieutenant Junior Grade | 3/31/1959 | 7/1/1960 |
Victor Bernard Stevens Jr. | Lieutenant | 7/1/1960 | 8/29/1963 |
John Christopher Kelleher | Lieutenant | 8/29/1963 | 6/28/1965 |
Joseph Clark Grew II | Lieutenant | 6/28/1965 | 4/28/1967 |
Hugh Albert Moore | Commander | 3/27/1969 | 10/30/1970 |
Jack Loren Reifschneider | Commander | 10/30/1970 | 8/20/1971 |
John David McKinnon | Commander | 8/20/1971 | 12/11/1972 |
Thomas Coyne | Commander | 12/11/1972 | 8/6/1974 |
Tyrone Gabriel Martin | Commander | 8/6/1974 | 6/30/1978 |
Robert Leo Gillen | Commander | 6/30/1978 | 9/26/1980 |
Herman Otto Sudholz | Commander | 9/26/1980 | 6/22/1985 |
Joseph Zachariah Brown | Commander | 6/22/1985 | 7/8/1987 |
David Matthew Cashman | Commander | 8/1/1987 | 9/21/1991 |
Richard Bradford Amirault | Commander | 9/21/1991 | 7/29/1995 |
Michael Charles Beck | Commander | 7/29/1995 | 7/26/1997 |
Christopher Allan Melhuish | Commander | 7/26/1997 | 7/30/1999 |
William Feeny Foster Jr. | Commander | 7/30/1999 | 8/11/2001 |
Randall Allan Neal | Commander | 8/11/2001 | 7/19/2003 |
Lewin C. Wright | Commander | 7/19/2003 | 7/30/2005 |
Thomas C. Graves | Commander | 7/30/2005 | 5/10/2007 |
William A. Bullard III | Commander | 5/10/2007 | 7/24/2009 |
Timothy M. Cooper | Commander | 7/24/2009 | 7/22/2011 |
Matthew Bonner | Commander | 7/22/2011 | 7/26/2013 |
Sean D. Kearns | Commander | 7/26/2013 | 8/14/2015 |
Robert S. Gerosa Jr. | Commander | 8/14/2015 | 11/3/2017 |
Nathaniel R. Shick | Commander | 11/3/2017 | 2019 |
John Benda | Commander | 2019 |
Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ HMS Victory is the oldest commissioned vessel by three decades, but she has been in dry dock since 1922.[9]
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaDANFS
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaUSNFF
- ^ Jennings (1966), p. 36.
- ^ "Miscellaneous Photo Index". www.navsource.org. Diakses tanggal 20 July 2017.
- ^ a b c Hollis (1900), p. 39.
- ^ a b "FAQ: How big is Constitution?". USS Constitution Museum. Diakses tanggal 10 September 2013.
- ^ "Log Lines". Research and Collections at the USS Constitution Museum. Diakses tanggal 21 August 2015.
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2010-07-09.
- ^ "HMS Victory Service Life". HMS Victory website. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 October 2012.
- ^ Pickering, Timothy (14 March 1795). Letter to George Washington. Founders Online, National Archives. Retrieved 25 September 2019
- ^ Brodine, Charles E.; Crawford, Michael J.; Hughes, Christine F. (2007). Ironsides! the Ship, the Men and the Wars of the USS Constitution (dalam bahasa Inggris). Fireship Press. hlm. 8. ISBN 9781934757147.
- ^ "Commanders of Constitution". USS Constitution Museum. Diakses tanggal November 12, 2019.
Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Abbot, Willis J. (1896). The Naval History of the United States. 1. Peter Fenelon Collier. OCLC 3453791.
- —— (1896). The Naval History of the United States. 2. Peter Fenelon Collier. OCLC 3453791.
- Allen, Gardner Weld (1905). Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs. Boston, New York and Chicago: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 2618279.
- —— (1909). Our Naval War With France. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 1202325.
- "The Naval War of 1812 Illustrated". Video Produced by American Society of Marine Artists. 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 30 June 2014. Diakses tanggal 17 June 2014.
- Beach, Edward L. (1986). The United States Navy: 200 Years. New York: H. Holt. ISBN 978-0-03-044711-2. OCLC 12104038.
- Carpenter, Edward, J. (November 1897). "Old Ironsides". The New England Magazine (Uncorrected OCR text). 23 (3): 263–282.
- Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (edisi ke-Rev.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8. OCLC 67375475.
- Fitz-Enz, David G. (2004). Old Ironsides: Eagle of the Sea: The Story of the USS Constitution. Lanham: Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58979-160-2. OCLC 54778453.
- Gardiner, Robert (2006). Frigates of the Napoleonic Wars. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-292-4. OCLC 65768049.
- Hill, Frederic Stanhope (1905). Twenty-Six Historic Ships. The Knickerbocker Press. OCLC 1667284.
- Hollis, Ira N. (1900). The Frigate Constitution; The Central Figure of the Navy Under Sail. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 2350400.
- Jennings, John (1966). Tattered Ensign The Story of America's Most Famous Fighting Frigate, U.S.S. Constitution. Thomas Y. Crowell. OCLC 1291484.
- Maclay, Edgar Stanton; Smith, Roy Campbell (1898) [1893]. A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1898. 1 (edisi ke-New). New York: D. Appleton. OCLC 609036.
- —— (1898) [1893]. A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1898. 2 (edisi ke-New). New York: D. Appleton. OCLC 609036.
- Martin, Tyrone G. (1997). A Most Fortunate Ship: A Narrative History of "Old Ironsides". Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-588-0. OCLC 243901224.
- Roosevelt, Theodore (1883) [1882]. The Naval War of 1812 or The History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain (edisi ke-3rd). New York: G.P. Putnam's sons. OCLC 133902576.
- Tashjian, James H. (Autumn 1975). "A Bicentennial History of the Armenian Community of Massachusetts". Armenian Review. Boston: Hairenik Association. 28 (3–111).
- Toll, Ian W (2006). Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the US Navy. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-05847-5. OCLC 70291925.
- Tracy, Nicholas (2006). Who's who in Nelson's Navy: 200 Naval Heroes. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-244-3. OCLC 238896527.
- Winfield, Rif (2007). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. St. Paul: Seaforth / MBI. ISBN 978-1-84415-700-6. OCLC 216617748.
Further reading
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bibliography of early American naval history
- Cooper, James Fenimore (May 1853). "Old Ironsides". Putnam's Monthly. I (V).
- Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2000). Old Ironsides (Large Print). Thorndike: G.K. Hall. ISBN 978-0-7838-9151-4. OCLC 44468774.
- Humphreys, Assheton Y. (2000). Tyrone G. Martin, ed. The USS Constitution's Finest Fight: The Journal of Acting Chaplain Assheton Humphreys, US Navy. Mount Pleasant: Nautical & Aviation Publishing. ISBN 978-1-877853-60-9. OCLC 44632941.
- Wachtel, Roger (2003). Old Ironsides (Elementary and Junior High School). New York: Childrens Press. ISBN 978-0-516-24207-1. OCLC 50035427.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
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- Situs web resmi
- The Captain's Clerk Diarsipkan 2012-08-23 di Wayback Machine.—Extensive sources including ship logs, personnel rosters and research information
- Constitution and Grebe in Houston, 1932 Diarsipkan 2012-11-03 di Wayback Machine.
- Maritimequest Constitution Photo Gallery