Sekulerisme Yahudi: Perbedaan antara revisi

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan

Sebaris

Revisi terkini sejak 24 September 2021 10.32

Sekulerisme Yahudi meliputi orang etnis Yahudi non-relijius dan sejumlah karya yang dibuat oleh mereka. Di kalangan Yahudi sekuler, hari-hari raya Yahudi tradisional dapat dirayakan sebagai perayaan sejarah atau alam, sementara upacara-upacara yang berkaitan dengan siklus kehidupan, seperti kelahiran, perkawinan dan kematian, dilakukan dengan cara sekuler.

Figur

Yahudi-Yahudi berpengaruh yang menjadi sekuler meliputi David Ben-Gurion,^[1] Emma Goldman,^[2] Sigmund Freud,^[3] Bernie Sanders,^[4]^[5] Noam Chomsky,^[6] Karl Marx,^[7] Leon Trotsky,^[8] Gustav Mahler,^[9]^[10] Billy Joel,^[11]^[12] Marc Chagall,^[13]^[14] Henri Bergson,^[15] Alan Dershowitz,^[16]^[17] Heinrich Heine,^[18] Albert Einstein,^[19]^[20] Theodor Herzl,^[21] Louis Brandeis,^[22] Micha Josef Berdyczewski,^[23]^[24] Hayim Nahman Bialik,^[25]^[26] Ludwig Wittgenstein,^[27]^[28] Jerry Seinfeld,^[29]^[30] Larry David,^[31]^[32] Boris Pasternak,^[33] Stan Lee,^[34] Stephen Fry,^[35]^[36] Marilyn Monroe,^[37] J. Robert Oppenheimer,^[38] Baruch Spinoza,^[39] Igor Guberman,^[40] dan Ayn Rand.^[41]^[42]

Referensi

^ Aronson, Shlomo (2010). David Ben-Gurion and the Jewish Renaissance (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 48. ISBN 9781139492447.
^ Ferguson, Kathy E. (2011). Emma Goldman: Political Thinking in the Streets. 20th Century Political Thinkers (dalam bahasa Inggris). Lanham, MD, Boulder, CO, New York, Toronto, Plymouth, England: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. hlm. 289. ISBN 9781442210486.
^ Edmundson, Mark (2007). The Death of Sigmund Freud: The Legacy of His Last Days (dalam bahasa Inggris). New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. hlm. 227. ISBN 9781582345376.
^ Berger, Joseph (24 February 2016). "Bernie Sanders Is Jewish, but He Doesn't Like to Talk About It". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019.
^ Sellers, Frances Stead; Wagner, John (27 February 2016). "Why Bernie Sanders Doesn't Participate in Organized Religion". The Washington Post. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019.
^ Enayat, Hadi (2017). Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. hlm. 18. ISBN 9783319526119.
^ Hoselitz, B. F. (1990). "Chapter 23: Karl Marx on Secular and Social Development: a Study in the Sociology of the Nineteenth-Century Social Science". Dalam Jessop, Bob; Malcolm-Brown, Charlie. Karl Marx's Social and Political Thought: Critical Assessments of Leading Political Philosophers (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volume V: Marx's Life and Theoretical Development (edisi ke-Second Series). London and New York: Taylor & Francis. hlm. 445. ISBN 9780415193276.
^ Luehrmann, Sonja (2011). Secularism Soviet Style: Teaching Atheism and Religion in a Volga Republic (dalam bahasa Inggris). Bloominton, IN: Indiana University Press. hlm. 6. ISBN 9780253005427.
^ Lange, Nicholas Robert Michael De; Lange, Professor of Hebrew and Jewish Studies Faculty of Divinity Nicolas de; Freud-Kandel, Miri; Freud-Kandel, Lecturer in Modern Judaism Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies Miri (2005). Modern Judaism: An Oxford Guide (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. hlm. 107. ISBN 9780199262878.
^ Jobani, Yuval (20 August 2008). "Three Basic Models of Secular Jewish Culture". Israel Studies (dalam bahasa Inggris). 13 (3): 160–169. ISSN 1084-9513.
^ White, Timothy (3 December 1994). "A Portrait of the Artist". Billboard. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019.
^ JTA (22 August 2017). "Billy Joel Wears Yellow Star of David During New York Concert". The Times of Israel. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019. Joel’s parents are Jewish but he was not brought up religious. He has been described as a secular Jew and an atheist.
^ Efros, A.; Tugendhold, Ya. (2003). Harshav, Benjamin, ed. Marc Chagall on Art and Culture: Including the First Book on Chagall's Art by A. Efros and Ya. Tugendhold (Moscow, 1918) (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diterjemahkan oleh Harshav, Barbara; Harshav, Benjamin. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. hlm. 5 – 6. ISBN 9780804748315.
^ Hoffman, Matthew B. (2007). From Rebel to Rabbi: Reclaiming Jesus and the Making of Modern Jewish Culture. Stanford Studies in Jewish History and Culture (dalam bahasa Inggris). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. hlm. 9. ISBN 9780804753715.
^ Latta, Corey (2014). When the Eternal can Be Met: The Bergsonian Theology of Time in the Works of C.S. Lewis, T.S. Eliot and W.H. Auden (PDF). Lutterworth Press. ISBN 9780718893606. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2020-02-16. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-05.
^ Kreidler, Marc (21 October 2011). "Harvard Prof. Alan Dershowitz on Secularism". Center for Inquiry (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019.
^ Ledewitz, Bruce (2007). American Religious Democracy: Coming to Terms with the End of Secular Politics (dalam bahasa Inggris). Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 18. ISBN 9780275994600.
^ Weir, Todd H. (2014). Secularism and Religion in Nineteenth-Century Germany: The Rise of the Fourth Confession (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 123. ISBN 9781107041561.
^ Muraskin, Bennett. "Albert Einstein as a Secular Humanistic Jew". Congress of Secular Jewish Organizations (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019.
^ Vosse, Patrick (2010). Secular Humanism: The Force Behind the Creation-Evolution Debate and Much More (dalam bahasa Inggris). Summerville, SC: Holy Fire Publishing. hlm. 140. ISBN 9781603832793.
^ Singh, Amardeep (2008). Literary Secularism: Religion and Modernity in Twentieth-Century Fiction (dalam bahasa Inggris). Newcastle, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. hlm. 75. ISBN 9781443802697.
^ Rosen, Jeffrey (2016). Louis D. Brandeis: American Prophet. Jewish Lives (dalam bahasa Inggris). New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press. hlm. 168. ISBN 9780300160444.
^ Schweid, Eliezer (2008). Levin, Leonard, ed. The Idea of Modern Jewish Culture (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diterjemahkan oleh Handary, Amnon. Boston: Academic Studies Press. hlm. 135. ISBN 9781934843055.
^ Feinstein, Sara (2005). Sunshine, Blossoms and Blood: H.N. Bialik in His Time, a Literary Biography (dalam bahasa Inggris). Lanham, MD, Boulder, CO, New York, Toronto, Oxford: University Press of America. hlm. 34. ISBN 9780761831426.
^ Biale, David (2012). "God's Language and the Making of Secular Jewish Culture". Dalam Heller, Zachary I.; Gordis, David M. Dr. Jewish Secularity: The Search for Roots and the Challenges of Relevant Meaning (dalam bahasa Inggris). Lanham, MD and Plymouth, England: University Press of America. hlm. 57. ISBN 9780761857952.
^ Dan, Joseph (2003). "Chapter 24: Bialik. Mystical Poetry and Mystical Language". The Heart and the Fountain: An Anthology of Jewish Mystical Experiences (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. hlm. 251. ISBN 9780195139792.
^ Blond, Philip (2005) [1998]. Post-Secular Philosophy: Between Philosophy and Theology (dalam bahasa Inggris). London and New York: Routledge. hlm. 20. ISBN 9781134860418.
^ Redner, Harry (2016). Malign Masters Gentile Heidegger Lukács Wittgenstein: Philosophy and Politics in the Twentieth Century (dalam bahasa Inggris). London and New York: Springer. hlm. 160. ISBN 9781349257072.
^ Keysar, Ariela (2018). "The Persistence of American Secular Judaism: Jewish Millenials". Dalam DellaPergola, Sergio; Rebhun, Uzi. Jewish Population and Identity (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. hlm. 88. ISBN 9783319774466.
^ Shapiro, Edward S. (2014). "The Decline and Rise of Secular Judaism: Edward S Shapiro Asks if Judaism is Necessary for Jewishness". First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life. 241: 41.
^ Levine, Josh (2010). Pretty, Pretty, Pretty Good: Larry David and the Making of Seinfeld and Curb Your Enthusiasm (dalam bahasa Inggris). Toronto: ECW Press. ISBN 9781554906970.
^ Berlinerblau, Jacques (12 September 2012). "Untangling the Oxymoron of the Secular Jew". The Forward. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019.
^ Katsman, Roman (January 2014). "Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago in the Eyes of the Israeli Writers and Intellectuals (A Minimal Foundation of Multilingual Jewish Philology)". Around the Point: Studies in Jewish Multilingual Literature (dalam bahasa Inggris): 643–686.
^ Lund, Martin (2016). Re-Constructing the Man of Steel: Superman 1938–1941, Jewish American History, and the Invention of the Jewish–Comics Connection. Contemporary Religion + Popular Culture (dalam bahasa Inggris). New York: Springer. hlm. 45. ISBN 9783319429601.
^ Knott, Kim; Poole, Elizabeth; Taira, Teemu (2013). "Chapter 3: Christianity, Secularism and Religious Diversity in the British Media". Dalam Gillespie, Marie; Herbert, David Eric John; Greenhill, Anita. Social Media and Religious Change (dalam bahasa Inggris). Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 37. ISBN 9783110270488.
^ Smith, Joan (29 March 2014). "Fed Up? Just Listen to Stephen Fry's Humanist Secret of Happiness". The Independent. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019.
^ Stanley-Becker, Isaac (16 October 2018). "Jewish Prayer Book Annotated by Marilyn Monroe, Who Converted in 1956, Could Fetch Thousands in Auction". The Washington Post. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019. The movie star described herself as a “Jewish atheist,” according to Meyers. And after her divorce from Miller in 1961, she maintained only a few trappings of the Jewish faith, including a mezuzah — a tiny box containing Hebrew texts — on her door frame.
^ Day, Michael A. (2015). The Hope And Vision Of J. Robert Oppenheimer (dalam bahasa Inggris). Singapore, Hackensack, NJ and London: World Scientific. hlm. 34. ISBN 9789814656764.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama :0
^ Shneer, David; Gershenson, Olga (2011-02-23). "Soviet Jewishness and Cultural Studies". Journal of Jewish Identities (dalam bahasa Inggris). 4 (1): 129–146. doi:10.1353/jji.2011.0005. ISSN 1946-2522.
^ Burns, Jennifer (November 2004). "Godless Capitalism: Ayn Rand and the Conservative Movement". Modern Intellectual History (dalam bahasa Inggris). 1 (3): 359–385. doi:10.1017/S1479244304000216. ISSN 1479-2451.
^ Burke, Daniel (2 June 2011). "The Anti-Gospel of Ayn Rand". The Christian Century. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019. Biographer Anne C. Heller says Rand was raised a secular Jew in Russia at a time when Jews were persecuted by the Russian Orthodox Church. Early on, Rand decided that the existence of God and the Christian ideal of self-sacrifice were untenable ideas, Heller said.

Pranala luar

Secular Culture & Ideas

[1] Aronson, Shlomo (2010). David Ben-Gurion and the Jewish Renaissance (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 48. ISBN 9781139492447.

[2] Ferguson, Kathy E. (2011). Emma Goldman: Political Thinking in the Streets. 20th Century Political Thinkers (dalam bahasa Inggris). Lanham, MD, Boulder, CO, New York, Toronto, Plymouth, England: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. hlm. 289. ISBN 9781442210486.

[3] Edmundson, Mark (2007). The Death of Sigmund Freud: The Legacy of His Last Days (dalam bahasa Inggris). New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. hlm. 227. ISBN 9781582345376.

[4] Berger, Joseph (24 February 2016). "Bernie Sanders Is Jewish, but He Doesn't Like to Talk About It". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019.

[5] Sellers, Frances Stead; Wagner, John (27 February 2016). "Why Bernie Sanders Doesn't Participate in Organized Religion". The Washington Post. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019.

[6] Enayat, Hadi (2017). Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. hlm. 18. ISBN 9783319526119.

[7] Hoselitz, B. F. (1990). "Chapter 23: Karl Marx on Secular and Social Development: a Study in the Sociology of the Nineteenth-Century Social Science". Dalam Jessop, Bob; Malcolm-Brown, Charlie. Karl Marx's Social and Political Thought: Critical Assessments of Leading Political Philosophers (dalam bahasa Inggris). Volume V: Marx's Life and Theoretical Development (edisi ke-Second Series). London and New York: Taylor & Francis. hlm. 445. ISBN 9780415193276.

[8] Luehrmann, Sonja (2011). Secularism Soviet Style: Teaching Atheism and Religion in a Volga Republic (dalam bahasa Inggris). Bloominton, IN: Indiana University Press. hlm. 6. ISBN 9780253005427.

[9] Lange, Nicholas Robert Michael De; Lange, Professor of Hebrew and Jewish Studies Faculty of Divinity Nicolas de; Freud-Kandel, Miri; Freud-Kandel, Lecturer in Modern Judaism Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies Miri (2005). Modern Judaism: An Oxford Guide (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. hlm. 107. ISBN 9780199262878.

[10] Jobani, Yuval (20 August 2008). "Three Basic Models of Secular Jewish Culture". Israel Studies (dalam bahasa Inggris). 13 (3): 160–169. ISSN 1084-9513.

[11] White, Timothy (3 December 1994). "A Portrait of the Artist". Billboard. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019.

[12] JTA (22 August 2017). "Billy Joel Wears Yellow Star of David During New York Concert". The Times of Israel. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019. Joel’s parents are Jewish but he was not brought up religious. He has been described as a secular Jew and an atheist.

[13] Efros, A.; Tugendhold, Ya. (2003). Harshav, Benjamin, ed. Marc Chagall on Art and Culture: Including the First Book on Chagall's Art by A. Efros and Ya. Tugendhold (Moscow, 1918) (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diterjemahkan oleh Harshav, Barbara; Harshav, Benjamin. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. hlm. 5 – 6. ISBN 9780804748315.

[14] Hoffman, Matthew B. (2007). From Rebel to Rabbi: Reclaiming Jesus and the Making of Modern Jewish Culture. Stanford Studies in Jewish History and Culture (dalam bahasa Inggris). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. hlm. 9. ISBN 9780804753715.

[15] Latta, Corey (2014). When the Eternal can Be Met: The Bergsonian Theology of Time in the Works of C.S. Lewis, T.S. Eliot and W.H. Auden (PDF). Lutterworth Press. ISBN 9780718893606. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2020-02-16. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-05.

[16] Kreidler, Marc (21 October 2011). "Harvard Prof. Alan Dershowitz on Secularism". Center for Inquiry (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019.

[17] Ledewitz, Bruce (2007). American Religious Democracy: Coming to Terms with the End of Secular Politics (dalam bahasa Inggris). Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 18. ISBN 9780275994600.

[18] Weir, Todd H. (2014). Secularism and Religion in Nineteenth-Century Germany: The Rise of the Fourth Confession (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 123. ISBN 9781107041561.

[19] Muraskin, Bennett. "Albert Einstein as a Secular Humanistic Jew". Congress of Secular Jewish Organizations (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019.

[20] Vosse, Patrick (2010). Secular Humanism: The Force Behind the Creation-Evolution Debate and Much More (dalam bahasa Inggris). Summerville, SC: Holy Fire Publishing. hlm. 140. ISBN 9781603832793.

[21] Singh, Amardeep (2008). Literary Secularism: Religion and Modernity in Twentieth-Century Fiction (dalam bahasa Inggris). Newcastle, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. hlm. 75. ISBN 9781443802697.

[22] Rosen, Jeffrey (2016). Louis D. Brandeis: American Prophet. Jewish Lives (dalam bahasa Inggris). New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press. hlm. 168. ISBN 9780300160444.

[23] Schweid, Eliezer (2008). Levin, Leonard, ed. The Idea of Modern Jewish Culture (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diterjemahkan oleh Handary, Amnon. Boston: Academic Studies Press. hlm. 135. ISBN 9781934843055.

[24] Feinstein, Sara (2005). Sunshine, Blossoms and Blood: H.N. Bialik in His Time, a Literary Biography (dalam bahasa Inggris). Lanham, MD, Boulder, CO, New York, Toronto, Oxford: University Press of America. hlm. 34. ISBN 9780761831426.

[25] Biale, David (2012). "God's Language and the Making of Secular Jewish Culture". Dalam Heller, Zachary I.; Gordis, David M. Dr. Jewish Secularity: The Search for Roots and the Challenges of Relevant Meaning (dalam bahasa Inggris). Lanham, MD and Plymouth, England: University Press of America. hlm. 57. ISBN 9780761857952.

[26] Dan, Joseph (2003). "Chapter 24: Bialik. Mystical Poetry and Mystical Language". The Heart and the Fountain: An Anthology of Jewish Mystical Experiences (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. hlm. 251. ISBN 9780195139792.

[27] Blond, Philip (2005) [1998]. Post-Secular Philosophy: Between Philosophy and Theology (dalam bahasa Inggris). London and New York: Routledge. hlm. 20. ISBN 9781134860418.

[28] Redner, Harry (2016). Malign Masters Gentile Heidegger Lukács Wittgenstein: Philosophy and Politics in the Twentieth Century (dalam bahasa Inggris). London and New York: Springer. hlm. 160. ISBN 9781349257072.

[29] Keysar, Ariela (2018). "The Persistence of American Secular Judaism: Jewish Millenials". Dalam DellaPergola, Sergio; Rebhun, Uzi. Jewish Population and Identity (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. hlm. 88. ISBN 9783319774466.

[30] Shapiro, Edward S. (2014). "The Decline and Rise of Secular Judaism: Edward S Shapiro Asks if Judaism is Necessary for Jewishness". First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life. 241: 41.

[31] Levine, Josh (2010). Pretty, Pretty, Pretty Good: Larry David and the Making of Seinfeld and Curb Your Enthusiasm (dalam bahasa Inggris). Toronto: ECW Press. ISBN 9781554906970.

[32] Berlinerblau, Jacques (12 September 2012). "Untangling the Oxymoron of the Secular Jew". The Forward. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019.

[33] Katsman, Roman (January 2014). "Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago in the Eyes of the Israeli Writers and Intellectuals (A Minimal Foundation of Multilingual Jewish Philology)". Around the Point: Studies in Jewish Multilingual Literature (dalam bahasa Inggris): 643–686.

[34] Lund, Martin (2016). Re-Constructing the Man of Steel: Superman 1938–1941, Jewish American History, and the Invention of the Jewish–Comics Connection. Contemporary Religion + Popular Culture (dalam bahasa Inggris). New York: Springer. hlm. 45. ISBN 9783319429601.

[35] Knott, Kim; Poole, Elizabeth; Taira, Teemu (2013). "Chapter 3: Christianity, Secularism and Religious Diversity in the British Media". Dalam Gillespie, Marie; Herbert, David Eric John; Greenhill, Anita. Social Media and Religious Change (dalam bahasa Inggris). Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 37. ISBN 9783110270488.

[36] Smith, Joan (29 March 2014). "Fed Up? Just Listen to Stephen Fry's Humanist Secret of Happiness". The Independent. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019.

[37] Stanley-Becker, Isaac (16 October 2018). "Jewish Prayer Book Annotated by Marilyn Monroe, Who Converted in 1956, Could Fetch Thousands in Auction". The Washington Post. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019. The movie star described herself as a “Jewish atheist,” according to Meyers. And after her divorce from Miller in 1961, she maintained only a few trappings of the Jewish faith, including a mezuzah — a tiny box containing Hebrew texts — on her door frame.

[38] Day, Michael A. (2015). The Hope And Vision Of J. Robert Oppenheimer (dalam bahasa Inggris). Singapore, Hackensack, NJ and London: World Scientific. hlm. 34. ISBN 9789814656764.

[:0-39] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama :0

[40] Shneer, David; Gershenson, Olga (2011-02-23). "Soviet Jewishness and Cultural Studies". Journal of Jewish Identities (dalam bahasa Inggris). 4 (1): 129–146. doi:10.1353/jji.2011.0005. ISSN 1946-2522.

[41] Burns, Jennifer (November 2004). "Godless Capitalism: Ayn Rand and the Conservative Movement". Modern Intellectual History (dalam bahasa Inggris). 1 (3): 359–385. doi:10.1017/S1479244304000216. ISSN 1479-2451.

[42] Burke, Daniel (2 June 2011). "The Anti-Gospel of Ayn Rand". The Christian Century. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2019. Biographer Anne C. Heller says Rand was raised a secular Jew in Russia at a time when Jews were persecuted by the Russian Orthodox Church. Early on, Rand decided that the existence of God and the Christian ideal of self-sacrifice were untenable ideas, Heller said.

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@@ Baris 3: / Baris 3: @@
 == Figur ==
-Yahudi-Yahudi berpengaruh yang menjadi sekuler meliputi [[David Ben-Gurion]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gs8ynhARULQC&pg=PA48&dq=ben-gurion+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwje-9ehgrfkAhVhpHEKHR1RChcQ6AEIQzAE#v=onepage&q=ben-gurion%20secular&f=false|title=David Ben-Gurion and the Jewish Renaissance|last=Aronson|first=Shlomo|date=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=9781139492447|location=Cambridge, England and New York|pages=48|language=en}}</ref> [[Emma Goldman]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9F08RUn2ot8C&pg=PA289&dq=emma+goldman+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjypYXUgrfkAhUPYcAKHTRsAfIQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=emma%20goldman%20secular&f=false|title=Emma Goldman: Political Thinking in the Streets|last=Ferguson|first=Kathy E.|date=|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=2011|isbn=9781442210486|series=20th Century Political Thinkers|location=Lanham, MD, Boulder, CO, New York, Toronto, Plymouth, England|pages=289|language=en}}</ref> [[Sigmund Freud]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RzjKzy05Mr8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Sigmund+freud+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2oqa3hLfkAhV5TRUIHUtEB4AQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Sigmund%20freud%20secular&f=false|title=The Death of Sigmund Freud: The Legacy of His Last Days|last=Edmundson|first=Mark|date=|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|year=2007|isbn=9781582345376|location=New York|pages=227|language=en}}</ref> [[Bernie Sanders]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/25/us/politics/bernie-sanders-jewish.html|title=Bernie Sanders Is Jewish, but He Doesn’t Like to Talk About It|last=Berger|first=Joseph|date=24 February 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=4 September 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/bernie-sanders-finally-answers-the-god-question/2016/01/26/83429390-bfb0-11e5-bcda-62a36b394160_story.html|title=Why Bernie Sanders Doesn’t Participate in Organized Religion|last=Sellers|first=Frances Stead|date=27 February 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=4 September 2019|last2=Wagner|first2=John}}</ref> [[Noam Chomsky]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=f-AqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=Noam+Chomsky+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3tLX6hbfkAhWpVRUIHd0HDSQQ6AEIUTAG#v=onepage&q=Noam%20Chomsky%20secular&f=false|title=Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies|last=Enayat|first=Hadi|date=|publisher=Springer|year=2017|isbn=9783319526119|location=Cham, Switzerland|pages=18|language=en}}</ref> [[Karl Marx]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vz-4LDWCnlAC&pg=PA445&dq=Karl+Marx+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjFgoviiLfkAhXeVBUIHfepDtIQ6AEIWTAH#v=onepage&q=Karl%20Marx%20secular&f=false|title=Karl Marx's Social and Political Thought: Critical Assessments of Leading Political Philosophers|last=Hoselitz|first=B. F.|last2=|first2=|date=|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1990|isbn=9780415193276|editor-last=Jessop|editor-first=Bob|edition=Second Series|volume=Volume V: Marx's Life and Theoretical Development|location=London and New York|pages=445|language=en|chapter=Chapter 23: Karl Marx on Secular and Social Development: a Study in the Sociology of the Nineteenth-Century Social Science|editor-last2=Malcolm-Brown|editor-first2=Charlie}}</ref> [[Leon Trotsky]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=c4sOcfGh-PsC&pg=PA6&dq=Leon+Trotsky+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi269GTi7fkAhUUSxUIHfkfDLYQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=Leon%20Trotsky%20secular&f=false|title=Secularism Soviet Style: Teaching Atheism and Religion in a Volga Republic|last=Luehrmann|first=Sonja|date=|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2011|isbn=9780253005427|location=Bloominton, IN|pages=6|language=en}}</ref> [[Gustav Mahler]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bugTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107&dq=Gustav+Mahler+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiHzNXYi7fkAhWJUhUIHTaAASkQ6AEIUjAG#v=onepage&q=Gustav%20Mahler%20secular&f=false|title=Modern Judaism: An Oxford Guide|last=Lange|first=Nicholas Robert Michael De|last2=Lange|first2=Professor of Hebrew and Jewish Studies Faculty of Divinity Nicolas de|last3=Freud-Kandel|first3=Miri|last4=Freud-Kandel|first4=Lecturer in Modern Judaism Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies Miri|date=|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780199262878|location=Oxford and New York|pages=107|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jobani|first=Yuval|date=20 August 2008|title=Three Basic Models of Secular Jewish Culture|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/246477|journal=Israel Studies|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=160–169|issn=1084-9513|via=}}</ref> [[Billy Joel]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZwgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA14&dq=Billy+Joel+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjeg87AjbfkAhXUSxUIHSBYAaMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A Portrait of the Artist|last=White|first=Timothy|date=3 December 1994|work=[[Billboard]]|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/billy-joel-wears-yellow-star-of-david-during-concert-encore/|title=Billy Joel Wears Yellow Star of David During New York Concert|last=JTA|first=|date=22 August 2017|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|access-date=4 September 2019|quote=Joel’s parents are Jewish but he was not brought up religious. He has been described as a secular Jew and an atheist.}}</ref> [[Marc Chagall]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SAPJR9NFVyQC&pg=PA5&dq=Marc+Chagall+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjm9vrvjrfkAhVzsHEKHWVLCYYQ6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Marc Chagall on Art and Culture: Including the First Book on Chagall's Art by A. Efros and Ya. Tugendhold (Moscow, 1918)|last=Efros|first=A.|last2=Tugendhold|first2=Ya.|last3=|first3=|last4=|first4=|date=|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780804748315|editor-last=Harshav|editor-first=Benjamin|location=Stanford, CA|pages=5 - 6|language=en|translator-last=Harshav|translator-first=Barbara|translator-last2=Harshav|translator-first2=Benjamin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-4iedGDhubMC&pg=PA9&dq=Marc+Chagall+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjm9vrvjrfkAhVzsHEKHWVLCYYQ6AEISDAE#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=From Rebel to Rabbi: Reclaiming Jesus and the Making of Modern Jewish Culture|last=Hoffman|first=Matthew B.|date=|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780804753715|series=Stanford Studies in Jewish History and Culture|location=Stanford, CA|pages=9|language=en}}</ref> [[Henri Bergson]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7591/ed17ea3fa0eaa77f259cde07c5ee8eaa5a67.pdf|title=When the Eternal can Be Met: The Bergsonian Theology of Time in the Works of C.S. Lewis, T.S. Eliot and W.H. Auden|last=Latta|first=Corey|date=2014|publisher=Lutterworth Press|year=|isbn=9780718893606|location=|pages=}}</ref> [[Alan Dershowitz]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/harvard_prof-_alan_dershowitz_on_secularism/|title=Harvard Prof. Alan Dershowitz on Secularism|last=Kreidler|first=Marc|date=21 October 2011|website=[[Center for Inquiry]]|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3QiNGWGYsEQC&pg=PA18&dq=Alan+Dershowitz+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY-7rZkrfkAhWyXhUIHUodDWU4ChDoAQguMAE#v=onepage&q=Alan%20Dershowitz%20secularism&f=false|title=American Religious Democracy: Coming to Terms with the End of Secular Politics|last=Ledewitz|first=Bruce|date=|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2007|isbn=9780275994600|location=Westport, CT and London|pages=18|language=en}}</ref> [[Heinrich Heine]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PTI4AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&dq=Heinrich+Heine+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjvmvSSk7fkAhWVqHEKHRZvB4QQ6AEIPTAD#v=onepage&q=Heinrich%20Heine%20secularism&f=false|title=Secularism and Religion in Nineteenth-Century Germany: The Rise of the Fourth Confession|last=Weir|first=Todd H.|date=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781107041561|location=Cambridge, England and New York|pages=123|language=en}}</ref> [[Albert Einstein]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.csjo.org/resources/essays/albert-einstein-as-a-secular-humanistic-jew-by-bennett-muraskin|title=Albert Einstein as a Secular Humanistic Jew|last=Muraskin|first=Bennett|date=|website=Congress of Secular Jewish Organizations|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JV4t1ZYeETMC&pg=PA140&dq=Albert+Einstein+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjX66KelLfkAhU4QxUIHZoRAHw4ChDoAQgoMAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Secular Humanism: The Force Behind the Creation-Evolution Debate and Much More|last=Vosse|first=Patrick|date=|publisher=Holy Fire Publishing|year=2010|isbn=9781603832793|location=Summerville, SC|pages=140|language=en}}</ref> [[Theodor Herzl]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WawLBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75&dq=Theodor+Herzl+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiN0ejRlrfkAhXjolwKHTcwCdo4ChDoAQg1MAI#v=onepage&q=Theodor%20Herzl%20secularism&f=false|title=Literary Secularism: Religion and Modernity in Twentieth-Century Fiction|last=Singh|first=Amardeep|date=|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2008|isbn=9781443802697|location=Newcastle, England|pages=75|language=en}}</ref> [[Louis Brandeis]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bHg8DAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Louis+Brandeis+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj10-2Gl7fkAhUEmVwKHRt4AvoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=secularism&f=false|title=Louis D. Brandeis: American Prophet|last=Rosen|first=Jeffrey|date=|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2016|isbn=9780300160444|series=Jewish Lives|location=New Haven, CT and London|pages=168|language=en}}</ref> [[Micha Josef Berdyczewski]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uXirTmApTToC&pg=PA135&dq=Berdyczewski+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix76O9oLfkAhWjlFwKHZIDDbYQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Berdyczewski%20secularism&f=false|title=The Idea of Modern Jewish Culture|last=Schweid|first=Eliezer|date=|publisher=Academic Studies Press|year=2008|isbn=9781934843055|editor-last=Levin|editor-first=Leonard|location=Boston|pages=135|language=en|translator-last=Handary|translator-first=Amnon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Zjj18NXZg2wC&pg=PA34&dq=Berdyczewski+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix76O9oLfkAhWjlFwKHZIDDbYQ6AEINzAC#v=onepage&q=Berdyczewski%20secularism&f=false|title=Sunshine, Blossoms and Blood: H.N. Bialik in His Time, a Literary Biography|last=Feinstein|first=Sara|date=|publisher=University Press of America|year=2005|isbn=9780761831426|location=Lanham, MD, Boulder, CO, New York, Toronto, Oxford|pages=34|language=en}}</ref> [[Hayim Nahman Bialik]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AtMGPDbbgJcC&pg=PA57&dq=Bialik+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidw57XobfkAhXGPsAKHTl-Ds8Q6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=Bialik%20secularism&f=false|title=Jewish Secularity: The Search for Roots and the Challenges of Relevant Meaning|last=Biale|first=David|last2=|first2=|date=|publisher=University Press of America|year=2012|isbn=9780761857952|editor-last=Heller|editor-first=Zachary I.|location=Lanham, MD and Plymouth, England|pages=57|language=en|chapter=God's Language and the Making of Secular Jewish Culture|editor-last2=Gordis|editor-first2=David M. Dr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kdFpbOiL30wC&pg=PA251&dq=Bialik+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidw57XobfkAhXGPsAKHTl-Ds8Q6AEIWjAI#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Heart and the Fountain: An Anthology of Jewish Mystical Experiences|last=Dan|first=Joseph|date=|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780195139792|location=Oxford and New York|pages=251|language=en|chapter=Chapter 24: Bialik. Mystical Poetry and Mystical Language}}</ref> [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CbSHAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20&dq=Wittgenstein+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjBy6fZprfkAhUkUBUIHfbrCZsQ6AEIRzAF#v=onepage&q=Wittgenstein%20secularism&f=false|title=Post-Secular Philosophy: Between Philosophy and Theology|last=Blond|first=Philip|date=|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=9781134860418|location=London and New York|pages=20|language=en|orig-year=1998}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Hiu_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA160&dq=Wittgenstein+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJ5-a2p7fkAhUSV8AKHT-aCK0Q6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=Wittgenstein%20secular&f=false|title=Malign Masters Gentile Heidegger Lukács Wittgenstein: Philosophy and Politics in the Twentieth Century|last=Redner|first=Harry|date=|publisher=Springer|year=2016|isbn=9781349257072|location=London and New York|pages=160|language=en}}</ref> [[Jerry Seinfeld]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sXdvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88&dq=Jerry+Seinfeld+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjElunqp7fkAhVCY8AKHT1IDGUQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=Jerry%20Seinfeld%20secular&f=false|title=Jewish Population and Identity|last=Keysar|first=Ariela|date=|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=9783319774466|editor-last=DellaPergola|editor-first=Sergio|location=Cham, Switzerland|pages=88|language=en|chapter=The Persistence of American Secular Judaism: Jewish Millenials|editor-last2=Rebhun|editor-first2=Uzi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shapiro|first=Edward S.|date=2014|title=The Decline and Rise of Secular Judaism: Edward S Shapiro Asks if Judaism is Necessary for Jewishness|url=http://search.proquest.com/openview/1bc95f952ec7cf562d48ab6cd8781fdb/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=45949|journal=First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life|volume=241|pages=41|via=}}</ref> [[Larry David]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=M468S1IekbkC&pg=PT185&dq=Larry+David+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbnqKkqrfkAhXURMAKHdCUCOQQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=Larry%20David%20secular&f=false|title=Pretty, Pretty, Pretty Good: Larry David and the Making of Seinfeld and Curb Your Enthusiasm|last=Levine|first=Josh|date=|publisher=ECW Press|year=2010|isbn=9781554906970|location=Toronto|pages=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://forward.com/opinion/162290/untangling-the-oxymoron-of-the-secular-jew/|title=Untangling the Oxymoron of the Secular Jew|last=Berlinerblau|first=Jacques|date=12 September 2012|work=[[The Forward]]|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref> [[Boris Pasternak]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Katsman|first=Roman|date=January 2014|title=Boris Pasternak’s Doctor Zhivago in the Eyes of the Israeli Writers and Intellectuals (A Minimal Foundation of Multilingual Jewish Philology)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311844673_Boris_Pasternak's_Doctor_Zhivago_in_the_Eyes_of_the_Israeli_Writers_and_Intellectuals_A_Minimal_Foundation_of_Multilingual_Jewish_Philology|journal=Around the Point: Studies in Jewish Multilingual Literature|language=en|volume=|pages=643-686|via=}}</ref> [[Stan Lee]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2jeIDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA45&dq=Stan+Lee+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSlO78rLfkAhWTN8AKHTtwBzkQ6AEIPTAD#v=onepage&q=Stan%20Lee%20secular&f=false|title=Re-Constructing the Man of Steel: Superman 1938–1941, Jewish American History, and the Invention of the Jewish–Comics Connection|last=Lund|first=Martin|date=|publisher=Springer|year=2016|isbn=9783319429601|series=Contemporary Religion + Popular Culture|location=New York|pages=45|language=en}}</ref> [[Stephen Fry]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=XfroBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA37&dq=Stephen+Fry+secular&ots=G0Lunpi87n&sig=2FVXDHdfTKBw8q3Q0NcYAQ2rhFM|title=Social Media and Religious Change|last=Knott|first=Kim|last2=Poole|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Taira|first3=Teemu|date=|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2013|isbn=9783110270488|editor-last=Gillespie|editor-first=Marie|location=Berlin and Boston|pages=37|language=en|chapter=Chapter 3: Christianity, Secularism and Religious Diversity in the British Media|editor-last2=Herbert|editor-first2=David Eric John|editor-last3=Greenhill|editor-first3=Anita}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/fed-up-just-listen-to-stephen-frys-humanist-secret-of-happiness-9223592.html|title=Fed Up? Just Listen to Stephen Fry's Humanist Secret of Happiness|last=Smith|first=Joan|date=29 March 2014|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref> [[Marilyn Monroe]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/10/16/for-the-highest-bidder-jewish-prayer-book-belonging-to-marilyn-monroe-who-converted-in-1956/|title=Jewish Prayer Book Annotated by Marilyn Monroe, Who Converted in 1956, Could Fetch Thousands in Auction|last=Stanley-Becker|first=Isaac|date=16 October 2018|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=4 September 2019|quote=The movie star described herself as a “Jewish atheist,” according to Meyers. And after her divorce from Miller in 1961, she maintained only a few trappings of the Jewish faith, including a mezuzah — a tiny box containing Hebrew texts — on her door frame.}}</ref> [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2loGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&dq=Oppenheimer+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZwoXesbfkAhWsTBUIHf-xA1kQ6AEIWDAH#v=onepage&q=Oppenheimer%20secular&f=false|title=The Hope And Vision Of J. Robert Oppenheimer|last=Day|first=Michael A.|date=|publisher=World Scientific|year=2015|isbn=9789814656764|location=Singapore, Hackensack, NJ and London|pages=34|language=en}}</ref> [[Baruch Spinoza]],<ref name=":0" /> [[Igor Guberman]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shneer|first=David|last2=Gershenson|first2=Olga|date=2011-02-23|title=Soviet Jewishness and Cultural Studies|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/417994|journal=Journal of Jewish Identities|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=129–146|doi=10.1353/jji.2011.0005|issn=1946-2522}}</ref> dan [[Ayn Rand]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burns|first=Jennifer|date=November 2004|title=Godless Capitalism: Ayn Rand and the Conservative Movement|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-intellectual-history/article/godless-capitalism-ayn-rand-and-the-conservative-movement/8235DF1BD84CAB34B1BFC883541CAC0F|journal=Modern Intellectual History|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=359–385|doi=10.1017/S1479244304000216|issn=1479-2451|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.christiancentury.org/article/2011-06/budget-battle-pits-atheist-ayn-rand-vs-jesus|title=The Anti-Gospel of Ayn Rand|last=Burke|first=Daniel|date=2 June 2011|work=[[The Christian Century]]|access-date=4 September 2019|quote=Biographer Anne C. Heller says Rand was raised a secular Jew in Russia at a time when Jews were persecuted by the Russian Orthodox Church. Early on, Rand decided that the existence of God and the Christian ideal of self-sacrifice were untenable ideas, Heller said.}}</ref>
+Yahudi-Yahudi berpengaruh yang menjadi sekuler meliputi [[David Ben-Gurion]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gs8ynhARULQC&pg=PA48&dq=ben-gurion+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwje-9ehgrfkAhVhpHEKHR1RChcQ6AEIQzAE#v=onepage&q=ben-gurion%20secular&f=false|title=David Ben-Gurion and the Jewish Renaissance|last=Aronson|first=Shlomo|date=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=9781139492447|location=Cambridge, England and New York|pages=48|language=en}}</ref> [[Emma Goldman]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9F08RUn2ot8C&pg=PA289&dq=emma+goldman+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjypYXUgrfkAhUPYcAKHTRsAfIQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=emma%20goldman%20secular&f=false|title=Emma Goldman: Political Thinking in the Streets|last=Ferguson|first=Kathy E.|date=|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=2011|isbn=9781442210486|series=20th Century Political Thinkers|location=Lanham, MD, Boulder, CO, New York, Toronto, Plymouth, England|pages=289|language=en}}</ref> [[Sigmund Freud]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RzjKzy05Mr8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Sigmund+freud+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2oqa3hLfkAhV5TRUIHUtEB4AQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Sigmund%20freud%20secular&f=false|title=The Death of Sigmund Freud: The Legacy of His Last Days|last=Edmundson|first=Mark|date=|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|year=2007|isbn=9781582345376|location=New York|pages=227|language=en}}</ref> [[Bernie Sanders]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/25/us/politics/bernie-sanders-jewish.html|title=Bernie Sanders Is Jewish, but He Doesn’t Like to Talk About It|last=Berger|first=Joseph|date=24 February 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=4 September 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/bernie-sanders-finally-answers-the-god-question/2016/01/26/83429390-bfb0-11e5-bcda-62a36b394160_story.html|title=Why Bernie Sanders Doesn’t Participate in Organized Religion|last=Sellers|first=Frances Stead|date=27 February 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=4 September 2019|last2=Wagner|first2=John}}</ref> [[Noam Chomsky]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=f-AqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=Noam+Chomsky+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3tLX6hbfkAhWpVRUIHd0HDSQQ6AEIUTAG#v=onepage&q=Noam%20Chomsky%20secular&f=false|title=Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies|last=Enayat|first=Hadi|date=|publisher=Springer|year=2017|isbn=9783319526119|location=Cham, Switzerland|pages=18|language=en}}</ref> [[Karl Marx]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vz-4LDWCnlAC&pg=PA445&dq=Karl+Marx+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjFgoviiLfkAhXeVBUIHfepDtIQ6AEIWTAH#v=onepage&q=Karl%20Marx%20secular&f=false|title=Karl Marx's Social and Political Thought: Critical Assessments of Leading Political Philosophers|last=Hoselitz|first=B. F.|last2=|first2=|date=|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1990|isbn=9780415193276|editor-last=Jessop|editor-first=Bob|edition=Second Series|volume=Volume V: Marx's Life and Theoretical Development|location=London and New York|pages=445|language=en|chapter=Chapter 23: Karl Marx on Secular and Social Development: a Study in the Sociology of the Nineteenth-Century Social Science|editor-last2=Malcolm-Brown|editor-first2=Charlie}}</ref> [[Leon Trotsky]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=c4sOcfGh-PsC&pg=PA6&dq=Leon+Trotsky+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi269GTi7fkAhUUSxUIHfkfDLYQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=Leon%20Trotsky%20secular&f=false|title=Secularism Soviet Style: Teaching Atheism and Religion in a Volga Republic|last=Luehrmann|first=Sonja|date=|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2011|isbn=9780253005427|location=Bloominton, IN|pages=6|language=en}}</ref> [[Gustav Mahler]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bugTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107&dq=Gustav+Mahler+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiHzNXYi7fkAhWJUhUIHTaAASkQ6AEIUjAG#v=onepage&q=Gustav%20Mahler%20secular&f=false|title=Modern Judaism: An Oxford Guide|last=Lange|first=Nicholas Robert Michael De|last2=Lange|first2=Professor of Hebrew and Jewish Studies Faculty of Divinity Nicolas de|last3=Freud-Kandel|first3=Miri|last4=Freud-Kandel|first4=Lecturer in Modern Judaism Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies Miri|date=|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780199262878|location=Oxford and New York|pages=107|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jobani|first=Yuval|date=20 August 2008|title=Three Basic Models of Secular Jewish Culture|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/246477|journal=Israel Studies|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=160–169|issn=1084-9513|via=}}</ref> [[Billy Joel]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZwgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA14&dq=Billy+Joel+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjeg87AjbfkAhXUSxUIHSBYAaMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A Portrait of the Artist|last=White|first=Timothy|date=3 December 1994|work=[[Billboard]]|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/billy-joel-wears-yellow-star-of-david-during-concert-encore/|title=Billy Joel Wears Yellow Star of David During New York Concert|last=JTA|first=|date=22 August 2017|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|access-date=4 September 2019|quote=Joel’s parents are Jewish but he was not brought up religious. He has been described as a secular Jew and an atheist.}}</ref> [[Marc Chagall]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SAPJR9NFVyQC&pg=PA5&dq=Marc+Chagall+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjm9vrvjrfkAhVzsHEKHWVLCYYQ6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Marc Chagall on Art and Culture: Including the First Book on Chagall's Art by A. Efros and Ya. Tugendhold (Moscow, 1918)|last=Efros|first=A.|last2=Tugendhold|first2=Ya.|last3=|first3=|last4=|first4=|date=|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780804748315|editor-last=Harshav|editor-first=Benjamin|location=Stanford, CA|pages=5 - 6|language=en|translator-last=Harshav|translator-first=Barbara|translator-last2=Harshav|translator-first2=Benjamin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-4iedGDhubMC&pg=PA9&dq=Marc+Chagall+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjm9vrvjrfkAhVzsHEKHWVLCYYQ6AEISDAE#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=From Rebel to Rabbi: Reclaiming Jesus and the Making of Modern Jewish Culture|last=Hoffman|first=Matthew B.|date=|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780804753715|series=Stanford Studies in Jewish History and Culture|location=Stanford, CA|pages=9|language=en}}</ref> [[Henri Bergson]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7591/ed17ea3fa0eaa77f259cde07c5ee8eaa5a67.pdf|title=When the Eternal can Be Met: The Bergsonian Theology of Time in the Works of C.S. Lewis, T.S. Eliot and W.H. Auden|last=Latta|first=Corey|date=2014|publisher=Lutterworth Press|year=|isbn=9780718893606|location=|pages=|access-date=2019-09-05|archive-date=2020-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216104212/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7591/ed17ea3fa0eaa77f259cde07c5ee8eaa5a67.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Alan Dershowitz]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/harvard_prof-_alan_dershowitz_on_secularism/|title=Harvard Prof. Alan Dershowitz on Secularism|last=Kreidler|first=Marc|date=21 October 2011|website=[[Center for Inquiry]]|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3QiNGWGYsEQC&pg=PA18&dq=Alan+Dershowitz+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY-7rZkrfkAhWyXhUIHUodDWU4ChDoAQguMAE#v=onepage&q=Alan%20Dershowitz%20secularism&f=false|title=American Religious Democracy: Coming to Terms with the End of Secular Politics|last=Ledewitz|first=Bruce|date=|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2007|isbn=9780275994600|location=Westport, CT and London|pages=18|language=en}}</ref> [[Heinrich Heine]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PTI4AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&dq=Heinrich+Heine+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjvmvSSk7fkAhWVqHEKHRZvB4QQ6AEIPTAD#v=onepage&q=Heinrich%20Heine%20secularism&f=false|title=Secularism and Religion in Nineteenth-Century Germany: The Rise of the Fourth Confession|last=Weir|first=Todd H.|date=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781107041561|location=Cambridge, England and New York|pages=123|language=en}}</ref> [[Albert Einstein]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.csjo.org/resources/essays/albert-einstein-as-a-secular-humanistic-jew-by-bennett-muraskin|title=Albert Einstein as a Secular Humanistic Jew|last=Muraskin|first=Bennett|date=|website=Congress of Secular Jewish Organizations|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JV4t1ZYeETMC&pg=PA140&dq=Albert+Einstein+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjX66KelLfkAhU4QxUIHZoRAHw4ChDoAQgoMAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Secular Humanism: The Force Behind the Creation-Evolution Debate and Much More|last=Vosse|first=Patrick|date=|publisher=Holy Fire Publishing|year=2010|isbn=9781603832793|location=Summerville, SC|pages=140|language=en}}</ref> [[Theodor Herzl]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WawLBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75&dq=Theodor+Herzl+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiN0ejRlrfkAhXjolwKHTcwCdo4ChDoAQg1MAI#v=onepage&q=Theodor%20Herzl%20secularism&f=false|title=Literary Secularism: Religion and Modernity in Twentieth-Century Fiction|last=Singh|first=Amardeep|date=|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2008|isbn=9781443802697|location=Newcastle, England|pages=75|language=en}}</ref> [[Louis Brandeis]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bHg8DAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Louis+Brandeis+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj10-2Gl7fkAhUEmVwKHRt4AvoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=secularism&f=false|title=Louis D. Brandeis: American Prophet|last=Rosen|first=Jeffrey|date=|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2016|isbn=9780300160444|series=Jewish Lives|location=New Haven, CT and London|pages=168|language=en}}</ref> [[Micha Josef Berdyczewski]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uXirTmApTToC&pg=PA135&dq=Berdyczewski+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix76O9oLfkAhWjlFwKHZIDDbYQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Berdyczewski%20secularism&f=false|title=The Idea of Modern Jewish Culture|last=Schweid|first=Eliezer|date=|publisher=Academic Studies Press|year=2008|isbn=9781934843055|editor-last=Levin|editor-first=Leonard|location=Boston|pages=135|language=en|translator-last=Handary|translator-first=Amnon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Zjj18NXZg2wC&pg=PA34&dq=Berdyczewski+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix76O9oLfkAhWjlFwKHZIDDbYQ6AEINzAC#v=onepage&q=Berdyczewski%20secularism&f=false|title=Sunshine, Blossoms and Blood: H.N. Bialik in His Time, a Literary Biography|last=Feinstein|first=Sara|date=|publisher=University Press of America|year=2005|isbn=9780761831426|location=Lanham, MD, Boulder, CO, New York, Toronto, Oxford|pages=34|language=en}}</ref> [[Hayim Nahman Bialik]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AtMGPDbbgJcC&pg=PA57&dq=Bialik+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidw57XobfkAhXGPsAKHTl-Ds8Q6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=Bialik%20secularism&f=false|title=Jewish Secularity: The Search for Roots and the Challenges of Relevant Meaning|last=Biale|first=David|last2=|first2=|date=|publisher=University Press of America|year=2012|isbn=9780761857952|editor-last=Heller|editor-first=Zachary I.|location=Lanham, MD and Plymouth, England|pages=57|language=en|chapter=God's Language and the Making of Secular Jewish Culture|editor-last2=Gordis|editor-first2=David M. Dr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kdFpbOiL30wC&pg=PA251&dq=Bialik+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidw57XobfkAhXGPsAKHTl-Ds8Q6AEIWjAI#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Heart and the Fountain: An Anthology of Jewish Mystical Experiences|last=Dan|first=Joseph|date=|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780195139792|location=Oxford and New York|pages=251|language=en|chapter=Chapter 24: Bialik. Mystical Poetry and Mystical Language}}</ref> [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CbSHAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20&dq=Wittgenstein+secularism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjBy6fZprfkAhUkUBUIHfbrCZsQ6AEIRzAF#v=onepage&q=Wittgenstein%20secularism&f=false|title=Post-Secular Philosophy: Between Philosophy and Theology|last=Blond|first=Philip|date=|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=9781134860418|location=London and New York|pages=20|language=en|orig-year=1998}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Hiu_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA160&dq=Wittgenstein+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJ5-a2p7fkAhUSV8AKHT-aCK0Q6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=Wittgenstein%20secular&f=false|title=Malign Masters Gentile Heidegger Lukács Wittgenstein: Philosophy and Politics in the Twentieth Century|last=Redner|first=Harry|date=|publisher=Springer|year=2016|isbn=9781349257072|location=London and New York|pages=160|language=en}}</ref> [[Jerry Seinfeld]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sXdvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88&dq=Jerry+Seinfeld+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjElunqp7fkAhVCY8AKHT1IDGUQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=Jerry%20Seinfeld%20secular&f=false|title=Jewish Population and Identity|last=Keysar|first=Ariela|date=|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=9783319774466|editor-last=DellaPergola|editor-first=Sergio|location=Cham, Switzerland|pages=88|language=en|chapter=The Persistence of American Secular Judaism: Jewish Millenials|editor-last2=Rebhun|editor-first2=Uzi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shapiro|first=Edward S.|date=2014|title=The Decline and Rise of Secular Judaism: Edward S Shapiro Asks if Judaism is Necessary for Jewishness|url=http://search.proquest.com/openview/1bc95f952ec7cf562d48ab6cd8781fdb/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=45949|journal=First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life|volume=241|pages=41|via=}}</ref> [[Larry David]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=M468S1IekbkC&pg=PT185&dq=Larry+David+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbnqKkqrfkAhXURMAKHdCUCOQQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=Larry%20David%20secular&f=false|title=Pretty, Pretty, Pretty Good: Larry David and the Making of Seinfeld and Curb Your Enthusiasm|last=Levine|first=Josh|date=|publisher=ECW Press|year=2010|isbn=9781554906970|location=Toronto|pages=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://forward.com/opinion/162290/untangling-the-oxymoron-of-the-secular-jew/|title=Untangling the Oxymoron of the Secular Jew|last=Berlinerblau|first=Jacques|date=12 September 2012|work=[[The Forward]]|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref> [[Boris Pasternak]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Katsman|first=Roman|date=January 2014|title=Boris Pasternak’s Doctor Zhivago in the Eyes of the Israeli Writers and Intellectuals (A Minimal Foundation of Multilingual Jewish Philology)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311844673_Boris_Pasternak's_Doctor_Zhivago_in_the_Eyes_of_the_Israeli_Writers_and_Intellectuals_A_Minimal_Foundation_of_Multilingual_Jewish_Philology|journal=Around the Point: Studies in Jewish Multilingual Literature|language=en|volume=|pages=643-686|via=}}</ref> [[Stan Lee]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2jeIDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA45&dq=Stan+Lee+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSlO78rLfkAhWTN8AKHTtwBzkQ6AEIPTAD#v=onepage&q=Stan%20Lee%20secular&f=false|title=Re-Constructing the Man of Steel: Superman 1938–1941, Jewish American History, and the Invention of the Jewish–Comics Connection|last=Lund|first=Martin|date=|publisher=Springer|year=2016|isbn=9783319429601|series=Contemporary Religion + Popular Culture|location=New York|pages=45|language=en}}</ref> [[Stephen Fry]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=XfroBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA37&dq=Stephen+Fry+secular&ots=G0Lunpi87n&sig=2FVXDHdfTKBw8q3Q0NcYAQ2rhFM|title=Social Media and Religious Change|last=Knott|first=Kim|last2=Poole|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Taira|first3=Teemu|date=|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2013|isbn=9783110270488|editor-last=Gillespie|editor-first=Marie|location=Berlin and Boston|pages=37|language=en|chapter=Chapter 3: Christianity, Secularism and Religious Diversity in the British Media|editor-last2=Herbert|editor-first2=David Eric John|editor-last3=Greenhill|editor-first3=Anita}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/fed-up-just-listen-to-stephen-frys-humanist-secret-of-happiness-9223592.html|title=Fed Up? Just Listen to Stephen Fry's Humanist Secret of Happiness|last=Smith|first=Joan|date=29 March 2014|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref> [[Marilyn Monroe]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/10/16/for-the-highest-bidder-jewish-prayer-book-belonging-to-marilyn-monroe-who-converted-in-1956/|title=Jewish Prayer Book Annotated by Marilyn Monroe, Who Converted in 1956, Could Fetch Thousands in Auction|last=Stanley-Becker|first=Isaac|date=16 October 2018|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=4 September 2019|quote=The movie star described herself as a “Jewish atheist,” according to Meyers. And after her divorce from Miller in 1961, she maintained only a few trappings of the Jewish faith, including a mezuzah — a tiny box containing Hebrew texts — on her door frame.}}</ref> [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2loGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&dq=Oppenheimer+secular&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZwoXesbfkAhWsTBUIHf-xA1kQ6AEIWDAH#v=onepage&q=Oppenheimer%20secular&f=false|title=The Hope And Vision Of J. Robert Oppenheimer|last=Day|first=Michael A.|date=|publisher=World Scientific|year=2015|isbn=9789814656764|location=Singapore, Hackensack, NJ and London|pages=34|language=en}}</ref> [[Baruch Spinoza]],<ref name=":0" /> [[Igor Guberman]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shneer|first=David|last2=Gershenson|first2=Olga|date=2011-02-23|title=Soviet Jewishness and Cultural Studies|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/417994|journal=Journal of Jewish Identities|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=129–146|doi=10.1353/jji.2011.0005|issn=1946-2522}}</ref> dan [[Ayn Rand]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burns|first=Jennifer|date=November 2004|title=Godless Capitalism: Ayn Rand and the Conservative Movement|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-intellectual-history/article/godless-capitalism-ayn-rand-and-the-conservative-movement/8235DF1BD84CAB34B1BFC883541CAC0F|journal=Modern Intellectual History|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=359–385|doi=10.1017/S1479244304000216|issn=1479-2451|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.christiancentury.org/article/2011-06/budget-battle-pits-atheist-ayn-rand-vs-jesus|title=The Anti-Gospel of Ayn Rand|last=Burke|first=Daniel|date=2 June 2011|work=[[The Christian Century]]|access-date=4 September 2019|quote=Biographer Anne C. Heller says Rand was raised a secular Jew in Russia at a time when Jews were persecuted by the Russian Orthodox Church. Early on, Rand decided that the existence of God and the Christian ideal of self-sacrifice were untenable ideas, Heller said.}}</ref>
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