Pemberontakan Jahriyyah: Perbedaan antara revisi

Pemberontakan Jahriyyah (1781) atau Pemberontakan Salar
Tanggal	1781
Lokasi	Qinghai, Gansu
Hasil	Kemenangan Qing
Pihak terlibat
Kekaisaran Qing, Muslim Sufi Khufiyyah	Pemberontak Muslim Sufi Jahriyyah
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Heshen, Agui, Fuk'anggan, Li Shiyao	Ma Mingxin, Su Sishisan
Kekuatan
Tentara loyalis Muslim Sufi Khufiyya dan Gedimu Muslim Hui, Tentara Standar Hijau Han, Delapan Panji Tibetan, Manchu, Mongol, dan Han.	Pemberontak Jahriyyah Hui, Pemberontak Jahriyyah Salar, suku Santa, para pemberontak Tionghoa Han:21, 3.000 dari Xunhua

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Revisi terkini sejak 29 September 2022 03.11

Dalam pemberontakan Jahriyyah tahun 1781 kekerasan sektarian antara dua sub-tarekat dari aliran Sufi Naqsyabandiyah, Muslim Sufi Jahriyyah dan saingan mereka, Muslim Sufi Khufiyyah, menyebabkan intervensi Qing untuk menghentikan pertikaian antara keduanya, yang pada gilirannya menyebabkan pemberontakan Muslim Sufi Jahriyyah yang dihancurkan Dinasti Qing di Tiongkok dengan bantuan Muslim Sufi Khufiyyah.^[11]^[12]

Karena perkelahian di jalan dan tuntutan hukum antara aliran Sufi Jahriyyah dan Khufiyyah, Ma Mingxin ditangkap untuk menghentikan kekerasan sektarian antara para Sufi.^[13] Jahriyyah kemudian mencoba membawa lari Ma Mingxin dari penjara yang menyebabkan eksekusi dan penghancuran para pemberontak Jahriyyah. Qing menggunakan Xinjiang sebagai tempat untuk mendeportasi para pemberontak Jahriyyah.^[14]

Para Sufi Khufiyyah dan Gedimu bergabung melawan para Sufi Jahriyyah yang mereka lawan dengan keras dan berbeda dalam praktik.^[9]^:19-20 Pemberontakan Jahriyyah termasuk di antara mereka yang dideportasi ke Xinjiang.^[15] Beberapa orang Tionghoa Han bergabung dan berperang bersama para pemberontak Muslim Jahriyyah dalam pemberontakan mereka.^[9]^:21 Para loyalis Muslim bertempur untuk Qing.^[16]

Para pengikut Jahriyyah juga dideportasi ke Guizhou dan Yunnan.^[17] Jahriyyah dicap sebagai "Pengajaran Baru".^[18]

Pemberontakan Dungan (1895–1896) pecah di tempat yang sama dengan pemberontakan Jahriyyah karena alasan yang sangat mirip, yakni kekerasan sektarian.^[19] and lawsuits between two Naqshbandi Sufi orders which the Qing tried to resolve.^[20]

Korupsi dan penggelapan oleh para pejabat dikemukakan sebagai salah satu faktor penyebab kekerasan.^[21] dan tuntutan hukum antara dua aliran Sufi Naqsyabandiyah yang berusaha diselesaikan oleh Qing.^[22]

Keturunan Ma Mingxin adalah Ma Yuanzhang.^[23]

Selain mengirim orang buangan Han yang dihukum karena kejahatan ke Xinjiang untuk menjadi budak garnisun Panji di sana, Qing juga melakukan pengasingan terbalik, mengasingkan orang-orang Asia Dalam (para penjahat Mongol, Rusia, dan Muslim dari Mongolia dan Asia Dalam) ke Tiongkok sebenarnya, tempat mereka akan mengabdi sebagai budak di garnisun-garnisun Panji Han di Guangzhou.^[24] Pada 1780-an setelah pemberontakan Muslim di Gansu dimulai oleh Zhang Wenqing 張文慶 dikalahkan, umat Muslim seperti Ma Jinlu 馬進祿 diasingkan ke garnisun Panji Han di Guangzhou untuk menjadi budak para perwira Panji Han.^[25]

Referensi

^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects. Psychology Press. hlm. 122. ISBN 978-0-7007-1026-3.
^ Matthew S. Erie (September 2016). China and Islam. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 52. ISBN 978-1-107-05337-3.
^ Glauco D'Agostino (2013-10-14). La lunga marcia dell'Islam politico. Gangemi Editore Spa. hlm. 46. ISBN 978-88-492-7725-8.
^ Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter. Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois. 1975. hlm. 227.
^ Dru C. Gladney (1 January 1991). Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic. Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. hlm. 50. ISBN 978-0-674-59495-1.
^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 101. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 102. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 108. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Arienne M. Dwyer (2007). Salar. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04091-4.
^ Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.) (1987). Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20-24, 1987. hlm. 41.
^ Jonathan N. Lipman; Jonathan Neaman Lipman; Stevan Harrell (1990). Violence in China: Essays in Culture and Counterculture. SUNY Press. hlm. 76. ISBN 978-0-7914-0113-2.
^ Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, pp. 293-294. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=9#page_scan_tab_contents.
^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 107. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
^ Michael Dillon (16 December 2013). China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 123. ISBN 978-1-136-80940-8.
^ Arienne M. Dwyer (2007). Salar. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. hlm. 21. ISBN 978-3-447-04091-4.
^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 130. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
^ Karen G. Turner; James V. Feinerman; R. Kent Guy (1 May 2015). The Limits of the Rule of Law in China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 123. ISBN 978-0-295-80389-0.
^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 178. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
^ Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 298. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=14#page_scan_tab_contents.
^ Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 299. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=15#page_scan_tab_contents.
^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 96. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
^ Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 299. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=15#page_scan_tab_contents.
^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 179. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
^ Yongwei, MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0188-2740-032, QL 43.3.30 (April 26, 1778).
^ Šande 善德 , MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0193-3238-046, QL 54.5.6 (May 30, 1789) and Šande , MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0193-3248-028, QL 54.6.30 (August 20, 1789).

Lihat pula

[Dillon1999-1] Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects. Psychology Press. hlm. 122. ISBN 978-0-7007-1026-3.

[Erie2016-2] Matthew S. Erie (September 2016). China and Islam. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 52. ISBN 978-1-107-05337-3.

[D'Agostino2013-3] Glauco D'Agostino (2013-10-14). La lunga marcia dell'Islam politico. Gangemi Editore Spa. hlm. 46. ISBN 978-88-492-7725-8.

[4] Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter. Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois. 1975. hlm. 227.

[Gladney1991-5] Dru C. Gladney (1 January 1991). Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic. Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. hlm. 50. ISBN 978-0-674-59495-1.

[6] Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 101. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.

[7] Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 102. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.

[8] Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 108. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.

[Dwyer2007-9] Arienne M. Dwyer (2007). Salar. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04091-4.

[(U.S.)1987-10] Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.) (1987). Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20-24, 1987. hlm. 41.

[LipmanLipman1990-11] Jonathan N. Lipman; Jonathan Neaman Lipman; Stevan Harrell (1990). Violence in China: Essays in Culture and Counterculture. SUNY Press. hlm. 76. ISBN 978-0-7914-0113-2.

[12] Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, pp. 293-294. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=9#page_scan_tab_contents.

[13] Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 107. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.

[Dillon2013-14] Michael Dillon (16 December 2013). China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 123. ISBN 978-1-136-80940-8.

[15] Arienne M. Dwyer (2007). Salar. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. hlm. 21. ISBN 978-3-447-04091-4.

[16] Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 130. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.

[TurnerFeinerman2015-17] Karen G. Turner; James V. Feinerman; R. Kent Guy (1 May 2015). The Limits of the Rule of Law in China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 123. ISBN 978-0-295-80389-0.

[18] Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 178. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.

[19] Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 298. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=14#page_scan_tab_contents.

[20] Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 299. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=15#page_scan_tab_contents.

[Lipman2011-21] Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 96. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.

[22] Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 299. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=15#page_scan_tab_contents.

[23] Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 179. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.

[24] Yongwei, MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0188-2740-032, QL 43.3.30 (April 26, 1778).

[25] Šande 善德 , MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0193-3238-046, QL 54.5.6 (May 30, 1789) and Šande , MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0193-3248-028, QL 54.6.30 (August 20, 1789).

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@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
 {{Infobox military conflict
-|conflict= Pemberontakan Jahriyya (1781) atau Pemberontakan Salar<ref name="Dillon1999">{{cite book|author=Michael Dillon|title=China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwuSpFiOFfYC&pg=PA122#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1999|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3|pages=122}}</ref>
+|conflict= Pemberontakan Jahriyyah (1781) atau Pemberontakan Salar<ref name="Dillon1999">{{cite book|author=Michael Dillon|title=China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwuSpFiOFfYC&pg=PA122#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1999|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3|pages=122}}</ref>
 |partof=
 |image=
@@ Baris 9: / Baris 9: @@
 |territory=
 |result= Kemenangan [[Dinasti Qing|Qing]]
-|combatant1= [[File:Flag of China (1862–1889).svg|22px]] [[Dinasti Qing|Kekaisaran Qing]], Muslim Sufi [[Khafiya]] (Khufiyya)
+|combatant1= [[Berkas:Flag of China (1862–1889).svg|22px]] [[Dinasti Qing|Kekaisaran Qing]], Muslim Sufi [[tarekat Khufiyyah|Khufiyyah]]
-|combatant2= Pemberontak Muslim Sufi [[Jahriyya]]
+|combatant2= Pemberontak Muslim Sufi [[tarekat Jahriyyah|Jahriyyah]]
 |commander1= [[Heshen]], [[Agui]], [[Fuk'anggan]], [[Li Shiyao]]
 |commander2= [[Ma Mingxin]], Su Sishisan<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=102}}</ref>
 |strength1= Tentara loyalis Muslim Sufi Khufiyya dan Gedimu Muslim [[suku Hui|Hui]], [[Tentara Standar Hijau]] Han, [[Delapan Panji]] Tibetan, Manchu, Mongol, dan Han.
-|strength2= Pemberontak Jahriyya Musli Sufi [[suku Hui|Hui]], Pemberontak Jahriyya Muslim Sufi [[suku Salar|Salar]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA108#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=108}}</ref> [[Dongxiangs|Santa people]],  Han Chinese rebels<ref name="Dwyer2007">{{cite book|author=Arienne M. Dwyer|title=Salar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2007|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04091-4}}</ref>{{rp|21}}, 3,000 from Xunhua<ref name="(U.S.)1987">{{cite book|author=Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.)|title=Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20-24, 1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSxYAAAAMAAJ&q=1781+jahriyya&dq=1781+jahriyya&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_u8OMttHaAhWSd98KHTb-A3gQ6AEISjAG|year=1987|pages=41}}</ref>
+|strength2= Pemberontak Jahriyyah [[suku Hui|Hui]], Pemberontak Jahriyyah [[suku Salar|Salar]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA108#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=108}}</ref> [[Dongxiang|suku Santa]], para pemberontak Tionghoa Han<ref name="Dwyer2007">{{cite book|author=Arienne M. Dwyer|title=Salar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2007|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04091-4}}</ref>{{rp|21}}, 3.000 dari Xunhua<ref name="(U.S.)1987">{{cite book|author=Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.)|title=Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20-24, 1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSxYAAAAMAAJ&q=1781+jahriyya&dq=1781+jahriyya&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_u8OMttHaAhWSd98KHTb-A3gQ6AEISjAG|year=1987|pages=41}}</ref>
 |casualties1=
 |casualties2=
@@ Baris 21: / Baris 21: @@
 {{Islam di Tiongkok}}
-Dalam '''pemberontakan Jahriyya''' tahun 1781 kekerasan sektarian antara dua subordo dari aliran Sufi [[Naqshbandi]], Muslim [[Sufi]] [[Jahriyya]] dan saingan mereka, Muslim Sufi  [[Khafiyya]], menyebabkan intervensi Qing untuk menghentikan pertikaian antara keduanya, yang pada gilirannya menyebabkan pemberontakan Muslim Sufi Jahriyya yang dihancurkan [[Dinasti Qing]] di Tiongkok dengan bantuan Muslim Sufi Khufiyya (Khafiyya).<ref name="LipmanLipman1990">{{cite book|author1=Jonathan N. Lipman|author2=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|author3=Stevan Harrell|title=Violence in China: Essays in Culture and Counterculture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShGfcJiA-oAC&pg=PA76&dq=1781+jahriyya&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_u8OMttHaAhWSd98KHTb-A3gQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=1781%20jahriyya&f=false|year=1990|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0113-2|pages=76}}</ref><ref>Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, pp. 293-294. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=9#page_scan_tab_contents.</ref>
+Dalam '''pemberontakan Jahriyyah''' tahun 1781 kekerasan sektarian antara dua sub-tarekat dari aliran Sufi [[Naqsyabandiyah]], Muslim [[Sufi]] [[tarekat Jahriyyah|Jahriyyah]] dan saingan mereka, Muslim Sufi [[tarekat Khufiyyah|Khufiyyah]], menyebabkan intervensi Qing untuk menghentikan pertikaian antara keduanya, yang pada gilirannya menyebabkan pemberontakan Muslim Sufi Jahriyyah yang dihancurkan [[Dinasti Qing]] di Tiongkok dengan bantuan Muslim Sufi Khufiyyah.<ref name="LipmanLipman1990">{{cite book|author1=Jonathan N. Lipman|author2=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|author3=Stevan Harrell|title=Violence in China: Essays in Culture and Counterculture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShGfcJiA-oAC&pg=PA76&dq=1781+jahriyya&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_u8OMttHaAhWSd98KHTb-A3gQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=1781%20jahriyya&f=false|year=1990|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0113-2|pages=76}}</ref><ref>Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, pp. 293-294. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=9#page_scan_tab_contents.</ref>
+Karena perkelahian di jalan dan tuntutan hukum antara aliran Sufi Jahriyyah dan Khufiyyah, Ma Mingxin ditangkap untuk menghentikan kekerasan sektarian antara para Sufi.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA107#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=107}}</ref> Jahriyyah kemudian mencoba membawa lari Ma Mingxin dari penjara yang menyebabkan eksekusi dan penghancuran para pemberontak Jahriyyah. Qing [[Migrasi ke Xinjiang|menggunakan Xinjiang sebagai tempat untuk mendeportasi]] para pemberontak Jahriyyah.<ref name="Dillon2013">{{cite book|author=Michael Dillon|title=China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3sddAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&dq=1781+jahriyya&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_u8OMttHaAhWSd98KHTb-A3gQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=1781%20jahriyya&f=false|date=16 December 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-80940-8|pages=123}}</ref>
-==Referensi==
+Para Sufi [[Khufiyyah]] dan [[Gedimu]] bergabung melawan para Sufi [[tarekat Jahriyyah|Jahriyyah]] yang mereka lawan dengan keras dan berbeda dalam praktik.<ref name="Dwyer2007" />{{rp|19-20}} Pemberontakan Jahriyyah termasuk di antara mereka yang dideportasi ke Xinjiang.<ref>{{cite book|author=Arienne M. Dwyer|title=Salar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2007|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04091-4|pages=21}}</ref> Beberapa orang Tionghoa Han bergabung dan berperang bersama para pemberontak Muslim Jahriyyah dalam pemberontakan mereka.<ref name="Dwyer2007" />{{rp|21}} Para loyalis Muslim bertempur untuk Qing.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA130#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=130}}</ref>
+Para pengikut Jahriyyah juga dideportasi ke Guizhou dan Yunnan.<ref name="TurnerFeinerman2015">{{cite book|author1=Karen G. Turner|author2=James V. Feinerman|author3=R. Kent Guy|title=The Limits of the Rule of Law in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_kUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&dq=one+hundred+banished+ili+insalubrious+southern&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMjLG7udHaAhVESN8KHYK3BjYQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=one%20hundred%20banished%20ili%20insalubrious%20southern&f=false|date=1 May 2015|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80389-0|pages=123}}</ref> Jahriyyah dicap sebagai "Pengajaran Baru".<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA178#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=178}}</ref>
+[[Pemberontakan Dungan (1895–1896)]] pecah di tempat yang sama dengan pemberontakan Jahriyyah karena alasan yang sangat mirip, yakni kekerasan sektarian.<ref>Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 298. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=14#page_scan_tab_contents.</ref> and lawsuits between two Naqshbandi Sufi orders which the Qing tried to resolve.<ref>Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 299. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=15#page_scan_tab_contents.</ref>
+Korupsi dan penggelapan oleh para pejabat dikemukakan sebagai salah satu faktor penyebab kekerasan.<ref name="Lipman2011">{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA96#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=96}}</ref> dan tuntutan hukum antara dua aliran Sufi Naqsyabandiyah yang berusaha diselesaikan oleh Qing.<ref>Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 299. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=15#page_scan_tab_contents.</ref>
+Keturunan [[Ma Mingxin]] adalah [[Ma Yuanzhang]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA179#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=179}}</ref>
+Selain mengirim orang buangan Han yang dihukum karena kejahatan ke Xinjiang untuk menjadi budak garnisun Panji di sana, Qing juga melakukan pengasingan terbalik, mengasingkan orang-orang Asia Dalam (para penjahat Mongol, [[Rusia]], dan Muslim dari [[Mongolia]] dan Asia Dalam) ke [[Tiongkok sebenarnya]], tempat mereka akan mengabdi sebagai budak di garnisun-garnisun Panji Han di Guangzhou.<ref>Yongwei, MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0188-2740-032, QL 43.3.30 (April 26, 1778).</ref> Pada 1780-an setelah pemberontakan Muslim di Gansu dimulai oleh Zhang Wenqing 張文慶 dikalahkan, umat Muslim seperti Ma Jinlu 馬進祿 diasingkan ke garnisun Panji Han di Guangzhou untuk menjadi budak para perwira Panji Han.<ref> Šande 善德 , MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0193-3238-046, QL 54.5.6 (May 30, 1789) and Šande , MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0193-3248-028, QL 54.6.30 (August 20, 1789).</ref>
+== Referensi ==
 {{Reflist}}
-==Lihat pula==
+== Lihat pula ==
 * [[Kelompok Muslim di Tiongkok]]
 * [[Pemberontakan Dungan (1862–1877)]]
@@ Baris 39: / Baris 53: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Jahriyya Revolt}}
-[[Category:Pemberontakan abad ke-18]]
+[[Kategori:Pemberontakan abad ke-18]]
-[[Category:Pemberontakan dalam Dinasti Qing]]
+[[Kategori:Pemberontakan dalam Dinasti Qing]]
-[[Category:Tiongkok dalam tahun 1780-an]]
+[[Kategori:Tiongkok tahun 1780-an]]
-[[Category:Sejarah Gansu]]
+[[Kategori:Sejarah Gansu]]
-[[Category:Sejarah Qinghai]]
+[[Kategori:Sejarah Qinghai]]
-[[Category:Konflik tahun 1781]]
+[[Kategori:Konflik dalam tahun 1781]]
-[[Category:Tiongkok dalam tahun 1781]]
+[[Kategori:Tiongkok dalam tahun 1781]]