Bencana Chernobyl: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox news event |
{{Infobox news event |
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| image = |
| image = IAEA 02790015 (5613115146).jpg |
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| caption = Reaktor |
| caption = Reaktor 4 setelah beberapa bulan. Reaktor 3 dapat dilihat di belakang tumpukan ventilasi |
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| date = {{start date|1986|04|26|df=yes}} ({{age|1986|04|26}} tahun lalu) |
| date = {{start date|1986|04|26|df=yes}} ({{age|1986|04|26}} tahun lalu) |
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| time = 01:23 ([[Waktu Moskwa]] UTC+3) |
| time = 01:23 ([[Waktu Moskwa]] UTC+3) |
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| cause = Ledakan inti yang tidak sengaja ketika sedang dimatikan darurat akibat kegagalan daya |
| cause = Ledakan inti yang tidak sengaja ketika sedang dimatikan darurat akibat kegagalan daya |
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| reported deaths = 31 (langsung) |
| reported deaths = 31 (langsung) |
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|outcome=[[Skala Kejadian Nuklir Internasional]] level 7 (kecelakaan besar)}} |
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'''Bencana Chernobyl''' adalah kecelakaan reaktor [[energi nuklir|nuklir]] terburuk dan terparah dalam sejarah. Pada tanggal 26 April 1986 pukul 01:23:40 pagi ([[UTC+3]]), reaktor nomor empat di [[Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir Chernobyl]] yang terletak di [[Uni Soviet]] di dekat [[Pripyat, Ukraina|Pripyat]] di [[Ukraina]] meledak. Akibatnya, [[isotop radioaktif]] dalam jumlah besar tersebar ke atmosfer di seluruh kawasan Uni Soviet bagian barat dan Eropa. Bencana nuklir ini dianggap sebagai kecelakaan nuklir terburuk sepanjang sejarah, dan merupakan satu dari dua kecelakaan yang digolongkan dalam level 7 pada [[Skala Kejadian Nuklir Internasional]] (kecelakaan yang lainnya adalah [[Bencana nuklir Fukushima Daiichi]]).<ref name="BBCWorse">Black, Richard (12 April 2011) [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13048916 ''Fukushima: As Bad as Chernobyl?''] BBC News.</ref> Jumlah pekerja yang dilibatkan untuk menanggulangi bencana ini sekitar 500.000 orang, dan menghabiskan dana sebesar 18 miliar rubel dan mempengaruhi ekonomi Uni Soviet.<ref>From interviews with [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], [[Hans Blix]] and [[Vassili Nesterenko]]. {{cite video |title=The Battle of Chernobyl |publisher=Discovery Channel}} Relevant video locations: 31:00, 1:10:00.</ref> Ribuan penduduk terpaksa diungsikan dari Kota Chernobyl. |
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Sisa-sisa dari gedung reaktor No.4 ditutupi sebuah [[Sarkofagus Pembangkit Listrik Chernobyl|sarkofagus |
Sisa-sisa dari gedung reaktor No.4 ditutupi sebuah [[Sarkofagus Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir Chernobyl|sarkofagus besar]] pada bulan Desember 1986, ketika bahan yang berada dalam reaktor telah memasuki fase [[Shutdown (reaktor nuklir)|''shut-down'']]. pelindung ini dibuat secepat mungkin sebagai ''[[occupational safety]]'' untuk pekerja reaktor lainnya di pembangkit listrik tersebut.<ref>[http://chernobylgallery.com/chernobyl-disaster/timeline/ Chernobyl Gallery timeline]</ref><ref name="Чернобыль, Припять, Чернобыльская АЭС и зона отчуждения">{{cite web |author=Чернобыль, Припять, Чернобыльская АЭС и зона отчуждения |url=http://www.chornobyl.in.ua/en/shelter.htm |title="Shelter" object description |publisher=Chornobyl.in.ua |accessdate=8 May 2012 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722200757/http://www.chornobyl.in.ua/en/shelter.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |
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Bencana ini memicu |
Bencana ini memicu peningkatan keamanan pada semua reaktor Soviet yang tersisa seperti [[RBMK]] (Chernobyl No.4), di mana 11 diantaranya terus menyediakan listrik hingga tahun 2013.<ref>http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-power-reactors/appendices/rbmk-reactors.aspx RBMK Reactors |
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Appendix to Nuclear Power Reactors. WNA.2016</ref><ref>[http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/28/047/28047194.pdf rbmk nuclear power plants: generic safety issues - IAEA 1996]</ref> |
Appendix to Nuclear Power Reactors. WNA.2016</ref><ref>[http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/28/047/28047194.pdf rbmk nuclear power plants: generic safety issues - IAEA 1996]</ref> |
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== Ikhtisar == |
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[[Berkas:Chernobyl placement.svg|jmpl|kiri|Lokasi pembangkit listrik nuklir Chernobyl]] |
[[Berkas:Chernobyl placement.svg|jmpl|kiri|Lokasi pembangkit listrik nuklir Chernobyl]] |
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[[Berkas: |
[[Berkas:Tschernobyl 2013 1.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Pembangkit Chernobyl pada tahun 2013]] |
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Bencana dimulai ketika sedang dilakukan pengujian sistem tanggal 26 April 1986 di reaktor nomor 4 pembangkit Chernobyl yang letaknya dekat [[Pripyat]] dan dekat dengan perbatasan administratif dengan [[Belarusian SSR|Belarus]] dan Sungai [[Dnieper]]. Kemudian terjadi lonjakan energi secara tiba-tiba dan tak diduga, dan ketika sedang mencoba mematikan darurat, terjadi lonjakan daya sangat tinggi yang menyebabkan [[tangki reaktor]] pecah diikuti serangkaian ledakan uap. Kejadian ini melepaskan [[moderator neutron]] [[grafit]] di reaktor ke udara, sehingga menyala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/chernobyl-15/cherno-faq.shtml |title=Frequently Asked Chernobyl Questions |date=May 2005 |accessdate=23 March 2011 |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency – Division of Public Information |deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223010003/http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/chernobyl-15/cherno-faq.shtml |archivedate=23 February 2011 }}</ref>{{discuss}} Kebakaran yang dihasilkan berlangsung seminggu penuh dan melepaskan debu partikel radioaktif ke atmosfer secara meluas, termasuk Pripyat. Debu kemudian tersebar ke kawasan [[Uni Soviet]] bagian barat dan Eropa. Menurut data resmi pasca-Soviet,<ref>{{cite book |title=International Chernobyl Portal chernobyl.info |last1=ICRIN Project |year=2011 |url=http://chernobyl.info/Default.aspx?tabid=294 |accessdate=2011}}</ref><ref name="IAEA">{{cite book |title= Environmental consequences of the Chernobyl accident and their remediation: Twenty years of experience. Report of the Chernobyl Forum Expert Group ‘Environment’ |publisher= International Atomic Energy Agency|year=2006 |location=Vienna |isbn=92-0-114705-8<!--NOTE:fails checksum test but it is the isbn published by the source --> |page= 180 |url=http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1239_web.pdf |accessdate=13 March 2011}}</ref> sekitar 60% debu jatuh di Belarus. |
Bencana dimulai ketika sedang dilakukan pengujian sistem tanggal 26 April 1986 di reaktor nomor 4 pembangkit Chernobyl yang letaknya dekat [[Pripyat]] dan dekat dengan perbatasan administratif dengan [[Belarusian SSR|Belarus]] dan Sungai [[Dnieper]]. Kemudian terjadi lonjakan energi secara tiba-tiba dan tak diduga, dan ketika sedang mencoba mematikan darurat, terjadi lonjakan daya sangat tinggi yang menyebabkan [[tangki reaktor]] pecah diikuti serangkaian ledakan uap. Kejadian ini melepaskan [[moderator neutron]] [[grafit]] di reaktor ke udara, sehingga menyala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/chernobyl-15/cherno-faq.shtml |title=Frequently Asked Chernobyl Questions |date=May 2005 |accessdate=23 March 2011 |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency – Division of Public Information |deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223010003/http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/chernobyl-15/cherno-faq.shtml |archivedate=23 February 2011 }}</ref>{{discuss}} Kebakaran yang dihasilkan berlangsung seminggu penuh dan melepaskan debu partikel radioaktif ke atmosfer secara meluas, termasuk Pripyat. Debu kemudian tersebar ke kawasan [[Uni Soviet]] bagian barat dan Eropa. Menurut data resmi pasca-Soviet,<ref>{{cite book |title=International Chernobyl Portal chernobyl.info |last1=ICRIN Project |year=2011 |url=http://chernobyl.info/Default.aspx?tabid=294 |accessdate=2011}}</ref><ref name="IAEA">{{cite book |title= Environmental consequences of the Chernobyl accident and their remediation: Twenty years of experience. Report of the Chernobyl Forum Expert Group ‘Environment’ |publisher= International Atomic Energy Agency|year=2006 |location=Vienna |isbn=92-0-114705-8<!--NOTE:fails checksum test but it is the isbn published by the source --> |page= 180 |url=http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1239_web.pdf |accessdate=13 March 2011}}</ref> sekitar 60% debu jatuh di Belarus. |
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36 jam setelah insiden ini, otoritas Soviet memberlakukan [[zona eksklusi]] 10-kilometer yang menyebabkan evakuasi cepat 49.000 orang beserta hewan mereka, terutama dari pusat populasi terbesar dekat reaktor, kota Pripyat.<ref name="Nuclear Disasters pp 55">[Nuclear Disasters & The Built Environment: A Report to the Royal Institute ...By Philip Steadman, Simon Hodgkinson pp 55]</ref> Meskipun tidak dikomunikasikan saat itu, evakuasi langsung setelah insiden tidak disarankan karena jalanan keluar kota dipenuhi dengan debu yang berisi partikel nuklir didalamnya, kotanya sendiri cukup aman karena diuntungkan oleh arah angin, sehingga penduduk disarankan untuk berdiam di rumah sebelum dievakuasi sebelum arah angin berubah.<ref name="Nuclear Disasters pp 55"/> |
36 jam setelah insiden ini, otoritas Soviet memberlakukan [[zona eksklusi]] 10-kilometer yang menyebabkan evakuasi cepat 49.000 orang beserta hewan mereka, terutama dari pusat populasi terbesar dekat reaktor, kota Pripyat.<ref name="Nuclear Disasters pp 55">[Nuclear Disasters & The Built Environment: A Report to the Royal Institute ...By Philip Steadman, Simon Hodgkinson pp 55]</ref> Meskipun tidak dikomunikasikan saat itu, evakuasi langsung setelah insiden tidak disarankan karena jalanan keluar kota dipenuhi dengan debu yang berisi partikel nuklir didalamnya, kotanya sendiri cukup aman karena diuntungkan oleh arah angin, sehingga penduduk disarankan untuk berdiam di rumah sebelum dievakuasi sebelum arah angin berubah.<ref name="Nuclear Disasters pp 55"/> |
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Karena debu terus menerus dihasilkan, [[zona eksklusi|zona evakuasi]] diperbesar dari 10 menjadi 30 km sekitar seminggu setelah insiden, mengakibatkan 68.000 penduduk lagi harus dievakuasi, termasuk dari [[Chernobyl|kota Chernobyl]] sendiri.<ref name="Nuclear Disasters pp 55"/> Survei dan deteksi dari zona terisolasi menyebutkan bahwa total ada sekitar 135.000 orang pengungsi "jangka panjang".<ref name="Nuclear Disasters pp 55"/> Jumlah ini naik hampir 3 kali lipat menjadi 350.000 orang pada dekade setelahnya, 1986-2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |format=PDF |title=Table 2.2 Number of people affected by the Chernobyl accident (to December 2000) |work=The Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident |page=32 |publisher=UNDP and UNICEF |date=22 January 2002 |accessdate=17 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |format=PDF |title=Table 5.3: Evacuated and resettled people |work=The Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident |page=66 |publisher=UNDP and UNICEF |date=22 January 2002 |accessdate=17 September 2010 }}</ref> |
Karena debu terus menerus dihasilkan, [[zona eksklusi|zona evakuasi]] diperbesar dari 10 menjadi 30 km sekitar seminggu setelah insiden, mengakibatkan 68.000 penduduk lagi harus dievakuasi, termasuk dari [[Chernobyl|kota Chernobyl]] sendiri.<ref name="Nuclear Disasters pp 55"/> Survei dan deteksi dari zona terisolasi menyebutkan bahwa total ada sekitar 135.000 orang pengungsi "jangka panjang".<ref name="Nuclear Disasters pp 55"/> Jumlah ini naik hampir 3 kali lipat menjadi 350.000 orang pada dekade setelahnya, 1986-2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |format=PDF |title=Table 2.2 Number of people affected by the Chernobyl accident (to December 2000) |work=The Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident |page=32 |publisher=UNDP and UNICEF |date=22 January 2002 |accessdate=17 September 2010 |archive-date=2017-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201120932/https://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |format=PDF |title=Table 5.3: Evacuated and resettled people |work=The Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident |page=66 |publisher=UNDP and UNICEF |date=22 January 2002 |accessdate=17 September 2010 |archive-date=2017-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201120932/https://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |
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Rusia, Ukraina, dan Belarusia terbebani dengan [[dekontaminasi]] terus menerus dan biaya kompensasi bulanan<ref name="spectrum.ieee.org"/><ref name="fee.org">[https://fee.org/articles/chernobyl-in-perspective/ Chernobyl in Perspective, James Peron, 2006]</ref><ref>[http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2006/4/article/liquidators-battle-death-and-apathy/205350.html/ "Now, liquidators must go to court routinely to get their monthly payments adjusted so that they keep up with inflation. While there are laws dictating that liquidators are entitled to cost-of-living adjustments, the Federal Employment Service does not increase compensation payments until ordered to do so by a court, liquidators said." By Anastasiya Lebedev Apr. 25 2006]</ref> akibat bencana Chernobyl. |
Rusia, Ukraina, dan Belarusia terbebani dengan [[dekontaminasi]] terus menerus dan biaya kompensasi bulanan<ref name="spectrum.ieee.org"/><ref name="fee.org">[https://fee.org/articles/chernobyl-in-perspective/ Chernobyl in Perspective, James Peron, 2006]</ref><ref>[http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2006/4/article/liquidators-battle-death-and-apathy/205350.html/ "Now, liquidators must go to court routinely to get their monthly payments adjusted so that they keep up with inflation. While there are laws dictating that liquidators are entitled to cost-of-living adjustments, the Federal Employment Service does not increase compensation payments until ordered to do so by a court, liquidators said." By Anastasiya Lebedev Apr. 25 2006]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> akibat bencana Chernobyl. |
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Bencana ini meningkatkan perhatian mengenai [[reaktor fisi]] di seluruh dunia dan ratusan proposal [[Reaktor nuklir#Klasifikasi|reaktor]], termasuk diantaranya yang sedang dibangun di Chernobyl (No.5 dan 6) akhirnya dibatalkan. |
Bencana ini meningkatkan perhatian mengenai [[reaktor fisi]] di seluruh dunia dan ratusan proposal [[Reaktor nuklir#Klasifikasi|reaktor]], termasuk diantaranya yang sedang dibangun di Chernobyl (No.5 dan 6) akhirnya dibatalkan. |
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Insiden ini juga meningkatkan perhatian mengenai [[budaya keamanan]] di industri tenaga nuklir Soviet, menurunkan pertumbuhan industri dan memaksa pemerintah untuk lebih terbuka mengenai prosedurnya.<ref name=Kagarlitsky>{{cite book |title=The New Detente: Rethinking East-West Relations |chapter=Perestroika: The Dialectic of Change|last=Kagarlitsky|first=Boris|editor=[[Mary Kaldor]] |editor2=Gerald Holden |editor3=[[Richard A. Falk]] |year=1989|publisher=United Nations University Press|isbn=0-86091-962-5}}</ref><ref name=Kagarlitsky group=notes>"No one believed the first newspaper reports, which patently understated the scale of the catastrophe and often contradicted one another. The confidence of readers was re-established only after the press was allowed to examine the events in detail without the original censorship restrictions. The policy of openness ([[glasnost]]) and 'uncompromising criticism' of outmoded arrangements had been proclaimed at the 27th Congress (of [[Communist Party of Soviet Union|KPSS]]), but it was only in the tragic days following the Chernobyl disaster that glasnost began to change from an official slogan into an everyday practice. The truth about Chernobyl that eventually hit the newspapers opened the way to a more truthful examination of other social problems. More and more articles were written about drug abuse, crime, corruption and the mistakes of leaders of various ranks. A wave of 'bad news' swept over the readers in 1986–87, shaking the consciousness of society. Many were horrified to find out about the numerous calamities of which they had previously had no idea. It often seemed to people that there were many more outrages in the epoch of [[perestroika]] than before although, in fact, they had simply not been informed about them previously." -Kagarlitsky pp. 333–334</ref> Pemerintah yang berusaha menutup-nutupi bencana ini menjadi "katalis" |
Insiden ini juga meningkatkan perhatian mengenai [[budaya keamanan]] di industri tenaga nuklir Soviet, menurunkan pertumbuhan industri dan memaksa pemerintah untuk lebih terbuka mengenai prosedurnya.<ref name=Kagarlitsky>{{cite book |title=The New Detente: Rethinking East-West Relations |chapter=Perestroika: The Dialectic of Change|last=Kagarlitsky|first=Boris|editor=[[Mary Kaldor]] |editor2=Gerald Holden |editor3=[[Richard A. Falk]] |year=1989|publisher=United Nations University Press|isbn=0-86091-962-5}}</ref><ref name=Kagarlitsky group=notes>"No one believed the first newspaper reports, which patently understated the scale of the catastrophe and often contradicted one another. The confidence of readers was re-established only after the press was allowed to examine the events in detail without the original censorship restrictions. The policy of openness ([[glasnost]]) and 'uncompromising criticism' of outmoded arrangements had been proclaimed at the 27th Congress (of [[Communist Party of Soviet Union|KPSS]]), but it was only in the tragic days following the Chernobyl disaster that glasnost began to change from an official slogan into an everyday practice. The truth about Chernobyl that eventually hit the newspapers opened the way to a more truthful examination of other social problems. More and more articles were written about drug abuse, crime, corruption and the mistakes of leaders of various ranks. A wave of 'bad news' swept over the readers in 1986–87, shaking the consciousness of society. Many were horrified to find out about the numerous calamities of which they had previously had no idea. It often seemed to people that there were many more outrages in the epoch of [[perestroika]] than before although, in fact, they had simply not been informed about them previously." -Kagarlitsky pp. 333–334</ref> Pemerintah yang berusaha menutup-nutupi bencana ini menjadi "katalis" untuk [[glasnost]], yang "memuluskan jalan bagi reformasi yang berakhir pada kolapsnya Soviet".<ref>{{Cite web|title = Chernobyl cover-up a catalyst for ‘glasnost’|url = http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12403612/ns/world_news-europe/t/chernobyl-cover-up-catalyst-glasnost/|accessdate = 2015-06-21|date = 24 April 2006|publisher = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref> |
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== Lihat pula == |
== Lihat pula == |
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* {{Portal|Bencana Chernobyl}} |
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* [[Kubah Pengaman Baru Chernobyl]] |
* [[Kubah Pengaman Baru Chernobyl]] |
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* {{Cite book|last=Abbott|first=Pamela|title=Chernobyl: Living With Risk and Uncertainty|publisher=Health, Risk & Society 8.2|year=2006|pages=105–121}} |
* {{Cite book|last=Abbott|first=Pamela|title=Chernobyl: Living With Risk and Uncertainty|publisher=Health, Risk & Society 8.2|year=2006|pages=105–121}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Bernard Leonard|authorlink=Bernard Cohen (physicist)|title=The Nuclear Energy Option: An Alternative for the 90's|publisher=Plenum Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-306-43567-6|chapter=(7) The Chernobyl accident – can it happen here?}} |
* {{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Bernard Leonard|authorlink=Bernard Cohen (physicist)|title=The Nuclear Energy Option: An Alternative for the 90's|url=https://archive.org/details/nuclearenergyopt0000cohe|publisher=Plenum Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-306-43567-6|chapter=(7) The Chernobyl accident – can it happen here?}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Dyatlov|first=Anatoly|authorlink=Anatoly Dyatlov|title=Chernobyl. How did it happen.|publisher=Nauchtechlitizdat, Moscow|year=2003|isbn=978-5-93728-006-0 |language=ru |ref=harv}} |
* {{Cite book|last=Dyatlov|first=Anatoly|authorlink=Anatoly Dyatlov|title=Chernobyl. How did it happen.|publisher=Nauchtechlitizdat, Moscow|year=2003|isbn=978-5-93728-006-0 |language=ru |ref=harv}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Hoffmann|first=Wolfgang|title=Fallout From the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster and Congenital Malformations in Europe|publisher=Archives of Environmental Health|year=2001}} |
* {{Cite book|last=Hoffmann|first=Wolfgang|title=Fallout From the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster and Congenital Malformations in Europe|publisher=Archives of Environmental Health|year=2001}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Karpan|first=Nikolaj V.|title=Chernobyl. Vengeance of peaceful atom.|publisher=IKK "Balance Club" |location=Dnepropetrovsk|year=2006|isbn=978-966-8135-21-7 |language=ru|ref=harv}} |
* {{Cite book|last=Karpan|first=Nikolaj V.|title=Chernobyl. Vengeance of peaceful atom.|publisher=IKK "Balance Club" |location=Dnepropetrovsk|year=2006|isbn=978-966-8135-21-7 |language=ru|ref=harv}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Medvedev|first=Grigori|title=The Truth About Chernobyl|publisher=VAAP. First American edition published by Basic Books in 1991|year=1989|isbn=978-2-226-04031-2 |title-link=The Truth About Chernobyl}} |
* {{Cite book|last=Medvedev|first=Grigori|title=The Truth About Chernobyl|publisher=VAAP. First American edition published by Basic Books in 1991|year=1989|isbn=978-2-226-04031-2 |title-link=The Truth About Chernobyl}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Medvedev|first=Zhores A.|authorlink=Zhores A. Medvedev|title=The Legacy of Chernobyl|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=1990|isbn=978-0-393-30814-3 |edition=Paperback. First American edition published in 1990}} |
* {{Cite book|last=Medvedev|first=Zhores A.|authorlink=Zhores A. Medvedev|title=The Legacy of Chernobyl|url=https://archive.org/details/legacyofchernoby00medv|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=1990|isbn=978-0-393-30814-3 |edition=Paperback. First American edition published in 1990}} |
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* [[Serhii Plokhy|Plokhy, Serhii]], ''Chernobyl: History of a Tragedy'', Allen Lane, May 2018, 404 pp., {{ISBN|978 0 241 34902 1}}. |
* [[Serhii Plokhy|Plokhy, Serhii]], ''Chernobyl: History of a Tragedy'', Allen Lane, May 2018, 404 pp., {{ISBN|978 0 241 34902 1}}. |
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* {{Cite book|last=Read|first=Piers Paul|authorlink=Piers Paul Read|title=Ablaze! The Story of the Heroes and Victims of Chernobyl|publisher=Random House UK (paperback 1997) |year=1993|isbn=978-0-7493-1633-4}} |
* {{Cite book|last=Read|first=Piers Paul|authorlink=Piers Paul Read|title=Ablaze! The Story of the Heroes and Victims of Chernobyl|url=https://archive.org/details/ablazestoryofher0000read|publisher=Random House UK (paperback 1997) |year=1993|isbn=978-0-7493-1633-4}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Shcherbak|first=Yurii|title=Chernobyl|location=New York|publisher=Soviet Writers/St. Martin's Press|year=1991|url=http://www.x-libri.ru/elib/sherb000/index.htm |language=Russian, English |isbn=978-0-312-03097-1}} |
* {{Cite book|last=Shcherbak|first=Yurii|title=Chernobyl|location=New York|publisher=Soviet Writers/St. Martin's Press|year=1991|url=http://www.x-libri.ru/elib/sherb000/index.htm |language=Russian, English |isbn=978-0-312-03097-1}} |
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* Yaroshinskaya, Alla A. ''Chernobyl: Crime Without Punishment.'' Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publisher, 2015. |
* Yaroshinskaya, Alla A. ''Chernobyl: Crime Without Punishment.'' Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publisher, 2015. |
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See [[Wikipedia: |
See [[Wikipedia:Pranala luar]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. |
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Revisi terkini sejak 1 November 2022 06.03
.jpg) Reaktor 4 setelah beberapa bulan. Reaktor 3 dapat dilihat di belakang tumpukan ventilasi | |
| Tanggal | 26 April 1986 (38 tahun lalu) |
|---|---|
| Waktu | 01:23 (Waktu Moskwa UTC+3) |
| Lokasi | Pripyat, Ukrainian SSR, Uni Soviet (51°23′22″N 30°05′56″E / 51.38944°N 30.09889°E) |
| Penyebab | Ledakan inti yang tidak sengaja ketika sedang dimatikan darurat akibat kegagalan daya |
| Hasil | Skala Kejadian Nuklir Internasional level 7 (kecelakaan besar) |
| Tewas | 31 (langsung) |
Bencana Chernobyl adalah kecelakaan reaktor nuklir terburuk dan terparah dalam sejarah. Pada tanggal 26 April 1986 pukul 01:23:40 pagi (UTC+3), reaktor nomor empat di Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir Chernobyl yang terletak di Uni Soviet di dekat Pripyat di Ukraina meledak. Akibatnya, isotop radioaktif dalam jumlah besar tersebar ke atmosfer di seluruh kawasan Uni Soviet bagian barat dan Eropa. Bencana nuklir ini dianggap sebagai kecelakaan nuklir terburuk sepanjang sejarah, dan merupakan satu dari dua kecelakaan yang digolongkan dalam level 7 pada Skala Kejadian Nuklir Internasional (kecelakaan yang lainnya adalah Bencana nuklir Fukushima Daiichi).[1] Jumlah pekerja yang dilibatkan untuk menanggulangi bencana ini sekitar 500.000 orang, dan menghabiskan dana sebesar 18 miliar rubel dan mempengaruhi ekonomi Uni Soviet.[2] Ribuan penduduk terpaksa diungsikan dari Kota Chernobyl.
Sisa-sisa dari gedung reaktor No.4 ditutupi sebuah sarkofagus besar pada bulan Desember 1986, ketika bahan yang berada dalam reaktor telah memasuki fase shut-down. pelindung ini dibuat secepat mungkin sebagai occupational safety untuk pekerja reaktor lainnya di pembangkit listrik tersebut.[3][4]
Bencana ini memicu peningkatan keamanan pada semua reaktor Soviet yang tersisa seperti RBMK (Chernobyl No.4), di mana 11 diantaranya terus menyediakan listrik hingga tahun 2013.[5][6]
Ikhtisar
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Bencana dimulai ketika sedang dilakukan pengujian sistem tanggal 26 April 1986 di reaktor nomor 4 pembangkit Chernobyl yang letaknya dekat Pripyat dan dekat dengan perbatasan administratif dengan Belarus dan Sungai Dnieper. Kemudian terjadi lonjakan energi secara tiba-tiba dan tak diduga, dan ketika sedang mencoba mematikan darurat, terjadi lonjakan daya sangat tinggi yang menyebabkan tangki reaktor pecah diikuti serangkaian ledakan uap. Kejadian ini melepaskan moderator neutron grafit di reaktor ke udara, sehingga menyala.[7][diskusikan] Kebakaran yang dihasilkan berlangsung seminggu penuh dan melepaskan debu partikel radioaktif ke atmosfer secara meluas, termasuk Pripyat. Debu kemudian tersebar ke kawasan Uni Soviet bagian barat dan Eropa. Menurut data resmi pasca-Soviet,[8][9] sekitar 60% debu jatuh di Belarus.
36 jam setelah insiden ini, otoritas Soviet memberlakukan zona eksklusi 10-kilometer yang menyebabkan evakuasi cepat 49.000 orang beserta hewan mereka, terutama dari pusat populasi terbesar dekat reaktor, kota Pripyat.[10] Meskipun tidak dikomunikasikan saat itu, evakuasi langsung setelah insiden tidak disarankan karena jalanan keluar kota dipenuhi dengan debu yang berisi partikel nuklir didalamnya, kotanya sendiri cukup aman karena diuntungkan oleh arah angin, sehingga penduduk disarankan untuk berdiam di rumah sebelum dievakuasi sebelum arah angin berubah.[10]
Karena debu terus menerus dihasilkan, zona evakuasi diperbesar dari 10 menjadi 30 km sekitar seminggu setelah insiden, mengakibatkan 68.000 penduduk lagi harus dievakuasi, termasuk dari kota Chernobyl sendiri.[10] Survei dan deteksi dari zona terisolasi menyebutkan bahwa total ada sekitar 135.000 orang pengungsi "jangka panjang".[10] Jumlah ini naik hampir 3 kali lipat menjadi 350.000 orang pada dekade setelahnya, 1986-2000.[11][12]
Rusia, Ukraina, dan Belarusia terbebani dengan dekontaminasi terus menerus dan biaya kompensasi bulanan[13][14][15] akibat bencana Chernobyl.
Bencana ini meningkatkan perhatian mengenai reaktor fisi di seluruh dunia dan ratusan proposal reaktor, termasuk diantaranya yang sedang dibangun di Chernobyl (No.5 dan 6) akhirnya dibatalkan.
Insiden ini juga meningkatkan perhatian mengenai budaya keamanan di industri tenaga nuklir Soviet, menurunkan pertumbuhan industri dan memaksa pemerintah untuk lebih terbuka mengenai prosedurnya.[16][notes 1] Pemerintah yang berusaha menutup-nutupi bencana ini menjadi "katalis" untuk glasnost, yang "memuluskan jalan bagi reformasi yang berakhir pada kolapsnya Soviet".[17]
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Catatan penjelas
- ^ "No one believed the first newspaper reports, which patently understated the scale of the catastrophe and often contradicted one another. The confidence of readers was re-established only after the press was allowed to examine the events in detail without the original censorship restrictions. The policy of openness (glasnost) and 'uncompromising criticism' of outmoded arrangements had been proclaimed at the 27th Congress (of KPSS), but it was only in the tragic days following the Chernobyl disaster that glasnost began to change from an official slogan into an everyday practice. The truth about Chernobyl that eventually hit the newspapers opened the way to a more truthful examination of other social problems. More and more articles were written about drug abuse, crime, corruption and the mistakes of leaders of various ranks. A wave of 'bad news' swept over the readers in 1986–87, shaking the consciousness of society. Many were horrified to find out about the numerous calamities of which they had previously had no idea. It often seemed to people that there were many more outrages in the epoch of perestroika than before although, in fact, they had simply not been informed about them previously." -Kagarlitsky pp. 333–334
- Sitiran
- ^ Black, Richard (12 April 2011) Fukushima: As Bad as Chernobyl? BBC News.
- ^ From interviews with Mikhail Gorbachev, Hans Blix and Vassili Nesterenko. The Battle of Chernobyl. Discovery Channel. Relevant video locations: 31:00, 1:10:00.
- ^ Chernobyl Gallery timeline
- ^ Чернобыль, Припять, Чернобыльская АЭС и зона отчуждения. ""Shelter" object description". Chornobyl.in.ua. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-07-22. Diakses tanggal 8 May 2012.
- ^ http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-power-reactors/appendices/rbmk-reactors.aspx RBMK Reactors Appendix to Nuclear Power Reactors. WNA.2016
- ^ rbmk nuclear power plants: generic safety issues - IAEA 1996
- ^ "Frequently Asked Chernobyl Questions". International Atomic Energy Agency – Division of Public Information. May 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 23 February 2011. Diakses tanggal 23 March 2011.
- ^ ICRIN Project (2011). International Chernobyl Portal chernobyl.info. Diakses tanggal 2011.
- ^ Environmental consequences of the Chernobyl accident and their remediation: Twenty years of experience. Report of the Chernobyl Forum Expert Group ‘Environment’ (PDF). Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. 2006. hlm. 180. ISBN 92-0-114705-8. Diakses tanggal 13 March 2011.
- ^ a b c d [Nuclear Disasters & The Built Environment: A Report to the Royal Institute ...By Philip Steadman, Simon Hodgkinson pp 55]
- ^ "Table 2.2 Number of people affected by the Chernobyl accident (to December 2000)" (PDF). The Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident. UNDP and UNICEF. 22 January 2002. hlm. 32. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-02-01. Diakses tanggal 17 September 2010.
- ^ "Table 5.3: Evacuated and resettled people" (PDF). The Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident. UNDP and UNICEF. 22 January 2002. hlm. 66. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-02-01. Diakses tanggal 17 September 2010.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaspectrum.ieee.org - ^ Chernobyl in Perspective, James Peron, 2006
- ^ "Now, liquidators must go to court routinely to get their monthly payments adjusted so that they keep up with inflation. While there are laws dictating that liquidators are entitled to cost-of-living adjustments, the Federal Employment Service does not increase compensation payments until ordered to do so by a court, liquidators said." By Anastasiya Lebedev Apr. 25 2006[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- ^ Kagarlitsky, Boris (1989). "Perestroika: The Dialectic of Change". Dalam Mary Kaldor; Gerald Holden; Richard A. Falk. The New Detente: Rethinking East-West Relations. United Nations University Press. ISBN 0-86091-962-5.
- ^ "Chernobyl cover-up a catalyst for 'glasnost'". Associated Press. 24 April 2006. Diakses tanggal 2015-06-21.
- Sumber
Dokumen tentang bencana di sumber-sumber tidak resmi:
- Technological Regulations on operation of 3 and 4 power units of Chernobyl NPP (in force at the moment of emergency)
- Tables and graphs of some parameters variation of the unit before the emergency
Bacaan lanjutan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Abbott, Pamela (2006). Chernobyl: Living With Risk and Uncertainty. Health, Risk & Society 8.2. hlm. 105–121.
- Cohen, Bernard Leonard (1990). "(7) The Chernobyl accident – can it happen here?". The Nuclear Energy Option: An Alternative for the 90's. Plenum Press. ISBN 978-0-306-43567-6.
- Dyatlov, Anatoly (2003). Chernobyl. How did it happen (dalam bahasa Rusia). Nauchtechlitizdat, Moscow. ISBN 978-5-93728-006-0.
- Hoffmann, Wolfgang (2001). Fallout From the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster and Congenital Malformations in Europe. Archives of Environmental Health.
- Jay, Mike, "I don't understand it at all" (review of Serhii Plokhy, Chernobyl: History of a Tragedy, Allen Lane, May 2018, 404 pp., ISBN 978 0 241 34902 1), London Review of Books, vol. 40, no. 23 (6 December 2018), pp. 33–34.
- Karpan, Nikolaj V. (2006). Chernobyl. Vengeance of peaceful atom (dalam bahasa Rusia). Dnepropetrovsk: IKK "Balance Club". ISBN 978-966-8135-21-7.
- Medvedev, Grigori (1989). The Truth About Chernobyl. VAAP. First American edition published by Basic Books in 1991. ISBN 978-2-226-04031-2.
- Medvedev, Zhores A. (1990). The Legacy of Chernobyl (edisi ke-Paperback. First American edition published in 1990). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-30814-3.
- Plokhy, Serhii, Chernobyl: History of a Tragedy, Allen Lane, May 2018, 404 pp., ISBN 978 0 241 34902 1.
- Read, Piers Paul (1993). Ablaze! The Story of the Heroes and Victims of Chernobyl. Random House UK (paperback 1997). ISBN 978-0-7493-1633-4.
- Shcherbak, Yurii (1991). Chernobyl (dalam bahasa Russian and English). New York: Soviet Writers/St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-03097-1.
- Yaroshinskaya, Alla A. Chernobyl: Crime Without Punishment. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publisher, 2015.
- Gerd Ludwig and Lois Lammerhuber: Der lange Schatten von Tschernobyl – The Long Shadow of Chernobyl – L'ombre de Tchernobyl. Edition Lammerhuber, 2014, ISBN 978-3901753664. Illustrated book containing photos taken in 2013 within the reactor hull. Interview with the photographer (in German)
- Vjačeslav Šestopalov, et al.: Groundwater vulnerability: Chernobyl nuclear disaster. American Geophysical Union, Washington 2015, ISBN 978-1-118-96219-0.
- Busby, Chris (January 2017). The Scientific Hero of Chernobyl: Alexey V. Yablokov, the Man Who Dared to Speak the Truth
Pranala luar
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Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Chernobyl disaster.
Wikiquote memiliki koleksi kutipan yang berkaitan dengan: Chernobyl disaster.
Wikivoyage memiliki panduan wisata Chernobyl.
- Official UN Chernobyl site
- International Chernobyl Portal chernobyl.info, UN Inter-Agency Project ICRIN
- Frequently Asked Chernobyl Questions, by the IAEA
- Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme (United Nations Development Programme)
- Photographs from inside the zone of alienation and City of Prypyat (2010)
- Photographs from inside the Chernobyl Reactor and City of Prypyat
- Photographs of those affected by the Chernobyl Disaster
- Photographs from the City of Pripyat, and of those affected by the disaster
- EnglishRussia Photos of a RBMK-based power plant, showing details of the reactor hall, pumps, and the control room
- Post-Soviet Pollution: Effects of Chernobyl from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
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- Bencana Chernobyl
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