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'''Hukum Eshnunna''' ({{lang-en|Laws of Eshnunna}}; disingkat '''LE''') adalah kumpulan hukum yang terukir pada dua lempengan/tablet bertulisan [[kuneiform]], yang ditemukan di [[:en:Shaduppum|Tell Abū Harmal]], [[Baghdad]], [[Irak]]. Kantor "Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities" yang dipimpin oleh [[:en:Taha Baqir|Taha Baqir]] menggali dua set table paralel pada tahun 1945 dan 1947. Kedua tablet itu merupakan salinan terpisah dari suatu sumber yang lebih kuno dan bertarikh sekitar 1930 SM. Perbedaan di antara [[Piagam Hammurabi]] dan "Hukum Eshnunna" secara signifikan berkontribusi untuk menyingkapkan perkembangan hukum kuneiform dan hukum purba. [[:en:Eshnunna|Eshnunna]] terletak di sebelah utara kota kuno [[Ur]] di tepi [[sungai Tigris]] dan menjadi penting secara politik setelah kejatuhan dinasti ketiga di Ur, yang didirikan oleh [[Ur-Nammu]].
'''Hukum Eshnunna''' ({{lang-en|Laws of Eshnunna}}; disingkat '''LE''') adalah kumpulan hukum yang terukir pada dua lempengan/tablet bertulisan [[kuneiform]], yang ditemukan di [[:en:Shaduppum|Tell Abū Harmal]], [[Baghdad]], [[Irak]]. Kantor "Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities" yang dipimpin oleh [[:en:Taha Baqir|Taha Baqir]] menggali dua set table paralel pada tahun 1945 dan 1947. Kedua tablet itu merupakan salinan terpisah dari suatu sumber yang lebih kuno dan bertarikh sekitar 1930 SM. Perbedaan di antara [[Piagam Hammurabi]] dan "Hukum Eshnunna" secara signifikan berkontribusi untuk menyingkapkan perkembangan hukum kuneiform dan hukum purba. [[:en:Eshnunna|Eshnunna]] terletak di sebelah utara kota kuno [[Ur]] di tepi [[sungai Tigris]] dan menjadi penting secara politik setelah kejatuhan dinasti ketiga di Ur, yang didirikan oleh [[Ur-Nammu]].
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In distinction from the other [[Mesopotamia]]n collections of law, this one got its name after the city where it had originated – [[Eshnunna]], located on the bank of the [[Diyala River]], tributary to the [[Tigris]]. This collection of laws is not a real systemized [[codex]]; nearly sixty of its sections are preserved. The Laws are written in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] and consist of two tablets which are marked with A and B. In 1948, [[Albrecht Goetze]] of the [[Yale University]] had translated and published them. In some sources the Laws of [[Eshnunna]] are mentioned as the Laws of [[Bilalama]] due to the belief that the Eshnunnian ruler probably was their originator, but Goetze maintained that tablet B was originated under the reign of [[Dadusha]]. The text of the [[prologue]] is [[lacuna (manuscript)|broken]] at the point where the ruler who promulgated the laws was specified.
In distinction from the other [[Mesopotamia]]n collections of law, this one got its name after the city where it had originated – [[Eshnunna]], located on the bank of the [[Diyala River]], tributary to the [[Tigris]]. This collection of laws is not a real systemized [[codex]]; nearly sixty of its sections are preserved. The Laws are written in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] and consist of two tablets which are marked with A and B. In 1948, [[Albrecht Goetze]] of the [[Yale University]] had translated and published them. In some sources the Laws of [[Eshnunna]] are mentioned as the Laws of [[Bilalama]] due to the belief that the Eshnunnian ruler probably was their originator, but Goetze maintained that tablet B was originated under the reign of [[Dadusha]]. The text of the [[prologue]] is [[lacuna (manuscript)|broken]] at the point where the ruler who promulgated the laws was specified.
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The majority of these offences were penalized with pecuniary fines (an amount of silver), but some serious offences such as burglary, murder, and sexual offences were penalized with death. It seems that the [[capital punishment]] was avoidable (in contrast to the [[Code of Hammurabi]]), because of the standard formulation: “It is a case of life … he shall die”.
The majority of these offences were penalized with pecuniary fines (an amount of silver), but some serious offences such as burglary, murder, and sexual offences were penalized with death. It seems that the [[capital punishment]] was avoidable (in contrast to the [[Code of Hammurabi]]), because of the standard formulation: “It is a case of life … he shall die”.
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==Referensi==
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
*Reuven Yaron, ''The laws of Eshnunna'', Brill (1988)
* Reuven Yaron, ''The laws of Eshnunna'', Brill (1988)
*B.L. Eichler, Literary Structure in the Laws of Eshnunna, ''in Language, Literature and History'' (1987)
* B.L. Eichler, Literary Structure in the Laws of Eshnunna, ''in Language, Literature and History'' (1987)
*J.J. Finkelstein, ''On Some Recent Studies in Cuneiform Law'', 90 Journal of the American Oriental Society 243 (1970)
* J.J. Finkelstein, ''On Some Recent Studies in Cuneiform Law'', 90 Journal of the American Oriental Society 243 (1970)
*E.A. Speiser, ''Cuneiform Law and the History of Civilization'', 107 Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 536 (1963)
* E.A. Speiser, ''Cuneiform Law and the History of Civilization'', 107 Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 536 (1963)
*Albrecht Goetze. ''The Laws of Eshnunna'', The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Vol. 31, The Laws of Eshnunna (1951 - 1952), pp. v-197
* Albrecht Goetze. ''The Laws of Eshnunna'', The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Vol. 31, The Laws of Eshnunna (1951 - 1952), pp. v-197


== Lihat pula ==
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Daftar artefak terkait Alkitab]]
* [[Daftar artefak terkait Alkitab]]
*[[Eshnunna]]
* [[Daftar hukum kuno]]
*[[:en:Cuneiform law|Hukum Kuneiform]]
* [[Eshnunna]]
* [[:en:Cuneiform law|Hukum Kuneiform]]
*[[Kekaisaran Akkadian]]
* [[Kekaisaran Akkadia]]
* [[Lipit-Ishtar|Kodeks Lipit-Ishtar]]
*[[Piagam Hammurabi]]
*[[Undang-undang Ur-Nammu]]
* [[Piagam Hammurabi]]
*[[Lipit-Ishtar|Kodeks Lipit-Ishtar]]
* [[Undang-undang Ur-Nammu]]
*[[List of ancient legal codes]]


== Pranala luar ==
== Pranala luar ==
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080925145523/http://exchanges.state.gov/culprop/iraq/fi/00000071.htm Laws of Eshnunna tablet at the Iraq National Museum]


[[Kategori:Legal codes]]
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* [http://web.archive.org/web/20080925145523/http://exchanges.state.gov/culprop/iraq/fi/00000071.htm Laws of Eshnunna tablet at the Iraq National Museum]
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[[Kategori:Ancient Near East law]]

[[Category:Legal codes]]
[[Kategori:Babylonia]]
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[[Kategori:Manuscripts]]
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[[Category:Ancient Near East law]]
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[[Kategori:Artefak berkaitan dengan Alkitab]]
[[Category:Babylonia]]
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[[Category:Manuscripts]]
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[[Category:Artefak berkaitan dengan Alkitab]]

Revisi terkini sejak 21 Februari 2021 20.51

Hukum Eshnunna (bahasa Inggris: Laws of Eshnunna; disingkat LE) adalah kumpulan hukum yang terukir pada dua lempengan/tablet bertulisan kuneiform, yang ditemukan di Tell Abū Harmal, Baghdad, Irak. Kantor "Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities" yang dipimpin oleh Taha Baqir menggali dua set table paralel pada tahun 1945 dan 1947. Kedua tablet itu merupakan salinan terpisah dari suatu sumber yang lebih kuno dan bertarikh sekitar 1930 SM. Perbedaan di antara Piagam Hammurabi dan "Hukum Eshnunna" secara signifikan berkontribusi untuk menyingkapkan perkembangan hukum kuneiform dan hukum purba. Eshnunna terletak di sebelah utara kota kuno Ur di tepi sungai Tigris dan menjadi penting secara politik setelah kejatuhan dinasti ketiga di Ur, yang didirikan oleh Ur-Nammu.

Reuven Yaron telah membagi pelanggaran-pelanggaran yang termuat dalam Hukum Eshnunna ke dalam lima kelompok. Artikel-artikel dari grup pertama telah dikumpulkan dari berbagai aturan hukum dan artikel-artikel keempat kelompok lain secara kasar didaftarkan berurutan:

  • 1. Pencurian dan pelanggaran terkait,
  • 2. Perampasan harta yang salah,
  • 3. Pelanggaran seksual,
  • 4. Luka-luka jasmani,
  • 5. Kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh tandukan sapi dan kasus-kasus sebanding.

Referensi

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  • Reuven Yaron, The laws of Eshnunna, Brill (1988)
  • B.L. Eichler, Literary Structure in the Laws of Eshnunna, in Language, Literature and History (1987)
  • J.J. Finkelstein, On Some Recent Studies in Cuneiform Law, 90 Journal of the American Oriental Society 243 (1970)
  • E.A. Speiser, Cuneiform Law and the History of Civilization, 107 Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 536 (1963)
  • Albrecht Goetze. The Laws of Eshnunna, The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Vol. 31, The Laws of Eshnunna (1951 - 1952), pp. v-197

Lihat pula

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Pranala luar

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