Mulian Menyelamatkan Ibunya: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:Mulian Saves His Mother Drawing.jpg| |
[[Berkas:Mulian Saves His Mother Drawing.jpg|jmpl|ka|Mulian di Neraka (ilustrasi kontemporer) |
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<ref>[http://www.chinabuddhismencyclopedia.com/en/index.php?title=File:Mulian_Saves_his_Mother.jpg ''Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia'']</ref>]] |
<ref>[http://www.chinabuddhismencyclopedia.com/en/index.php?title=File:Mulian_Saves_his_Mother.jpg ''Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia'']</ref>]] |
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'''''Mulian Menyelamatkan Ibunya''''' ({{zh|t=目連救母 |p=Mùlián jiù mǔ}}), atau '''Mulian Menyelematkan Ibunya Dari Neraka''' adalah sebuah cerita Buddhis Tionghoa populer yang berasal dari |
'''''Mulian Menyelamatkan Ibunya''''' ({{zh|t=目連救母 |p=Mùlián jiù mǔ}}), atau '''Mulian Menyelematkan Ibunya Dari Neraka''' adalah sebuah cerita Buddhis Tionghoa populer yang berasal dari abad ketiga Era Umum, terinspirasi oleh cerita dari India mengenai [[Maudgalyayana]], yang diberi nama Mulian dalam cerita-cerita Tionghoa. Mulian, seorang bhikkhu yang saleh, mencari bantuan Sang Buddha untuk menyelamatkan ibunya, yang telah jatuh ke [[Diyu|alam nerakan yang paling rendah dan paling menyakitkan]] sebagai [[karma dalam agama Buddha|buah karma]] atas kesalahan-kesalahannya. Mulian tidak dapat menyelamatkannya dengan upaya pribadinya, namun sebaliknya diinstruksikan oleh Sang Buddha untuk mempersembahkan makanan dan dana kepada para bhikkhu dan biara pada hari kelima belas bulan ketujuh Imlek, yang memelopori [[Ulambana]] ({{zh|t=鬼節|p= guijie}}). Bakti bhikkhu tersebut kepada ibunya meyakinkan orang Tionghoa bahwa Buddhisme tidak merusak nilai [[Konfusius]] mengenai [[xiao|bakti]] dan membantu membuat Buddhisme menjadi sebuah agama orang Tionghoa. |
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Cerita ini berkembang dalam banyak variasi dan muncul dalam berbagai bentuk. Naskah-naskah [[Dinasti Tang]] yang ditemukan di awal abad kedua puluh di [[Dunhuang]] di Gansu mengungkapkan cerita-cerita yang beraneka ragam dalam bentuk ''[[chuanqi]]'' ("transmisi aneh") atau '' [[bianwen]]'' ("kisah transformasi"). Mulian dan ibunya tampil di atas panggung dalam opera, terutama [[opera Tiongkok|opera rakyat]], dan telah menjadi subjek film dan serial televisi. Cerita ini menjadi bagian standar layanan [[pemakaman Buddhis]], terutama di pedesaan, sampai akhir abad ke-20. Legenda ini menyebar dengan cepat ke bagian Asia Timur lainnya, dan merupakan salah satu cerita yang paling awal yang ditulis dalam [[Sastra Korea]], [[Sastra Vietnam|Vietnam]], dan [[Sastra Jepang|Jepang]].{{sfnb|Teiser|1988| pp = [https://books.google.com/?id=anGlBZDWWLwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=KOrean%20prose%20literature&f=false 8–9]}} |
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Sebuah versi dari legenda ini yang mengganti Mulian ({{lang-pi|''Moggallāna''}}) dengan temannya, [[Sāriputta]], tercata dalam ''[[Petavatthu]]'' [[Theravāda]] dan merupakan dasar kebiasaan mempersembahkan makanan kepada [[Preta|hantu kelaparan]] dan [[Ulambana#Tradisi terkait di bagian lain Asia|Ulambana]] dalam budaya Kamboja, Sri Lanka, Thailand, dan Laos.<ref> [http://www.sacbc.org/docs/Thoughts%20on%20Obon.pdf How Did Moggallana and Sariputta Rescue their Mothers from the Hungry Ghost Realm?] </ref> {{sfnb|Ladwig|2012|p = passim}} |
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== Terjemahan == |
== Terjemahan == |
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* {{citation |
* {{citation|translator-first=Rostislav|translator-last=Berezkin|encyclopedia=The Columbia Anthology of Chinese Folk and Popular Literature|editor-first=Victor|editor-last=Mair|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=2011|location=New York|title=A local drama from Shaoxing|url=https://books.google.com/id=x64FkJduORwC|pp=303–9}}{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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* {{citation|url=http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic787480.files/Maudgalyayana%20Saves%20His%20Mother.pdf|title=Maudgalyayana Rescues His Mother From Hell|series=Dunhuang Bianwen Manuscript P2319|translator-first=Eugene|translator-last=Eoyang|editor1-first=Y. W.|editor1-last=Ma|editor2-first=Joseph|editor2-last=Lau|encyclopedia=Traditional Chinese Stories|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=1985|isbn=0-231-04058-X|edition=reprinted, illustrated and annoted as {{cite encyclopedia|title=The Quest of Mulian|author1=Minford, John |author2=Joseph S. M. Lau |lastauthoramp=yes |year = 2000 |series= Classical Chinese Literature: An Anthology of Translations|volume=I|encyclopedia=From Antiquity to the Tang Dynasty |publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]; [[Chinese University Press]]| location = New York; Hong Kong |isbn = 0-231-09676-3 |ref = none|url=https://books.google.com/?id=8PMehCCKZ7QC}}}} |
* {{citation|url=http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic787480.files/Maudgalyayana%20Saves%20His%20Mother.pdf|title=Maudgalyayana Rescues His Mother From Hell|series=Dunhuang Bianwen Manuscript P2319|translator-first=Eugene|translator-last=Eoyang|editor1-first=Y. W.|editor1-last=Ma|editor2-first=Joseph|editor2-last=Lau|encyclopedia=Traditional Chinese Stories|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=1985|isbn=0-231-04058-X|edition=reprinted, illustrated and annoted as {{cite encyclopedia|title=The Quest of Mulian|author1=Minford, John |author2=Joseph S. M. Lau |lastauthoramp=yes |year = 2000 |series= Classical Chinese Literature: An Anthology of Translations|volume=I|encyclopedia=From Antiquity to the Tang Dynasty |publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]; [[Chinese University Press]]| location = New York; Hong Kong |isbn = 0-231-09676-3 |ref = none|url=https://books.google.com/?id=8PMehCCKZ7QC}}}} |
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* {{citation|title=Maudgalyāyana: Transformation Text on Mahamaudgalyāyana Rescuing His Mother from the Underworld|editor-last = Mair |editor-first = Victor H. |year = 1983 |encyclopedia = Tun-Huang Popular Narratives | url = https://books.google.com/?id=0QE93wCJH-IC|publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]| location = Cambridge; New York |isbn = 0-521-24761-6|ref = none|pages=87–122}} |
* {{citation|title=Maudgalyāyana: Transformation Text on Mahamaudgalyāyana Rescuing His Mother from the Underworld|editor-last = Mair |editor-first = Victor H. |year = 1983 |encyclopedia = Tun-Huang Popular Narratives | url = https://books.google.com/?id=0QE93wCJH-IC|publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]| location = Cambridge; New York |isbn = 0-521-24761-6|ref = none|pages=87–122}} |
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== Bacaan lebih lanjut == |
== Bacaan lebih lanjut == |
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* {{citation | first= Alan | last =Cole | url=https://books.google.com/?id=a7ZIpWrB6gMC|title=The Passion of Mulian's Mother: Narrative Blood and Maternal Sacrifices in Chinese Buddhism] | page =119-| encyclopedia=Family in Buddhism | editor-last =Wilson|editor-first=Liz| location = Albany | publisher =[[SUNY Press]] | year =2013 | isbn =1-4384-4753-1|ref = harv}} |
* {{citation | first= Alan | last =Cole | url=https://books.google.com/?id=a7ZIpWrB6gMC|title=The Passion of Mulian's Mother: Narrative Blood and Maternal Sacrifices in Chinese Buddhism] | page =119-| encyclopedia=Family in Buddhism | editor-last =Wilson|editor-first=Liz| location = Albany | publisher =[[SUNY Press]] | year =2013 | isbn =1-4384-4753-1|ref = harv}} |
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* Cole, Alan (1998). ''Mothers and Sons in Chinese Buddhism'', Stanford University Press |
* Cole, Alan (1998). ''Mothers and Sons in Chinese Buddhism'', Stanford University Press |
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* {{cite book |last1 = Grant |first1 = Beata |first2 = W. L. |last2 = Idema |year = 2011 |title = Escape from Blood Pond Hell: The Tales of Mulian and Woman Huang |publisher = [[University of Washington Press]]| location = Seattle |isbn = 978-0-295-99119-1 |ref = none}} |
* {{cite book |last1 = Grant |first1 = Beata |first2 = W. L. |last2 = Idema |year = 2011 |title = Escape from Blood Pond Hell: The Tales of Mulian and Woman Huang |publisher = [[University of Washington Press]]| location = Seattle |isbn = 978-0-295-99119-1 |ref = none}} |
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* {{cite book |last = Guo |first = Qitao |year = 2005 |title = Ritual Opera and Mercantile Lineage: The Confucian Transformation of Popular Culture in Late Imperial Huizhou |publisher = [[Stanford University Press]]| url = https://books.google.com/?id=lJWTY9dIs5oC|location = Stanford, California |isbn = 0-8047-5032-7 |ref = harv}} |
* {{cite book |last = Guo |first = Qitao |year = 2005 |title = Ritual Opera and Mercantile Lineage: The Confucian Transformation of Popular Culture in Late Imperial Huizhou |publisher = [[Stanford University Press]]| url = https://books.google.com/?id=lJWTY9dIs5oC|location = Stanford, California |isbn = 0-8047-5032-7 |ref = harv}} |
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* [http://academic.reed.edu/hellscrolls/scrolls/Aseries/A10/A10c.html Mulian saves his mother] Series of images, with extensive links to other images of Tang dynasty scroll paintings of hells and purgatories in the series [http://academic.reed.edu/hellscrolls/scrolls/ThemesTopics/narratives.html Narratives Informing Chinese Notions of Hell] at [[Reed College]]. |
* [http://academic.reed.edu/hellscrolls/scrolls/Aseries/A10/A10c.html Mulian saves his mother] Series of images, with extensive links to other images of Tang dynasty scroll paintings of hells and purgatories in the series [http://academic.reed.edu/hellscrolls/scrolls/ThemesTopics/narratives.html Narratives Informing Chinese Notions of Hell] at [[Reed College]]. |
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* [http://www.douban.com/note/31595433/ 蒙古文绘本 "目连救母经"] (Mongolian Depictions of Mulian Rescues His Mother). |
* [http://www.douban.com/note/31595433/ 蒙古文绘本 "目连救母经"] (Mongolian Depictions of Mulian Rescues His Mother). |
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9IpT_ZeoH8 |
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9IpT_ZeoH8 Mulian Saves His Mother] (YouTube 4 min 40 seconds) East Asia gallery interactive of the [www.acm.org.sg Asian Civilisations Museum] Singapore. Worship and opera performances in Singapore. |
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3Xs-_B6z10 Mu Lian Jiu Mu 目连救母] (YouTube 6 min 4 seconds) Singapore Opera recorded February 27, 2013. The scene in which Mulian meets his mother. |
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3Xs-_B6z10 Mu Lian Jiu Mu 目连救母] (YouTube 6 min 4 seconds) Singapore Opera recorded February 27, 2013. The scene in which Mulian meets his mother. |
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BI7vp6Qjay0 Mulian Saves His Mother] (YouTube 1 min 53 seconds). Nanyin performance by Siong Leng Musical Association at the Poh Ern Shih Temple, Singapore. Mulian fights demons. |
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BI7vp6Qjay0 Mulian Saves His Mother] (YouTube 1 min 53 seconds). Nanyin performance by Siong Leng Musical Association at the Poh Ern Shih Temple, Singapore. Mulian fights demons. |
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[[Kategori: |
[[Kategori:Buddhisme]] |
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[[Kategori:Opera Tionghoa]] |
[[Kategori:Opera Tionghoa]] |
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[[Kategori:Budaya Tionghoa]] |
[[Kategori:Budaya Tionghoa]] |
Revisi terkini sejak 24 Juni 2023 00.29
Mulian Menyelamatkan Ibunya (Hanzi: 目連救母; Pinyin: Mùlián jiù mǔ), atau Mulian Menyelematkan Ibunya Dari Neraka adalah sebuah cerita Buddhis Tionghoa populer yang berasal dari abad ketiga Era Umum, terinspirasi oleh cerita dari India mengenai Maudgalyayana, yang diberi nama Mulian dalam cerita-cerita Tionghoa. Mulian, seorang bhikkhu yang saleh, mencari bantuan Sang Buddha untuk menyelamatkan ibunya, yang telah jatuh ke alam nerakan yang paling rendah dan paling menyakitkan sebagai buah karma atas kesalahan-kesalahannya. Mulian tidak dapat menyelamatkannya dengan upaya pribadinya, namun sebaliknya diinstruksikan oleh Sang Buddha untuk mempersembahkan makanan dan dana kepada para bhikkhu dan biara pada hari kelima belas bulan ketujuh Imlek, yang memelopori Ulambana (Hanzi: 鬼節; Pinyin: guijie). Bakti bhikkhu tersebut kepada ibunya meyakinkan orang Tionghoa bahwa Buddhisme tidak merusak nilai Konfusius mengenai bakti dan membantu membuat Buddhisme menjadi sebuah agama orang Tionghoa.
Cerita ini berkembang dalam banyak variasi dan muncul dalam berbagai bentuk. Naskah-naskah Dinasti Tang yang ditemukan di awal abad kedua puluh di Dunhuang di Gansu mengungkapkan cerita-cerita yang beraneka ragam dalam bentuk chuanqi ("transmisi aneh") atau bianwen ("kisah transformasi"). Mulian dan ibunya tampil di atas panggung dalam opera, terutama opera rakyat, dan telah menjadi subjek film dan serial televisi. Cerita ini menjadi bagian standar layanan pemakaman Buddhis, terutama di pedesaan, sampai akhir abad ke-20. Legenda ini menyebar dengan cepat ke bagian Asia Timur lainnya, dan merupakan salah satu cerita yang paling awal yang ditulis dalam Sastra Korea, Vietnam, dan Jepang.[2]
Sebuah versi dari legenda ini yang mengganti Mulian (Pali: Moggallāna) dengan temannya, Sāriputta, tercata dalam Petavatthu Theravāda dan merupakan dasar kebiasaan mempersembahkan makanan kepada hantu kelaparan dan Ulambana dalam budaya Kamboja, Sri Lanka, Thailand, dan Laos.[3] [4]
Terjemahan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Mair, Victor, ed. (2011), "A local drama from Shaoxing", The Columbia Anthology of Chinese Folk and Popular Literature, diterjemahkan oleh Berezkin, Rostislav, New York: Columbia University Press, hlm. 303–9[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Ma, Y. W.; Lau, Joseph, ed. (1985), "Maudgalyayana Rescues His Mother From Hell" (PDF), Traditional Chinese Stories, Dunhuang Bianwen Manuscript P2319, diterjemahkan oleh Eoyang, Eugene (edisi ke-reprinted, illustrated and annoted as Minford, John & Joseph S. M. Lau (2000). "The Quest of Mulian". From Antiquity to the Tang Dynasty. Classical Chinese Literature: An Anthology of Translations. I. New York; Hong Kong: Columbia University Press; Chinese University Press. ISBN 0-231-09676-3.), Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-04058-X
- Mair, Victor H., ed. (1983), "Maudgalyāyana: Transformation Text on Mahamaudgalyāyana Rescuing His Mother from the Underworld", Tun-Huang Popular Narratives, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, hlm. 87–122, ISBN 0-521-24761-6
- Waley, Arthur (1960), "Mu Lien Rescues His Mother from Hell", Ballads and Stories from Tun-Huang, diterjemahkan oleh Waley, Arthur, London: Allen and unwin, hlm. 216–235 Translation of "Maudgalyāyana: Transformation Text on Mahamaudgalyāyana Rescuing His Mother from the Underworld, With Pictures, One Scroll, WIth Preface."
- Johnson, David (2000), "Mulian Rescues His Mother", dalam DeBary, Wm. Theodore, From 1600 through the Twentieth Century, Sources of Chinese Tradition, II, New York: Columbia University Press, hlm. 93–104, ISBN 0-231-51799-8 Excerpts.
- Whitfield, Susan (1999). "The Nun's Tale". Life Along the Silk Road. Berkeley: University of California Press. hlm. 155–73. ISBN 978-0-520-23214-3. A popularized retelling of the Mulian story by an imagined Tang dynasty nun.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Bacaan lebih lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Cole, Alan (2013), "The Passion of Mulian's Mother: Narrative Blood and Maternal Sacrifices in Chinese Buddhism]", dalam Wilson, Liz, Family in Buddhism, Albany: SUNY Press, hlm. 119-, ISBN 1-4384-4753-1
- Cole, Alan (1998). Mothers and Sons in Chinese Buddhism, Stanford University Press
- Grant, Beata; Idema, W. L. (2011). Escape from Blood Pond Hell: The Tales of Mulian and Woman Huang. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-99119-1.
- Guo, Qitao (2005). Ritual Opera and Mercantile Lineage: The Confucian Transformation of Popular Culture in Late Imperial Huizhou. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-5032-7.
- Johnson, David G.; Grant, Beata (1989). Ritual Opera, Operatic Ritual : "Mu-Lien Rescues His Mother" in Chinese Popular Culture. Chinese Popular Culture Project. Berkeley, CA: University of California, distributed by IEAS Publications. ISBN 0-9624327-0-9.
- Ladwig, Patrice (2012), "Feeding the dead: ghosts, materiality and merit", dalam Williams, Paul; Ladwig, Patrice, Buddhist funeral cultures of Southeast Asia and China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 1-107-00388-1
- Mair, Victor H. (1989). T'ang Transformation Texts: A Study of the Buddhist Contribution to the Rise of Vernacular Fiction and Drama in China. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, distributed by Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-86815-3.
- Teiser, Stephen F. (1988). The Ghost Festival in Medieval China. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05525-4.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Mulian saves his mother Series of images, with extensive links to other images of Tang dynasty scroll paintings of hells and purgatories in the series Narratives Informing Chinese Notions of Hell at Reed College.
- 蒙古文绘本 "目连救母经" (Mongolian Depictions of Mulian Rescues His Mother).
- Mulian Saves His Mother (YouTube 4 min 40 seconds) East Asia gallery interactive of the [www.acm.org.sg Asian Civilisations Museum] Singapore. Worship and opera performances in Singapore.
- Mu Lian Jiu Mu 目连救母 (YouTube 6 min 4 seconds) Singapore Opera recorded February 27, 2013. The scene in which Mulian meets his mother.
- Mulian Saves His Mother (YouTube 1 min 53 seconds). Nanyin performance by Siong Leng Musical Association at the Poh Ern Shih Temple, Singapore. Mulian fights demons.