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Koordinat: 52°30′45″N 13°22′53″E / 52.5125°N 13.3815°E / 52.5125; 13.3815
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(5 revisi perantara oleh pengguna yang sama tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 105: Baris 105:
* {{cite book|last=Beevor|first=Antony|authorlink=Antony Beevor|year=2002|title=Berlin: The Downfall 1945|url=https://archive.org/details/berlindownfall190000beev_e9y1|publisher=Viking–Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=978-0-670-03041-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Beevor|first=Antony|authorlink=Antony Beevor|year=2002|title=Berlin: The Downfall 1945|url=https://archive.org/details/berlindownfall190000beev_e9y1|publisher=Viking–Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=978-0-670-03041-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Bullock|first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Bullock|year=1999|title=Hitler: A Study in Tyranny|origyear=1952|publisher=Konecky & Konecky|location=New York|isbn=978-1-56852-036-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Bullock|first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Bullock|year=1999|title=Hitler: A Study in Tyranny|origyear=1952|publisher=Konecky & Konecky|location=New York|isbn=978-1-56852-036-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Dollinger|first=Hans|year=1997|title=Decline and the Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan|publisher=Chancellor|location=London|isbn=978-0-7537-0009-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Dollinger|first=Hans|year=1997|title=Decline and the Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan|url=https://archive.org/details/declinefallofnaz0000doll_q1u0|publisher=Chancellor|location=London|isbn=978-0-7537-0009-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Stephan|year=2008|title=Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945|publisher=Helion & Co|location=Solihull|isbn=978-1-906033-12-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Stephan|year=2008|title=Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945|publisher=Helion & Co|location=Solihull|isbn=978-1-906033-12-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Joachimsthaler|first=Anton|year=1999|origyear=1995|title=The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends – The Evidence – The Truth|url=https://archive.org/details/lastdaysofhitler0000joac_o3a8|publisher=Brockhampton Press|location=London|isbn=978-1-86019-902-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Joachimsthaler|first=Anton|year=1999|origyear=1995|title=The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends – The Evidence – The Truth|url=https://archive.org/details/lastdaysofhitler0000joac_o3a8|publisher=Brockhampton Press|location=London|isbn=978-1-86019-902-8|ref=harv}}
Baris 113: Baris 113:
* {{cite book|last=Linge|first=Heinz|authorlink=Heinz Linge|year=2009|title=With Hitler to the End|url=https://archive.org/details/withhitlertoendm00ling|publisher=Frontline Books–Skyhorse Publishing|location=London; New York|isbn=978-1-60239-804-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Linge|first=Heinz|authorlink=Heinz Linge|year=2009|title=With Hitler to the End|url=https://archive.org/details/withhitlertoendm00ling|publisher=Frontline Books–Skyhorse Publishing|location=London; New York|isbn=978-1-60239-804-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Mabire|first=Jean|year=1975|title=Mourir à Berlin|language=French|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-213-00178-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Mabire|first=Jean|year=1975|title=Mourir à Berlin|language=French|publisher=Fayard|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-213-00178-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last = McNab|first = Chris|title = Hitler's Masterplan: The Essential Facts and Figures for Hitler's Third Reich|publisher = Amber Books Ltd|year = 2011|isbn = 978-1907446962|ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|last = McNab|first = Chris|title = Hitler's Masterplan: The Essential Facts and Figures for Hitler's Third Reich|url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersmasterpla00unse|publisher = Amber Books Ltd|year = 2011|isbn = 978-1907446962|ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|last = McNab|first = Chris|title = Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications and Defences 1939–45|publisher = Osprey Publishing|location = Oxford; New York|year = 2014|isbn = 978-1-78200-828-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last = McNab|first = Chris|title = Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications and Defences 1939–45|url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersfortresse0000mcna|publisher = Osprey Publishing|location = Oxford; New York|year = 2014|isbn = 978-1-78200-828-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal | last=Mollo | first=Andrew | year=1988 | editor-last=Ramsey | editor-first=Winston | title=The Berlin Führerbunker: The Thirteenth Hole | journal=After the Battle | issue=61 | publisher=Battle of Britain International | location=London | ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal | last=Mollo | first=Andrew | year=1988 | editor-last=Ramsey | editor-first=Winston | title=The Berlin Führerbunker: The Thirteenth Hole | journal=After the Battle | issue=61 | publisher=Battle of Britain International | location=London | ref=harv}}
* {{cite web | author=MI5 staff | year=2005 | title=Hitler's last days | work=mi5.gov.uk | publisher=[[MI5]] | url=https://www.mi5.gov.uk/home/about-us/who-we-are/mi5-history/world-war-ii/hitlers-last-days.html | accessdate=12 June 2011 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite web | author=MI5 staff | year=2005 | title=Hitler's last days | work=mi5.gov.uk | publisher=[[MI5]] | url=https://www.mi5.gov.uk/home/about-us/who-we-are/mi5-history/world-war-ii/hitlers-last-days.html | accessdate=12 June 2011 | ref=harv | archive-date=2015-07-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704070117/https://www.mi5.gov.uk/home/about-us/who-we-are/mi5-history/world-war-ii/hitlers-last-days.html | dead-url=no }}
* {{cite book|last=Shirer|first=William L.|authorlink=William L. Shirer|year=1960|title=[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-62420-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Shirer|first=William L.|authorlink=William L. Shirer|year=1960|title=[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-62420-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Speer|first=Albert|authorlink=Albert Speer|origyear=1969|year=1971|title=[[Inside the Third Reich]]|publisher=Avon|location=New York|isbn=978-0-380-00071-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Speer|first=Albert|authorlink=Albert Speer|origyear=1969|year=1971|title=[[Inside the Third Reich]]|publisher=Avon|location=New York|isbn=978-0-380-00071-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web | author = Staff | title = Debunking Hitler: Marking the Site of the Führer's Bunker | work = [[Spiegel Online]] | publisher = Spiegel-Verlag | date = 9 June 2006 | url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/debunking-hitler-marking-the-site-of-the-fuehrer-s-bunker-a-420483.html | accessdate = 7 April 2014 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Der Spiegel''|2006}} }}
* {{cite web | author = Staff | title = Debunking Hitler: Marking the Site of the Führer's Bunker | work = [[Spiegel Online]] | publisher = Spiegel-Verlag | date = 9 June 2006 | url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/debunking-hitler-marking-the-site-of-the-fuehrer-s-bunker-a-420483.html | accessdate = 7 April 2014 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Der Spiegel''|2006}} | archive-date = 2023-04-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230409221718/https://www.spiegel.de/international/debunking-hitler-marking-the-site-of-the-fuehrer-s-bunker-a-420483.html | dead-url = no }}
* {{cite book|last = Taylor|first = Blaine|title = Hitler's Headquarters: From Beer Hall to Bunker, 1920–1945|year = 2007|publisher = Potomac|location = Dulles, Virginia|isbn = 978-1-57488-928-4|ref = harv}}
* {{cite book|last = Taylor|first = Blaine|title = Hitler's Headquarters: From Beer Hall to Bunker, 1920–1945|url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersheadquart0000tayl|year = 2007|publisher = Potomac|location = Dulles, Virginia|isbn = 978-1-57488-928-4|ref = harv}}
* {{cite book|last = Williams|first = Andrew|year = 2005|title = D-Day to Berlin|publisher = [[Hodder & Stoughton|Hodder]]|isbn=978-0-340-83397-1|ref = harv}}
* {{cite book|last = Williams|first = Andrew|year = 2005|title = D-Day to Berlin|publisher = [[Hodder & Stoughton|Hodder]]|isbn=978-0-340-83397-1|ref = harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Ziemke|first=Earl F.|year=1969|title=Battle For Berlin: End Of The Third Reich|publisher=MacDonald|location=London|oclc=253711605|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Ziemke|first=Earl F.|year=1969|title=Battle For Berlin: End Of The Third Reich|publisher=MacDonald|location=London|oclc=253711605|ref=harv}}
Baris 130: Baris 130:
* {{cite book|last=Fest|first=Joachim|authorlink=Joachim Fest|year=2005|title=Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich|url=https://archive.org/details/insidehitlersbun0000fest_r1z8|publisher=Picador|location = New York|isbn=978-0-374-13577-5 }}
* {{cite book|last=Fest|first=Joachim|authorlink=Joachim Fest|year=2005|title=Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich|url=https://archive.org/details/insidehitlersbun0000fest_r1z8|publisher=Picador|location = New York|isbn=978-0-374-13577-5 }}
* {{cite book|last=Junge|first=Traudl|authorlink=Traudl Junge|editor1-last=Müller|editor1-first=Melissa|title=Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary|url=https://archive.org/details/untilfinalhourhi0000jung_b7l1|publisher=Arcade Publishing|location = New York|year= 2004|isbn= 978-1-55970-728-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Junge|first=Traudl|authorlink=Traudl Junge|editor1-last=Müller|editor1-first=Melissa|title=Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary|url=https://archive.org/details/untilfinalhourhi0000jung_b7l1|publisher=Arcade Publishing|location = New York|year= 2004|isbn= 978-1-55970-728-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Neubauer|first=Christoph|year=2010|title=Stadtführer durch Hitlers Berlin|language=Deutsch, English|publisher=Flashback Medienverlag|location = [[Frankfurt (Oder)|Frankfurt]] on the Oder|url=http://www.flashback-medien.de/3d-projekte-stadtfuehrer-durch-hitlers-berlin-e.html|isbn=978-3-9813977-0-3 }}
* {{cite book|last=Neubauer|first=Christoph|year=2010|title=Stadtführer durch Hitlers Berlin|language=Deutsch, English|publisher=Flashback Medienverlag|location=[[Frankfurt (Oder)|Frankfurt]] on the Oder|url=http://www.flashback-medien.de/3d-projekte-stadtfuehrer-durch-hitlers-berlin-e.html|isbn=978-3-9813977-0-3|access-date=2015-07-03|archive-date=2011-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320022218/http://flashback-medien.de/3d-projekte-stadtfuehrer-durch-hitlers-berlin-e.html|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite book|last = O'Donnell|first = James P.|authorlink = James P. O'Donnell|title = [[The Bunker (book)|The Bunker]]|publisher = Da Capo Press|location = New York|year = 2001|origyear = 1978|isbn = 978-0-306-80958-3 }}
* {{cite book|last = O'Donnell|first = James P.|authorlink = James P. O'Donnell|title = [[The Bunker (book)|The Bunker]]|publisher = Da Capo Press|location = New York|year = 2001|origyear = 1978|isbn = 978-0-306-80958-3 }}
* {{cite book|last=Petrova|first=Ada|last2=Watson|first2=Peter|title=The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393039146|year = 1995|publisher = Norton|location = New York|isbn = 978-0-393-03914-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Petrova|first=Ada|last2=Watson|first2=Peter|title=The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393039146|year = 1995|publisher = Norton|location = New York|isbn = 978-0-393-03914-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Ryan|first=Cornelius|authorlink=Cornelius Ryan|year=1966|title=The Last Battle|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York }}
* {{cite book|last=Ryan|first=Cornelius|authorlink=Cornelius Ryan|year=1966|title=The Last Battle|url=https://archive.org/details/lastbattle0000corn_h2b5|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York }}
* {{cite book|last=Tissier|first=Tony Le|year=1999|title=Race for the Reichstag: the 1945 Battle for Berlin|edition=illustrated, reprint|publisher=Routledge|location=London; Portland, OR|isbn=978-0-7146-4929-0 }}
* {{cite book|last=Tissier|first=Tony Le|year=1999|title=Race for the Reichstag: the 1945 Battle for Berlin|edition=illustrated, reprint|publisher=Routledge|location=London; Portland, OR|isbn=978-0-7146-4929-0 }}
* {{cite book|last=Trevor-Roper|first=Hugh|authorlink=Hugh Trevor-Roper|title=The Last Days of Hitler|url=https://archive.org/details/lastdaysofhitler0000trev_k6q1|publisher=University of Chicago Press|edition=paperback|year=1992|origyear=1947|isbn=978-0-226-81224-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Trevor-Roper|first=Hugh|authorlink=Hugh Trevor-Roper|title=The Last Days of Hitler|url=https://archive.org/details/lastdaysofhitler0000trev_k6q1|publisher=University of Chicago Press|edition=paperback|year=1992|origyear=1947|isbn=978-0-226-81224-3}}
Baris 140: Baris 140:
== Pranala luar ==
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|Führerbunker}}
{{Commons category|Führerbunker}}
* {{cite news|title=Hitler Slept Here: The too-secret history of the Third Reich's most famous place|last=Shuger|first=Scott|last2=Berger|first2=Donald|work=[[Slate (majalah)|Slate Magazine]]|date=21 June 2006|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/slates_10th_anniversary/2006/06/hitler_slept_here.html }}
* {{cite news|title=Hitler Slept Here: The too-secret history of the Third Reich's most famous place|last=Shuger|first=Scott|last2=Berger|first2=Donald|work=[[Slate (majalah)|Slate Magazine]]|date=21 June 2006|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/slates_10th_anniversary/2006/06/hitler_slept_here.html|access-date=2015-07-03|archive-date=2018-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007095124/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/slates_10th_anniversary/2006/06/hitler_slept_here.html|dead-url=no}}
* [http://www.the-downfall.com/fuehrerbunker.php3 The Führerbunker: Info and Plans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516234810/http://www.the-downfall.com/fuehrerbunker.php3 |date=2007-05-16 }}. MalGo Media Services
* [http://www.the-downfall.com/fuehrerbunker.php3 The Führerbunker: Info and Plans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516234810/http://www.the-downfall.com/fuehrerbunker.php3 |date=2007-05-16 }}. MalGo Media Services
* [http://www.the-downfall.com/who-is-who.php3 The Bunker Personnel: The Who-Is-Who of the Bunker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221085209/http://the-downfall.com/who-is-who.php3 |date=2015-02-21 }}. MalGo Media Services
* [http://www.the-downfall.com/who-is-who.php3 The Bunker Personnel: The Who-Is-Who of the Bunker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221085209/http://the-downfall.com/who-is-who.php3 |date=2015-02-21 }}. MalGo Media Services
* [http://www.bunkermuzeum.hu/index_en.html Bunkermuzeum – English version]: Guide to military museums of Europe
* [http://www.bunkermuzeum.hu/index_en.html Bunkermuzeum – English version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028061056/http://www.bunkermuzeum.hu/index_en.html |date=2018-10-28 }}: Guide to military museums of Europe
* [http://www.reichskanzlei-3d.de/g-rk-ws77-innen-VB-Haupteingang-e.html 3D-stereoscopic images of Chancellery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308091941/http://www.reichskanzlei-3d.de/g-rk-ws77-innen-VB-Haupteingang-e.html |date=2018-03-08 }}
* [http://www.reichskanzlei-3d.de/g-rk-ws77-innen-VB-Haupteingang-e.html 3D-stereoscopic images of Chancellery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308091941/http://www.reichskanzlei-3d.de/g-rk-ws77-innen-VB-Haupteingang-e.html |date=2018-03-08 }}



Revisi terkini sejak 26 Juli 2023 17.08

Führerbunker
Bunker Führer
Peta
Informasi umum
KotaBerlin
NegaraJerman Nazi
Koordinat52°30′45″N 13°22′53″E / 52.5125°N 13.3815°E / 52.5125; 13.3815
Mulai dibangun1943
Rampung23 Oktober 1944
Dihancurkan5 Desember 1947
Biaya1.35 juta Reichsmark
PemilikJerman Nazi
Desain dan konstruksi
ArsitekAlbert Speer, Karl Piepenburg
Firma arsitekturHochtief AG
Model 3D Kanseleri Reich Baru dengan lokasi kompleks bunker tersebut
Model 3D Führerbunker (kiri) dan Vorbunker (kanan)

Führerbunker adalah sebuah tempat berlindung dari serangan udara yang terletak di dekat Kanseleri Reich di Berlin, Jerman. Tempat tersebut merupakan bagian dari kompleks bunker subterania yang dibangun dalam dua fase yang diselesaikan pada 1936 dan 1944. Tempat tersebut merupakan Markas Besar Führer (Führerhauptquartiere) terakhir yang digunakan oleh Adolf Hitler, saat Perang Dunia Kedua.

Hitler tinggal di Führerbunker pada 16 Januari 1945 dan tempat tersebut menjadi pusat rezim Nazi sampai minggu terakhir Perang Dunia II di Eropa. Hitler menikah dengan Eva Braun disana pada minggu terakhir April 1945, tak lama sebelum mereka melakukan bunuh diri.

Setelah perang tersebut, bangunan Kanseleri lama dan baru ditingkatkan oleh Soviet. Disamping beberapa upaya penghancuran, kompleks bawah tanah sebagian besar masih tidak diapa-apakan sampai 1988–89. Pada saat pembangunan kembali wilayah Berlin tersebut, bagian-bagian dari kompleks bunker lama diekskavasi karena banyak bagian yang rusak. Situs tersebut masih tidak ditandai sampai 2006, ketika sebuah plat kecil dengan sebuah diagram skematik diinstalasikan. Beberapa koridor bunker tersebut masih ada, namun ditutup dari publik.

Pembangunan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Bunker Kanseleri Reich awalnya dibangun sebagai tempat berlindung dari serangan udara sementara untuk Hitler (yang sebenarnya menjalani waktu sangat sedikit di ibu kota tersebut pada kebanyakan masa perang tersebut). Pengeboman Berlin membuat kompleks tersebut dijadikan tempat berlindung yang permanen. Kompleks elaborate tersebut terdiri dari dua tempat berlindung yang terpisah, Vorbunker ( "bunker depan"; bunker atas), yang diselesaikan pada 1936, dan Führerbunker, yang lebih dalam 25 meter (82 ft) dari Vorbunker dan berada di sebelah barat-barat daya, diselesaikan pada 1944.[1][2]

Peristiwa pada 1945[sunting | sunting sumber]

Perencanaan Führerbunker
Perencanaan Vorbunker

Hitler berpindah ke Führerbunker pada 16 Januari 1945. Ia bergabung bersama dengan staf senior-nya, yakni Martin Bormann. Pada April 1945, Eva Braun dan Joseph Goebbels berpindah ke Führerbunker sementara Magda Goebbels dan enam anak mereka tinggal di atas Vorbunker.[3] Dua atau tiga dozen pendukung, pengobatan, dan staf administratif juga dibuat disana. Tempat tersebut ditinggali oleh para sekretaris Hitler (termasuk Traudl Junge), seorang perawat yang bernama Erna Flegel, dan seorang operator pengalihan telepon Sersan Rochus Misch.

Kutipan[sunting | sunting sumber]

  1. ^ Lehrer 2006, hlm. 117, 119, 123.
  2. ^ Kellerhoff 2004, hlm. 56.
  3. ^ Beevor 2002, hlm. 278.

Sumber[sunting | sunting sumber]

Bacaan tambahan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]