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{{disambig info|Schindler|Schindler}}<!--
{{Infobox Biography
{{Infobox person
| subject_name = Terri Schiavo
|name = Terri Schiavo
| image_name = TerriSchiavo2.jpg
|image_name =
| image_caption = Terri Schiavo before her 1990 collapse
|image_caption = Terri Schiavo, sebelum 1990
| date_of_birth = [[3 Desember]] [[1963]]
|birthdate = [[3 Desember]] [[1963]]
| place_of_birth = [[Lower Moreland Township, Pennsylvania]]
|birthplace = [[Pennsylvania]]
| date_of_death = [[31 Maret]] [[2005]]
|deathdate = [[31 Maret]] [[2005]]
| place_of_death = [[Pinellas Park, Florida]]
|deathplace = [[Florida]]
}}
}}-->
'''Theresa Marie "Terri" Schiavo''' ({{lahirmati||3|12|1963||31|3|2005}}) adalah seorang perempuan dari [[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]], [[Florida]] yang kasus medis dan keluarganya serta pertarungan hukum antara pendamping-pendampingnya menimbulkan perhatian media yang mendalam dan melahirkan sejumlah keputusan pengadilan yang menonjol serta keterlibatan sejumlah politikus dan [[kelompok kepentingan]]. Pada tahun 1990 Schiavo, yang saat itu berusia 26 tahun, pingsan di rumahnya dan mengalami [[gagal jantung]] dan pernapasan. Ia tetap mengalami [[koma (medis)|koma]] selama sepuluh minggu. Dalam waktu tiga tahun, ia didiagnosis berada dalam [[keadaan vegatatif tetap]] (PVS).


Pada 1998, ketika saat itu dianggap legal, suami dan wali Terri, [[Michael Schiavo]] mengajukan permohonan kepada pengadilan untuk mencabut pipa penyalur makanannya. Orangtua Terri, Robert dan Mary Schindler, menentangnya. Pengadilan menyatakan bahwa Terri berada dalam keadaan PVS dan bahwa ia tidak harus dipertahankan tetap hidup. Pada 2003, masalahnya mulai mendapatkan perhatian nasional.
'''Theresa Marie "Terri" Schiavo''' ([[3 Desember]] [[1963]] &ndash; [[31 Maret]] [[2005]]) adalah seorang perempuan dari [[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]], [[Florida]] yang kasus medis dan keluarganya serta pertarungan hukum antara pendamping-pendampingnya menimbulkan perhatian media yang mendalam dan melahirkan sejumlah keputusan pengadilan yang menonjol serta keterlibatan sejumlah politikus dan [[kelompok kepentingan]]. Pada tahun 1990 Schiavo, yang saat itu berusia 26 tahun, pingsan di rumahnya dan mengalami [[gagal jantung]] dan pernapasan. Ia tetap mengalami [[koma (medis)|koma]] selama sepuluh minggu. Dalam waktu tiga tahun, ia didiagnosis berada dalam [[keadaan vegatatif tetap]] (PVS).

Pada 1998, ketika saat itu dianggap legal, suami dan wali Terri, [[Michael Schiavo]] mengajukan permohonan kepada pengadilan untuk mencabut pipa penyalur makanannya. Orangtua Terri, Robert dan Mary Schindler, menentangnya. Pengadilan menyatakan bahwa Terri berada dalam keadaan PVS dan bahwa ia tidak harus dipertahankan tetap hidup. Pada 2003, masalahnya mulai mendapatkan perhatian nasional.


Pada Maret 2005, sejarah hukum di sekitar kasus Schiavo mencapai 14 banding dan berbagai mosi, petisi, dan dengar pendapat di pengadilan-pengadilan Florida; lima tuntutan di [[Pengadilan distrik Amerika Serikat|Pengadilan Distrik Federal]]; dewan legislatif Florida membatalkan keputusan [[Mahkamah Agung Florida]]; sebuah [[subpoena]] oleh sebuah komisi kongres yang berupaya mengatur agar Schiavo memenuhi syarat untuk mendapatkan perlindungan saksi; keputusan legislatif federal ([[Kompromi Minggu Palma]]); dan empat bantahan ''[[certiorari]]'' dari [[Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat]].<ref>[http://www.bluedolphinpublishing.com/Felos.htm Felos, George J., Esq.] "RESPONDENT MICHAEL SCHIAVO'S OPPOSITION TO APPLICATION FOR INJUNCTION," Case No.: 04A-825, [[24 Maret]] [[2005]] [http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/schiavo/32405acluopp.pdf link]
Pada Maret 2005, sejarah hukum di sekitar kasus Schiavo mencapai 14 banding dan berbagai mosi, petisi, dan dengar pendapat di pengadilan-pengadilan Florida; lima tuntutan di [[Pengadilan distrik Amerika Serikat|Pengadilan Distrik Federal]]; dewan legislatif Florida membatalkan keputusan [[Mahkamah Agung Florida]]; sebuah [[subpoena]] oleh sebuah komisi kongres yang berupaya mengatur agar Schiavo memenuhi syarat untuk mendapatkan perlindungan saksi; keputusan legislatif federal ([[Kompromi Minggu Palma]]); dan empat bantahan ''[[certiorari]]'' dari [[Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat]].<ref>[http://www.bluedolphinpublishing.com/Felos.htm Felos, George J., Esq.] "RESPONDENT MICHAEL SCHIAVO'S OPPOSITION TO APPLICATION FOR INJUNCTION," Case No.: 04A-825, [[24 Maret]] [[2005]] [http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/schiavo/32405acluopp.pdf link]
</ref>
</ref>


Meskipun terjadi campur tangan dari cabang-cabang pemerintahan lainnya, pengadilan tetap berpendapat bahwa Schiavo berada dalam PVS, dan tentunya akan meminta agar alat-alat penopang hidupnya dihentikan. Pipa makannnya dicabut untuk yang ketiga dan terakhir kalinya pada [[18 Maret]] [[2005]]. Ia meninggal dunia tiga belas hari kemudian di [[Perawatan hospis|hospis]] [[Pinellas Park, Florida|Pinellas Park]] pada [[31 Maret]] [[2005]], pada usia 41 tahun.
Meskipun terjadi campur tangan dari cabang-cabang pemerintahan lainnya, pengadilan tetap berpendapat bahwa Schiavo berada dalam PVS, dan tentunya akan meminta agar alat-alat penopang hidupnya dihentikan. Pipa makannnya dicabut untuk yang ketiga dan terakhir kalinya pada [[18 Maret]] [[2005]]. Ia meninggal dunia tiga belas hari kemudian di [[Perawatan hospis|hospis]] [[Pinellas Park, Florida|Pinellas Park]] pada [[31 Maret]] [[2005]], pada usia 41 tahun.


== Masa muda ==
== Masa muda ==
Theresa Marie Schindler dibesarkan di daerah Huntingdon Valley dari [[Lower Moreland Township, Pennsylvania]], sebuah daerah pinggir kota [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], sebagai sulung dari tiga anak Robert dan Mary Schindler. Adik-adiknya adalah Robert Jr. (Bobby) dan Suzanne (kini Suzanne Vitadamo). Pada tahun terakhirnya di [[SMA]], Schiavo mengalami [[kegemukan]], tingginya 160cm dan beratnya sekitar 90kg. Ia menjalani [[diet]] dengan produk NutriSystem dan kehilangan sekitar 25kg.<ref> Campo-Flores, Arian. "The Legacy of Terri Schiavo," ''[[Newsweek]],'' [[4 April]] [[2005]] [http://msnbc.msn.com/id/7306483/site/newsweek link]
Theresa Marie Schindler dibesarkan di daerah Huntingdon Valley dari [[Lower Moreland Township, Pennsylvania]], sebuah daerah pinggir kota [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], sebagai sulung dari tiga anak Robert dan Mary Schindler. Adik-adiknya adalah Robert Jr. (Bobby) dan Suzanne (kini Suzanne Vitadamo). Pada tahun terakhirnya di [[SMA]], Schiavo mengalami [[kegemukan]], tingginya 160&nbsp;cm dan beratnya sekitar 90&nbsp;kg. Ia menjalani [[diet]] dengan produk NutriSystem dan kehilangan sekitar 25&nbsp;kg.<ref>Campo-Flores, Arian. "The Legacy of Terri Schiavo," ''[[Newsweek]],'' [[4 April]] [[2005]] [http://msnbc.msn.com/id/7306483/site/newsweek link]
</ref> Sekitar waktu ini mungkin ia telah mengalami [[gangguan makan]].<ref> Nair, Sandya. "Terri Schiavo case reveals the dangers of eating disorders," ''The [[Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins]] Newsletter,'' [[24 Maret]] [[2005]] [http://www.jhunewsletter.com/vnews/display.v/ART/2005/03/24/424316b421cf8 link]
</ref> Sekitar waktu ini mungkin ia telah mengalami [[gangguan makan]].<ref>Nair, Sandya. "Terri Schiavo case reveals the dangers of eating disorders," ''The [[Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins]] Newsletter,'' [[24 Maret]] [[2005]] [http://www.jhunewsletter.com/vnews/display.v/ART/2005/03/24/424316b421cf8 link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050829045338/http://www.jhunewsletter.com/vnews/display.v/ART/2005/03/24/424316b421cf8 |date=2005-08-29 }}</ref> Pada 1981, ia lulus dari [[SMA Katolik Archbishop Wood]].
</ref> Pada 1981, ia lulus dari [[SMA Katolik Archbishop Wood]].


Ia bertemu denagn Michael Schiavo pada 1982 dalam sebuah kelas [[sosiologi]] di [[Bucks County Community College]]. Michael adalah pacarnya yang pertama. Setelah berpacaran selama lima bulan, pasangan itu bertunangan. Ketika mereka menikah pada [[10 November]] [[1984]], di Gereja Our Lady of Good Counsel di [[Southampton, Pennsylvania]], berat tubuh Terri 63kg. Mereka pindah ke St. Petersburg, Florida, pada April 1986. Orangtua Schiavo juga pindah ke St. Petersburg tiga bulan kemudian. Di Florida, Terri bekerja sebagai seorang pegawai klaim asuransi untuk [[perusahaan asuransi]] [[Prudential]], dan Michael sebagai manajer sebuah restoran.
Ia bertemu dengan Michael Schiavo pada 1982 dalam sebuah kelas [[sosiologi]] di [[Bucks County Community College]]. Michael adalah pacarnya yang pertama. Setelah berpacaran selama lima bulan, pasangan itu bertunangan. Ketika mereka menikah pada [[10 November]] [[1984]], di Gereja Our Lady of Good Counsel di [[Southampton, Pennsylvania]], berat tubuh Terri 63&nbsp;kg. Mereka pindah ke St. Petersburg, Florida, pada April 1986. Orangtua Schiavo juga pindah ke St. Petersburg tiga bulan kemudian. Di Florida, Terri bekerja sebagai seorang pegawai klaim asuransi untuk [[perusahaan asuransi]] [[Prudential]], dan Michael sebagai manajer sebuah restoran.


Pada 1989, suami-istri Schiavo mulai mengunjungi seorang ahli [[obstetri]] dan mendapatkan pelayanan [[kesuburan]] dan konseling dengan harapan untuk mendapatkan anak. Saat ini, berat badan Schiavo sudah turun menjadi 54,4kg, dan ia tidak mendapatkan [[menstruasi]] (keadaan ini atau [[amenorrhea]] kadang-kadang terkait dengan kehilangan berat badan yang besar, seperti yang diduga dialami oleh Ny. Schiavo).
Pada 1989, suami-istri Schiavo mulai mengunjungi seorang ahli [[obstetri]] dan mendapatkan pelayanan [[kesuburan]] dan konseling dengan harapan untuk mendapatkan anak. Saat ini, berat badan Schiavo sudah turun menjadi 54,4&nbsp;kg, dan ia tidak mendapatkan [[menstruasi]] (keadaan ini atau [[amenorrhea]] kadang-kadang terkait dengan kehilangan berat badan yang besar, seperti yang diduga dialami oleh Ny. Schiavo).


== Krisis medis awal ==
== Krisis medis awal ==
{{Terri Schiavo}}
Pada pagi hari [[25 Februari]] [[1990]], sekitar pk. 5.30 pagi EST, Schiavo pingsan di lorong apartemen mereka di St. Petersburg. Petugas [[pemadam kebakaran]] dan [[paramedis]] yang datang untuk menjawab telepon [[9-1-1]] Michael, menemukan Terri dengan wajah tertelungkup dan [[pingsan|tidak sadar]]. Ia tidak bernapas dan denyut nadinya berhenti. Mereka berusaha untuk melakukan [[Resusitas kardiopulmonari|memberikan pernapasan buatan]] kepadanya, namun beberapa kali ia mengalami [[defibrilasi]], dan dibawa ke [[Rumah Sakit]] Humana Northside. Di sana ia diberikan pernapasan lewat [[intubilasi|selang]], diberikan ventilasi, dan akhirnya diberikan [[trakeotomi]], dengan prognosis yang buruk.
Pada pagi hari [[25 Februari]] [[1990]], sekitar pk. 5.30 pagi EST, Schiavo pingsan di lorong apartemen mereka di St. Petersburg. Petugas [[pemadam kebakaran]] dan [[paramedis]] yang datang untuk menjawab telepon [[9-1-1]] Michael, menemukan Terri dengan wajah tertelungkup dan [[pingsan|tidak sadar]]. Ia tidak bernapas dan denyut nadinya berhenti. Mereka berusaha untuk melakukan [[Resusitas kardiopulmonari|memberikan pernapasan buatan]] kepadanya, namun beberapa kali ia mengalami [[defibrilasi]], dan dibawa ke [[Rumah Sakit]] Humana Northside. Di sana ia diberikan pernapasan lewat [[intubilasi|selang]], diberikan ventilasi, dan akhirnya diberikan [[trakeotomi]], dengan prognosis yang buruk.


Ia tetap mengalami [[koma (medis)|koma]] selama dua setengah bulan. Ketika ia keluar dari komanya, Schiavo memperoleh [[ritme Circadia|siklus tidur-bangun]], tetapi tidak memperlihatkan kesadaran akan dirinya sendiri atau lingkungannya yang dapat berulang dan konsisten. Periode yang panjang [[Hipoksia (medis)|tanpa oksigen]] menyebabkan kerusakan otak yang mendalam ("anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy" yang dicatat pada waktu otopsi), yang menyebabkan rusak parahnya bagian-bagian otak <ref>[http://www.hackcanada.com/ice3/wetware/brainmap.jpg Lihat peta otak]</ref> yang berkaitan dengan [[kognisi]], [[persepsi]], dan kesadaran. Sementara mulanya ia diberi makan lewat nasogastrik [[pipa penyalur makanan]], ia akhirnya mendapatkan pipa makanan [[percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy]] (PEG)&mdash;yang disisipkan melalui dinding abdomennya. Dr. Garcia J. DeSousa, seorang neurolog yang bersertifikat dari dewan di St. Petersburg, Florida, mengawasi Schiavo pada saat pertama kali ia masuk ke rumah sakit; ia dan Dr. Victor Gambone, seorang internis (ahli penyakit dalam) dan dokter keluarga Schiavo, masing-masing secara independen membuat diagnosis PVS sekitar satu tahun setelah gagal jantungnya Schiavo. Neurolog yang lain&mdash;Dr. Jeffery M. Karp, James H. Barnhill, dan Thomas H. Harrison&mdash;juga memeriksa Schiavo selama tahun-tahun itu dan membuat diagnosis yang sama; mereka juga berpendapat bahwa kemungkinan Schiavo untuk pulih kembali sangat kecil. Tak ada perbedaan pendapat mengenai kondisi Schiavo atau diagnosis PVS yang diajukan oleh pihak manapun pada saat ini di pengadilan. Kedua orangtua Terri terus-menerus mendesak dilakukannya rehabilitasi sebelum dan sesudah penyelesaian malapraktik, tetapi mereka tidak diberikan informasi ataupun keputusan medis.
Ia tetap mengalami [[koma (medis)|koma]] selama dua setengah bulan. Ketika ia keluar dari komanya, Schiavo memperoleh [[ritme Circadia|siklus tidur-bangun]], tetapi tidak memperlihatkan kesadaran akan dirinya sendiri atau lingkungannya yang dapat berulang dan konsisten. Periode yang panjang [[Hipoksia (medis)|tanpa oksigen]] menyebabkan kerusakan [[otak]] yang mendalam ("anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy" yang dicatat pada waktu otopsi), yang menyebabkan rusak parahnya bagian-bagian otak <ref>[http://www.hackcanada.com/ice3/wetware/brainmap.jpg Lihat peta otak]</ref> yang berkaitan dengan [[kognisi]], [[persepsi]], dan kesadaran. Sementara mulanya ia diberi makan lewat nasogastrik [[pipa penyalur makanan]], ia akhirnya mendapatkan pipa makanan [[percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy]] (PEG)—yang disisipkan melalui dinding abdomennya. Dr. Garcia J. DeSousa, seorang neurolog yang bersertifikat dari dewan di St. Petersburg, Florida, mengawasi Schiavo pada saat pertama kali ia masuk ke rumah sakit; ia dan Dr. Victor Gambone, seorang internis (ahli penyakit dalam) dan dokter keluarga Schiavo, masing-masing secara independen membuat diagnosis PVS sekitar satu tahun setelah gagal jantungnya Schiavo. Neurolog yang lain—Dr. Jeffery M. Karp, James H. Barnhill, dan Thomas H. Harrison—juga memeriksa Schiavo selama tahun-tahun itu dan membuat diagnosis yang sama; mereka juga berpendapat bahwa kemungkinan Schiavo untuk pulih kembali sangat kecil. Tak ada perbedaan pendapat mengenai kondisi Schiavo atau diagnosis PVS yang diajukan oleh pihak manapun pada saat ini di pengadilan. Kedua orang tua Terri terus-menerus mendesak dilakukannya rehabilitasi sebelum dan sesudah penyelesaian malapraktik, tetapi mereka tidak diberikan informasi ataupun keputusan medis.


Penyebab gagal jantungnya tidak pernah dipastikan, tetapi dicurigai hal itu disebabkan oleh gizinya yang tidak seimbang. Pernah diyakini bahwa gagal jantungnya disebabkan oleh ketidakseimbangan [[elektrolit]] dalam darahnya. Ketika dimasukkan ke rumah sakit, tingkat [[potasium]] serumnya tercatat [[hipokalemia|sangat rendah]], yaitu 2,0&nbsp;[[Ekuivalen (kimia)|mEq]]/[[liter|L]]; yang normal bagi orang dewasa adalah 3,5–5,0&nbsp;mEq/L. Tingkat sodium dan kalsiumnya normal.<ref name="SilentWitness">{{cite book|title = Silent Witness|url = https://archive.org/details/silentwitnessunt00fuhr|author = Mark Fuhrman|publisher = William Morrow|date=2005-06-28}} p67</ref> [[Gangguan elektrolit|Ketidakseimbangan elektrolit]] dapat disebabkan oleh [[bulemia|kehilangan cairan tubuh]]. Bagan medisnya memuat catatan bahwa "dia tampaknya telah berusaha menjaga berat tubuhnya rendah dengan melakukan diet sendiri, meminum cairan hampir sepanjang hari, dan minum sekitar 10-15 gelas [[es teh]]." Tingkat potasium yang rendah dapat diakibatkan oleh pelayanan cairan intervaskuler pada saat para tenaga medis berusaha memberikan resusitasi. Tidak jelas apakah ia mengalami [[bulimia]].
<!--The cause of her cardiac arrest has never been determined. For a time, it was believed that her cardiac arrest had been caused by an imbalance of [[electrolytes]] in her blood. On admission to hospital, her serum [[potassium]] level was noted to be very low, at 2.0&nbsp;[[Equivalent (chemistry)|mEq]]/[[litre|L]]; the normal range for adults is 3.5&ndash;5.0&nbsp;mEq/L. It was speculated that her low potassium level had in turn been caused by an eating disorder; her medical chart contained a note that "she apparently has been trying to keep her weight down with dieting by herself, drinking liquids most of the time during the day and drinking about 10&ndash;15&nbsp;glasses of [[iced tea]]". However, there has never been any hard evidence that Schiavo had an eating disorder, and the low potassium could have been a spurious result caused by the intravascular administration of fluids during the attempt to resuscitate her.


Suami Schiavo belakangan mengajukan tuntutan malapraktik dan memenanginya terhadap obstetrisinya, Dr. Stephen Igel, dengan alasan bahwa dokter itu gagal mengenali dan mendiagnosis bulimia pada dirinya. Pada November 1992, juri memenangi tuntutanya sebesar $1 juta. Bulan Februari 1993, Schiavo memperoleh uang dari tuntutan hukumnya itu.<ref name = "USAtoday-feud">{{cite news
Michael Schiavo filed and won a malpractice suit against Terri's obstetrician on the basis that the physician failed to recognize and diagnose [[bulimia]] in Terri. In May 1992, while on appeal, the case was settled for $1 million.
|url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-03-24-schiavo-money-cover_x.htm
|title = Feud may be as much over money as principle
|date=2005-03-24|publisher = USA Today|accessdate = 2007-07-25}}</ref>


Schiavo tetap mengalami [[koma (medis)|koma]] selama dua setengah bulan, lalu ia bangkit dari keadaan vegetatifnya. Akhirnya ia dialihkan, dari pemberian makanan lewat [[intubasi nasogastrik|selang makanan nasogastrik]] menjadi selang makanan [[gastronomi endoskopik perkutanis]] (PEG).<ref>{{cite news
==Rehabilitation efforts==
|url = http://www.boston.com/news/globe/health_science/articles/2005/07/05/after_a_coma/
[[Image:Schiavo.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Schiavo's parents contended that her behavior in this image from one of the videos released by her parents showed that she was aware of the people around her. Most neurologists who examined Schiavo disagreed, saying that her behavior represented [[reflex]] or [[instinct]]ive actions.]]
|title = After a coma: Comebacks are slow and patchy, and almost never miraculous
Schiavo came home to her family in September; however, after becoming overwhelmed with her needs, the family sent her back to the College Park facility. In November, Michael took her to the [[University of California, San Francisco]] for an experimental procedure involving the placement of a [[thalamic stimulator]] implant in her brain. The experimental treatment took several months but was unsuccessful. Michael returned to Florida with her in January 1991 and admitted her to the Mediplex Rehabilitation Center (specializing in brain{{citation needed}} injuries) in [[Bradenton, Florida]], often "taking her to parks and public places in hopes of sparking some recovery". There she received 24-hour care. On [[July 19]] [[1991]], Schiavo was transferred to the Sable Palms Skilled Care Facility, where she received neurological testing and regular [[Speech therapy|speech]] and [[occupational therapy]] until 1994.
|author = Carey Goldberg|publisher = Boston Globe|date = 2005-07-05|accessdate = 2009-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.baynews9.com/content/36/2005/3/31/76457.html|title = Terri Schiavo biography and timeline|publisher = Bay News 9|date = 2007-03-27|accessdate = 2008-02-03|archive-date = 2009-09-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090904012618/http://www.baynews9.com/content/36/2005/3/31/76457.html|dead-url = yes}}</ref>


Dr. Garcia J. DeSousa, seorang neurolog besertifikat di St. Petersburg, Florida, merawat Schiavo pada tahap awal perawatannya di Humana. Ia dan Dr. Victor Gambone, seorang internis dan dokter keluarga Schiavo, secara independen membuat diagnosis [[keadaan vegetatif permanen]] (PVS) sekitar setahun setelah gagal jantung Schiavo. Para neurolog lainnya, Dr. Jeffery M. Karp, James H. Barnhill, dan Thomas H. Harrison — juga memeriksa Schiavo selama bertahun-tahun dan membuat diagnosis yang sama; mereka juga berpandangan bahwa kemungkinannya sangat kecil untuk pulih kembali. Dr. Ronald Cranford, seorang neurolog dan pakar dalam hal koma dan ketidasadaran, memerikan kesaksian pada 2005 bahwa tak suatupun dalam catatan medis yang menunjukkan perbedaan pendapat tentang diagnosis para dokter Terri.<ref>{{cite journal
Michael trained and became a [[respiratory therapist]] and [[emergency room]] [[nurse]] and continued to personally provide Terri with some of her care.
|title= Facts, Lies, & Videotapes: The Permanent Vegetative State and the Sad Case of Terri Schiavo.
|author = Cranford, Ronald |publisher = J Law Med Ethics.
|url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16083094?dopt=Abstract
|date = 2005-07-01 |accessdate = 2006-01-17}};33(2):363-71</ref>


== Lihat pula ==
=="Do-not-resuscitate" order==
In March 1994, after more than three years of trying various therapies, Michael, according to Jay Wolfson (Schiavo's third guardian ad litem), came to terms with his doctors' diagnosis of an irreversible persistent vegetative state, and transferred his wife to a nursing home in [[Largo, Florida]] . In early 1994 she contracted a [[urinary tract infection]] and Michael, in consultation with his wife's physician, halted most therapy for his wife and entered a "[[Do Not Resuscitate]]" (DNR) order. He later rescinded this after the Schindlers and the nursing home protested. Wolfson later wrote in his report that Michael's decision had been based on consultation and was "predicated on his reasoned belief that there was no longer any hope for Theresa's recovery." <ref> [http://hsc.usf.edu/publichealth/eoh/jwolfson Wolfson, Jay, DrPH, JD.] "A REPORT TO GOVERNOR JEB BUSH AND THE 6TH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN THE MATTER OF THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO,"'' [http://abstractappeal.com Abstract Appeal Legal Blog],'' [[December 1]] [[2003]] [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/WolfsonReport.pdf link] p10, paragraph 5</ref>


* [[Daftar kasus terkenal]]
==Five years of family conflict==
* [[Garis waktu Terri Schiavo]]

* [[Undang-undang pemeliharaan Texas yang sia-sia]]
From 1998 to the end of 2002, the families were locked into a struggle in the courts, first to decide if Terri should be removed from life support and then the appeals by Terri's parents to block this determination. This legal struggle received no publicity of note. This phase started with Michael's initial petition to have the feeding tube removed and involved four legal decisions of note. In many ways, the legal status at the end of these five years was the same as immediately after Michael had first filed, but up until the end of this time, the story had received little coverage in the media, and thus it was still a family affair.
* [[Tirhas Habtegiris]] (seorang pasien yang sakit terminal dicabut alat pernapasannya, berlawanan dengan keinginan keluarganya pada Desember 2005)

* [[Karen Ann Quinlan]]
===Petition to remove feeding tube===
* [[Daftar orang yang terkenal karena sakit terminal]]
In May 1998, Michael filed a petition to remove Schiavo's feeding tube,<ref> Pearse, Richard L., Jr., P.A., Guardian Ad Litem. "REPORT OF GUARDIAN AD LITEM," for "IN RE: THE GUARDIANSHIP OF THERESA SCHIAVO, AN INCAPACITATED PERSON," Case No. 90-2908GD-003, ''[http://www.hospicepatients.org/richard-pearse-jr-12-29-98-report-of-guardianadlitem-re-terri-schiavo.pdf (page 11)],'' [[December 29]] [[1998]]
</ref> which her parents opposed. Richard Pearse was appointed by the court as a second guardian [[ad litem]], and on [[December 29]], [[1998]], reported "Dr. [Jeffrey] Karp's opinion of the ward's condition and prognosis is substantially shared among those physicians who have recently been involved in her treatment". Pearse concluded from Karp's and Dr. Vincent Gambone's diagnosis of PVS <ref> Pearse, Richard L., Jr., P.A., Guardian Ad Litem. "REPORT OF GUARDIAN AD LITEM," for "IN RE: THE GUARDIANSHIP OF THERESA SCHIAVO, AN INCAPACITATED PERSON," Case No. 90-2908GD-003, ''[http://www.hospicepatients.org Hospice Patients Alliance],'' [[December 29]] [[1998]] [http://www.hospicepatients.org/richard-pearse-jr-12-29-98-report-of-guardianadlitem-re-terri-schiavo.pdf link]
</ref> that Schiavo was legally in a persistent vegetative state as defined by Florida Statutes,<ref> State of Florida. FLORIDA STATUTES, Accessible State Law on the Official State of Florida Website [http://flsenate.gov/statutes link]
</ref> Title XLIV, Chapter 765, §101(12). This includes the "absence of voluntary action" and an "inability to communicate or interact purposefully." <ref> State of Florida. FLORIDA STATUTES, Citation of Law, §765.101(12), Florida Statutes [http://flsenate.gov/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0765/SEC101.HTM link]
</ref>

Pearse found that there was no possibility of improvement but that Michael's decisions might have been influenced by the potential to inherit what remained of Schiavo's estate. Due to a lack of a [[living will]] and questions regarding Michael's credibility, Pearse recommended denying his petition to remove her feeding tube. The issue of conflict of interest raised by guardian ad litem Pearse attached to the Schindlers as well, he reported, since, had they prevailed in the various litigation over guardianship, they as the presumed heirs-at-law would have inherited the remainder of Mrs. Schiavo's estate upon her death.<ref> Pearse, Richard L., Jr., P.A., Guardian Ad Litem. "REPORT OF GUARDIAN AD LITEM," for "IN RE: THE GUARDIANSHIP OF THERESA SCHIAVO, AN INCAPACITATED PERSON," Case No. 90-2908GD-003, ''[http://www.hospicepatients.org Hospice Patients Alliance],'' [[December 29]] [[1998]] [http://www.hospicepatients.org/richard-pearse-jr-12-29-98-report-of-guardianadlitem-re-terri-schiavo.pdf link] </ref>

===Schiavo's end-of-life wishes &ndash; ''Schiavo I''===
Given the lack of a living will a trial was held during the week of [[January 24]], [[2000]], to determine what Schiavo's wishes would have been regarding life-prolonging procedures. Testimony from eighteen witnesses regarding her medical condition and her end-of-life wishes were heard. Michael claimed that Schiavo would not want to be kept on a machine with no hope for recovery. Her parents claimed that Schiavo was a devout [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] who would not wish to violate the Church's teachings on [[euthanasia]] by [[Patient refusal of nutrition and hydration|refusing nutrition and hydration]]. Judge [[George Greer]] issued his order granting Michael’s petition for authorization to discontinue artificial life support for his wife in February 2000. In this decision, the court found that Schiavo was in a persistent vegetative state and that she had made reliable oral declarations that she would have wanted the feeding tube removed.<ref>Greer, George W., Circuit Judge. "IN RE: THE GUARDIANSHIP OF THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO, Incapacitated," File No. 90-2908GD-003, ''[http://jud6.org Fla. 6th Judicial Circuit],'' [[February 11]] [[2000]] [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/trialctorder02-00.pdf link]
</ref> This decision was upheld by the [[Florida District Courts of Appeal|Florida Second District Court of Appeal]]<ref>[http://www.2dca.org/judges/altenbernd.htm Altenbernd, Chris W., Judge] (for The Court). "In re GUARDIANSHIP OF Theresa Marie SCHIAVO, Incapacitated. Robert Schindler and Mary Schindler, Appellants, v. Michael Schiavo, as Guardian of the person of Theresa Marie Schiavo, Appellee," Case Number: 2D00-1269, ''[[Florida District Courts of Appeal|Florida Second District Court of Appeal]],'' [[January 24]] [[2001]] [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/2dcaorder01-01.txt link]
</ref> (or "2nd DCA") and came to be known by the court as ''Schiavo I'' in its later rulings.

===Oral feeding and the Second Guardianship Challenge===
In March of 2000, the Schindlers filed a motion to permit oral feeding of Schiavo, which is not considered a life-prolonging procedure under Florida law. Since clinical records indicated that Schiavo was not responsive to swallowing tests and required a feeding tube,<ref>[http://hsc.usf.edu/publichealth/eoh/jwolfson Wolfson, Jay, DrPH, JD.] "A REPORT TO GOVERNOR JEB BUSH AND THE 6TH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN THE MATTER OF THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO," ''[http://abstractappeal.com Abstract Appeal Legal Blog],'' [[December 1]] [[2003]] [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/WolfsonReport.pdf link]
</ref> Judge Greer ruled that Schiavo was not capable of orally ingesting sufficient nutrition and hydration to sustain life, and denied the request. <ref>Greer, George W., Circuit Judge. "IN RE: THE GUARDIANSHIP OF THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO, Incapacitated," File No. 90-2908GD-003, ''[http://jud6.org Fla. 6th Judicial Circuit],'' [[March 7]] [[2000]] [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/trialctorder0300.pdf link]
</ref> The Medical Examiner in his report was more definitive and concluded that Schiavo could not have swallowed and thus could not have received sufficient nutrition or hydration by mouth to sustain life.<ref>[http://www.co.pinellas.fl.us/forensics Thogmartin, Jon R., M.D.] "REPORT OF AUTOPSY" for Theresa Schiavo, Case #5050439, [[June 13]] [[2005]] [http://www.abstractappeal.com/schiavo/autopsyreport.pdf link]</ref>

In 2000, the Schindlers again challenged Michael's guardianship. Their new evidence cited that he had relationships with other women and that he had failed to provide appropriate palliative<ref>Anderson, Patricia F., Esq. "SECOND AMENDED PETITION TO REMOVE GUARDIAN," ''[http://www.libertytothecaptives.net Liberty To The Captives],'' 2003 [http://www.libertytothecaptives.net/petitiontoremoveguardian_amended.html link] </ref> care and treatment for Theresa. The Schindlers further suggested that he was wasting the assets within the guardianship account by transferring Schiavo to [[Pinellas Park, Florida]] [[Hospice care|hospice]] "after it was clear that she was not 'terminal' within Medicare guidelines" for hospices<ref>Anderson, Patricia F., Esq. "PETITION TO REMOVE GUARDIAN AND TO APPOINT SUCCESSOR GUARDIAN," ''[[University of Miami]],'' [[November 15]] [[2002]] [http://www.miami.edu/ethics2/schiavo/Nov%2022%202002%20Petition%20to%20remove%20MS%20as%20guardian.htm link] </ref>. By this time, while still legally married to Terri Schiavo, Michael was in a relationship with Jodi Centonze, and had fathered their first child. Michael denied wrongdoing, stating that the Schindlers had actively encouraged him to "get on with his life" and date since 1991. Michael said he chose not to divorce his wife and relinquish guardianship because he wanted to ensure her final wishes (to not be kept alive in a PVS) were carried out. The court denied the motion to remove the guardian, allowing that the evidence was not sufficient and in some instances, not relevant. It set [[April 24]], [[2001]] as the date on which the tube was to be removed.

===Three appeals &ndash; ''Schiavo II''===

In April 2001, the Schindlers filed a motion for relief from judgment citing new evidence of their daughter's wishes. Judge Greer denied the motion as untimely under Rule 1.540(b)(5) of the Florida Rules of Civil Procedure. <ref>State of Florida. FLORIDA RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, 2005 Edition. ''[http://www.floridabar.org The Florida Bar]'' [http://www.floridabar.org/TFB/TFBResources.nsf/Attachments/10C69DF6FF15185085256B29004BF823/$FILE/301CIVIL.pdf?OpenElement link]
</ref> (Page 65 of this 146-page document) The 2nd DCA upheld Greer's decision but remanded the issue in order to give the Schindlers an opportunity to file a new motion. On April 24, Terri's feeding tube was removed for the first time. The Schindlers filed a civil suit against Michael alleging perjury, which was assigned to another court. The judge, Frank Quesada, issued an injunction against removal of feeding tube until this was settled. The feeding tube was reinserted on April 26. On appeal by Michael, the 2nd DCA reversed Judge Quesada's order. In the same time frame, Michael filed a motion to enforce mandate of the guardianship court (that the feeding tube be removed). The 2nd DCA denied the motion. (These three decisions, all published in a single order by Florida's Second District Court of Appeal <ref> [http://www.2dca.org/judges/altenbernd.htm Altenbernd, Chris W., Judge] (for The Court). "In re GUARDIANSHIP OF Theresa Marie SCHIAVO, Incapacitated. Robert Schindler and Mary Schindler, Appellants, v. Michael Schiavo, as Guardian of the person of Theresa Marie Schiavo, Appellee," ''and'' "Michael Schiavo, as Guardian of the person of Theresa Marie Schiavo, Appellant, v. Robert Schindler and Mary Schindler, Appellees," Case Numbers: 2D00-1269, 2D01-1836, and 2D01-1891, ''[[Florida District Courts of Appeal|Florida Second District Court of Appeal]],'' [[July 11]] [[2001]] [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/2dcaorder07-01.txt link]</ref>, came to be known by the court as ''Schiavo II'' in its later rulings.)

===Challenging the PVS diagnosis &ndash; ''Schiavo III''===
After the failure of challenges to Michael's guardianship and to the ruling on Schiavo's end-of-life wishes, the Schindlers adopted the position that Schiavo was not in a PVS and began to challenge that diagnosis in court. Schiavo's parents claim that their daughter did not meet the definition of a persistent vegetative state, and was in a "minimally conscious state" instead. Her parents argued that at times her actions indicated responses to external stimuli, not instinctive or reflex behavior. For example, the Schindlers claimed that their daughter smiled, laughed, cried, moved, made childlike attempts at speech, and attempted to say "Mom" or "Dad"; or "yeah" when they asked her a question. They claimed that when they kissed her, she looked at them and sometimes puckered her lips.

On [[August 10]], [[2001]], on remand from the 2nd DCA, Judge Greer heard a motion from the Schindlers claiming that new medical treatment could restore sufficient cognitive ability that Schiavo herself would decide to continue life-prolonging measures. The court also heard motions from the Schindlers to remove the guardian (Michael) and to require Judge Greer to [[recuse]] himself. Judge Greer denied the motions and the Schindlers appealed to the 2nd DCA.

On [[October 17]], the Court of Appeal affirmed the denials of the motions to remove and [[recuse]]. The Court of Appeals acknowledged that their opinion misled the trial court, and they remanded the question of Schiavo's wishes back to the trial court and required an evidentiary hearing to be held. The court specified that five board certified neurologists were to testify. The Schindlers were allowed to choose two doctors to present findings at an evidentiary hearing while Michael could introduce two rebuttal experts. Finally, the trial court itself would appoint a new independent physician to examine and evaluate Schiavo's condition. (These decisions, all published in a single order by the Florida Second District Court of Appeal, <ref>[http://www.2dca.org/judges/altenbernd.htm Altenbernd, Chris W., Judge] (for The Court). "IN RE: GUARDIANSHIP OF: THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO, Incapacitated. ROBERT SCHINDLER and MARY SCHINDLER, Appellants, v. MICHAEL SCHIAVO, as Guardian of the person of THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO, Appellee," Case Number: 2D01-3626, ''[[Florida District Courts of Appeal|Florida Second District Court of Appeal]],'' [[October 17]] [[2001]] [http://www.2dca.org/opinion/October%2017,%202001/2d01-3626.pdf link] </ref> came to be known by the court as ''Schiavo III'' in its later rulings.)

===PVS diagnosis ruling &ndash; ''Schiavo IV''===
[[Image:schiavo catscan.jpg|frame|right|Left: Scan of normal 25-year-old's brain; Right: Schiavo's 2002 [[CT scan]] at age 38. The bright dot is an electrode that was implanted as experimental treatment in 1990.]]

In October 2002, on [[remand]] by the Second District Court of Appeal, an evidentiary hearing was held in Judge Greer's court to determine whether new therapy treatments could help Schiavo restore any cognitive function. In preparation for the trial, a new [[computed axial tomography]] scan (CAT scan) was performed, which showed severe [[cerebral atrophy]]. An [[Electroencephalography|EEG]] showed no measurable brain activity. The court viewed a six-hour tape of Schiavo and concluded that her vegetative condition was factual and not subject to legal dispute.

In accordance with the 2nd DCA's instructions, five doctors were selected to provide their expert [[testimony]] to the trial: two by Schiavo's parents, two by Michael, and one to have been selected by mutual agreement of the parties:
*The Schindler family selected Dr. William Maxfield (a [[Radiology|radiologist]]) and Dr. [[William Hammesfahr]] (a [[Neurology|neurologist]]).
*[[Michael Schiavo]] selected Dr. Ronald Cranford and Dr. Melvin Greer (both neurologists).
*The parties having failed to agree, the court selected Dr. Peter Bambakidis (a neurologist).

These five doctors examined Schiavo's medical records, brain scans, the videos, and Schiavo herself. Drs. Cranford, Greer, and Bambakidis testified that Schiavo was in a persistent vegetative state. Drs. Maxfield and Hammesfahr testified that she was in a minimally conscious state.

As part of the court-ordered medical exam, six hours of video of Schiavo were taped and filed at the Pinellas County courthouse. The tape included Schiavo with her mother and neurologist William Hammesfahr. The entire tape was viewed by Judge Greer, who wrote, Schiavo "clearly does not consistently respond to her mother". From that six hours of video, the Schindlers and their supporters produced six clips totaling almost six minutes and released those clips to public websites. <ref>Smith, Brad. "Schiavo Videotapes Offer Powerful But Misleading Evidence," ''[[Tampa Tribune]],'' [[March 20]] [[2005]] [http://news.tbo.com/news/MGBQ67CTI6E.html link]
</ref>

Judge Greer ruled that Schiavo was in a PVS, and was beyond hope of significant improvement. The trial court order was particularly critical of Hammesfahr's testimony which claimed positive results in similar cases by use of vasodilation therapy, the success of which is unsupported in the medical literature. <ref>Greer, George W., Circuit Judge. "In re: The GUARDIANSHIP OF Theresa Marie SCHIAVO, Incapacitated. Michael SCHIAVO, as Guardian of the person of Theresa Marie Schiavo, Petitioner, v. Robert SCHINDLER and Mary Schindler, Respondents," File No. 90-2908-GB-003, ''[http://jud6.org Fla. 6th Judicial Circuit],'' [[November 22]] [[2002]] [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/trialctorder11-02.txt link]
</ref> This ruling was later affirmed by Florida's 2nd District Court of Appeal, which stated that "this court has closely examined all of the evidence in the record," and "we have...carefully observ[ed] the video tapes in their entirety." The court concluded that "...if we were called upon to review the guardianship court's decision ''de novo,'' we would still affirm it." (This decision by the 2nd DCA <ref>[http://www.2dca.org/judges/altenbernd.htm Altenbernd, Chris W., Judge] (for The Court). "IN RE: GUARDIANSHIP OF: THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO, Incapacitated. ROBERT SCHINDLER and MARY SCHINDLER, Appellants, v. MICHAEL SCHIAVO, as Guardian of the person of THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO, Appellee," Case Number: 2D02-5394, ''[[Florida District Courts of Appeal|Florida Second District Court of Appeal]],'' [[June 6]] [[2003]] [http://www.2dca.org/opinion/June%2006,%202003/2D02-5394.pdf link]
</ref> came to be known as ''Schiavo IV'' in later rulings.)

==2003 petition==
At about the start of 2003, the Schindlers began to create more publicity and to lobby for their case to keep their daughter alive. They selected pro-life activist [[Randall Terry]] as their spokesman but continued to pursue their available legal options.

On [[September 11]], [[2003]], the Schindlers petitioned the court to forestall removal of the feeding tube to provide for "eight weeks' therapy". Accompanying the petition were four affidavits from members of the Schindler family and one from Dr. Alexander T. Gimon. At the hearing the Schindlers' counsel read into the record additional affidavits from three speech professionals and two nurses.

One of the nurses, Carla Sauer Iyer said in her affidavit that her initial training in 1996 consisted solely of the instruction, "do what Michael Schiavo tells you or you're terminated." She stated that on five different occasions, she tested Schiavo's blood sugar levels after Michael visited her, and she found that her blood sugar levels were so low it wouldn't even register a number. She stated that it was medically possible that Michael injected his wife with [[insulin]] in an attempt to kill her. Iyer stated that standing orders were not to contact the Schindler family, but that she "would call them anyway." Iyer stated that she eventually called the police and was fired the next day.

On [[September 17]], Judge [[George Greer]] denied the petition, and wrote that "the Petition is an attempt by Mr. and Mrs. Schindler to re-litigate the entire case. It is not even a veiled or disguised attempt. The exhibits relied upon by them clearly demonstrate this to be true." Regarding Iyer's statements, Greer wrote that they were "incredible to say the least" and that "Ms. Iyer details what amounts to a 15-month cover-up [April 1995 through July 1996] which include the staff of Palm Garden of Largo Convalescent Center, the Guardian of the Person, the guardian ''ad litem'', the medical professionals, the police and, believe it or not, Mr. and Mrs. Schindler...It is impossible to believe that Mr. and Mrs. Schindler would not have subpoenaed Ms. Iyer for the January 2000 evidentiary hearing had Iyer contacted them [in 1996] as her affidavit alleges." <ref>Greer, George W., Circuit Judge. "IN RE: THE GUARDIANSHIP OF THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO, Incapacitated. MICHAEL SCHIAVO, as Guardian of the person of THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO, Petitioner, v. ROBERT SCHINDLER and MARY SCHINDLER, Respondents," File No. 90-2908GD-003, ''[http://jud6.org Fla. 6th Judicial Circuit],'' [[September 17]] [[2003]] [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/trialctorder0903.pdf link]
</ref>

==Terri's Law==
{{Main|Government involvement in the Terri Schiavo case}}

On [[October 15]], [[2003]], Schiavo's feeding tube was removed. Within a week, when the Schindlers' final appeal was exhausted, the [[Florida Legislature]] passed "Terri's Law,"<ref>State of Florida. House Bill No. 35-E, which later was passed into Law as Florida Public Law, Chapter 2003-418, commonly known as "[[Terri's Law]]," [http://election.dos.state.fl.us/laws/03laws/ch_2003-418.pdf link]
</ref> giving Governor [[Jeb Bush]] the authority to intervene in the case. Bush immediately ordered the feeding tube reinserted (''see [[#Government involvement|Government involvement]] section'').

Bush sent the Florida Department of Law Enforcement to remove Schiavo from the hospice. She was taken to a hospital, where her feeding tube was surgically reinserted. <ref>Bury, Chris. "Transcript: Michael Schiavo on 'Nightline': Husband at the Heart of the 'Right to Die' Case Speaks to Chris Bury," ''[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC News]],'' [[March 15]] [[2005]] [http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=584124&page=1 link]
</ref> She was then returned to the hospice. Part of the legislation required the appointment of a guardian ad litem, Dr. Jay Wolfson, to "deduce and represent the best wishes and best interests" of Schiavo, and report them to Governor Bush. Wolfson's report did not change Michael's role as Terri's legal guardian and did not otherwise obstruct him legally.

Michael Schiavo opposed the Governor's intervention, [http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/pub%5Finfo/summaries/briefs/04/04%2D925/Filed_07-26-2004_AnswerSchiavo.pdf] and was represented, in part, by the [[ACLU]]. At the same time, Robert and Mary Schindler, Terri's parents attempted to intervene and participate in the "Terri's Law" case but were denied by Judge W. Douglas Baird, a Circuit Judge in the Florida [http://www.jud6.org 6th Circuit], the same circuit as for Judge George W. Greer. They appealed, and, on [[February 13]], the [[Florida District Courts of Appeal|Florida Second District Court of Appeal]] (2nd DCA) reversed Baird's ruling,<ref>[http://www.2dca.org/judges/davis.html David, Charles A., Jr., Judge] (for The Court). "ROBERT SCHINDLER and MARY SCHINDLER, parents of THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO, Appellants, v. MICHAEL SCHIAVO, as Guardian of the person of THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO, Appellee," Case Number: 2D03-5200, ''[[Florida District Courts of Appeal|Florida Second District Court of Appeal]],'' [[February 13]] [[2004]] [http://www.miami.edu/ethics2/schiavo/2D03-5200.pdf link]
</ref> allowing them to participate. On [[March 17]], Baird denied the Schindlers the right to intervene a 2nd time,<ref>Reynolds, Dave, Inclusion Daily Express. "Judge Baird Again Denies Schindlers' Request To Intervene In "Terri's Law" Case," ''[http://www.mncdd.org Fla. Minnesota Governor's Council on Developmental Disabilities],'' [[March 17]] [[2004]] [http://www.mncdd.org/news/inclusion-daily/2004/03/031704fladvschiavo.htm link]
</ref> and the Schindlers, represented by the [[conservative]] [[American Center for Law and Justice]] (ACLJ), appealed the right to participate in the "Terri's Law" case, with the court scheduling an [[oral argument]] <ref>Anonymous. "Lakeland Appeals Court holds Oral Arguments for Terri's Law," ''Purple Moose Marie'' Web log, [[June 14]] [[2004]] [http://www.geocities.com/purple_moose_marie/oralarg16jun2004terri.html link]</ref> date for [[June 14]].<ref>State of Florida. "Case Docket," Case Number: 2D04-1528, ''[[Florida District Courts of Appeal|Florida Second District Court of Appeal]],'' [http://199.242.69.70/pls/ds/ds_docket?p_caseyear=2004&p_casenumber=1528&psCourt=2&psSearchType= link]</ref> The Schindlers' other attorney, Pat Anderson, was concurrently challenging Michael Schiavo's right to be Terri's guardian, and, on [[June 16]], <ref>Ford, Cheryl, R.N. "News Coverage of Terri Schiavo's family's challenge to Mike Schiavo's guardianship," ''Purple Moose Marie'' Web log, [[June 16]] [[2004]] [http://www.geocities.com/purple_moose_marie/oralarg16jun2004terri.html#QuoWarranto link]</ref> she made a petition for writ of [[Quo Warranto]], a pleading that asks "by what right" someone acts in an official capacity.

On [[May 5]] [[2004]], Baird found "Terri's Law" [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]], and struck it down.<ref>Baird, W. Douglas, Circuit Judge. "Michael SCHIAVO, as Guardian of the person of Theresa Marie Schiavo, Petitioner, v. Jeb BUSH, Governor of the State of Florida, and Charlie Crist, Attorney General of the State of Florida, Respondents," Case No. 03-008212-CI-20, ''[http://jud6.org Fla. 6th Judicial Circuit],'' [[May 5]] [[2005]] [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/trialctorder05-04.txt link]</ref> Bush appealed this order to the 2nd DCA, but, on [[May 12]], they issued an "Order Relinquishing Case for Entry of Final Judgment and Order to Show Cause Why this Proceeding Should Not be Certified to the Supreme Court As Requiring Immediate Resolution."<ref>[http://www.2dca.org/Clerk.html/birkhold.html Birkhold, James, Clerk] (for The Court). "Order Relinquishing Case for Entry of Final Judgment and Order to Show Cause Why this Proceeding Should Not be Certified to the Supreme Court As Requiring Immediate Resolution," Case Number: 2D04-2045, ''[[Florida District Courts of Appeal|Florida Second District Court of Appeal]],'' [[May 12]] [[2004]] (Pages 6 & 7 of the 7-page Brief at the link following) [http://www.firn.edu/supct/pubinfo/summaries/briefs/04/04-925/Filed_06-04-2004_SchiavoOpposition.pdf link]</ref> The 2nd DCA, in sending it directly to the Florida's Supreme Court, invoked "pass through" jurisdiction.<ref>Conigliaro, Matt, Esq. "Schiavo News," ''[http://abstractappeal.com Abstract Appeal Legal Web Log],'' [[June 10]] [[2004]] [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/schiavoposts2004.html link]</ref>

The Florida Supreme Court then overturned the law as unconstitutional.<ref>[http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/justices/pariente.shtml Pariente, Barbara, Chief Justice] (for The Court). "JEB BUSH, Governor of Florida, et al., Appellants, vs. MICHAEL SCHIAVO, Guardian of Theresa Schiavo, Appellee," Case Number: SC04-925, ''[[Florida Supreme Court]],'' [[September 23]] [[2004]] [http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/pub_info/summaries/briefs/04/04-925/Filed_09-23-2004_Opinion.pdf link]</ref>

===Wolfson's investigation and report===
Wolfson visited Schiavo at least daily over the course of a month. In December, 2003, he submitted his report, referring to himself in the third person as "the GAL". His central finding was: ''"The GAL was not able to independently determine that there were consistent, repetitive, intentional, reproducible interactive and aware activities.''" He notes further, that when joined by her parents no success was gained in eliciting a repetitive or consistent response from Schiavo.

In examining medical records and consultations surrounding the case, Wolfson concluded: "(that there is) well documented information that she is in a persistent vegetative state with no likelihood of improvement, and that the neurological and speech pathology evidence in the file support the contention that she cannot take oral nutrition or hydration and cannot consciously interact with her environment." He observed further that while there appeared to be agreement about Schiavo and PVS: "the Schindlers have adopted what appears to be a position that Theresa is not in a persistent vegetative state, and/or that they do not support the fact that such a medical state exists at all."

Wolfson addressed two criticisms that media attention had affixed to the Schindlers and Michael Schiavo, respectively. That the Schindlers would keep their daughter alive to the point of her "limbs being amputated," was not accurate according to Wolfson. Of suggestions that Michael Schiavo refused to relinquish his guardianship because of financial interests or to cover up previous abuse, Wolfson reported that "there is no evidence in the record to substantiate any of these perceptions or allegations."

In addressing the issue of law surrounding the case, Wolfson concluded "that the trier of fact and the evidence that served as the basis for the decisions regarding Theresa Schiavo were firmly grounded within Florida statutory and case law, which clearly and unequivocally provide for the removal of artificial nutrition in cases of persistent vegetative states."

==Final motions==
From about the start of 2005, publicity for this case again began to grow and climaxed in the last half of March with Terri's last days, dominating the national news through most of that month.

The Schindlers filed two motions in an effort for forestall the removal of Terri's feeding tube. No stay was granted by the appellate courts, and on [[March 18]], [[2005]], Schiavo's feeding tube was removed for a third time.

===Motion details===
On [[February 23]], [[2005]], the Schindlers filed a motion for relief from judgment pending medical evaluations <ref>Gibbs, David C., III, Esq. "RESPONDENTS' FLA.R.CIV.P.1.540(b)(5) MOTION FOR RELIEF FROM JUDGMENT PENDING CONTEMPORARY MEDICAL/PSYCHIATRIC/REHABILITATIVE EVALUATION OF THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO," File Number: 90-2908GD-003, [[February 23]] [[2005]] [http://floridasky.us/terri/022305med.pdf link]
</ref> The Schindlers wanted Schiavo to be tested with an [[fMRI]] and given a swallowing therapy called VitalStim. The motion was accompanied by thirty-three affidavits from doctors in several specialties, speech pathologists and therapists, and a few neuropsychologists, all urging that new tests be undertaken. <ref>Greer, George W., Circuit Judge. "IN RE: THE GUARDIANSHIP OF THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO, Incapacitated. MICHAEL SCHIAVO, Petitioner, vs. ROBERT SCHINDLER and MARY SCHINDLER, Respondents," File No. 90-2908-GD-003, ''[http://jud6.org Fla. 6th Judicial Circuit],'' [[March 9]] [[2005]] [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/trialctorder030905.pdf link]
</ref> <ref>An Unsigned Editorial. "On ''Face the Nation,'' Family Research Council's Perkins misrepresented Schindler family's 33 affidavits calling for more medical treatment for Terri Schiavo," ''[[Media Matters|Media Matters for America]],'' [[March 28]] [[2005]] [http://mediamatters.org/items/200503280008 link]
</ref> Patricia Fields Anderson, the Schindler family attorney, still held out hope "that Terri might be able to take nourishment orally, despite past findings that she is incapable." <ref>Troxler, Howard. "Too thin a line between life, death for Schiavo," ''[[Saint Petersburg Times]],'' [[September 15]] [[2003]] [http://www.sptimes.com/2003/09/15/Columns/Too_thin_a_line_betwe.shtml link]
</ref> Judge Greer formally denied the motion and ordered the "removal of nutrition and hydration from the ward" . Anderson argued that Greer did not specify "artificial nutrition and hydration" versus "oral nutrition and hydration" and stated that "the withholding of food and water...was ''not'' ordered by the Court but by Michael Schiavo." <ref>Ruby, Lisa. "Judge Greer and Michael Schiavo: Collusive Law Breaking in Attempts to End Terri's Life," ''[http://www.libertytothecaptives.net Liberty To The Captives],'' [[October 31]] [[2003]] [http://www.libertytothecaptives.net/judge_greer_broke_law_kill_terri.html link]
</ref> In his order, Greer also set a time and date for the removal of the feeding tube: "1:00 p.m. on Friday, March 18, 2005." <ref>Greer, George W., Circuit Judge. "IN RE: THE GUARDIANSHIP OF THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO, Incapacitated. MICHAEL SCHIAVO, Petitioner, vs. ROBERT SCHINDLER and MARY SCHINDLER, Respondents," File No. 90-2908-GD-003, ''[http://jud6.org Fla. 6th Judicial Circuit],'' [[February 25]] [[2005]] [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/trialctorder02-05.pdf link]
</ref>

On [[February 28]], the Schindlers filed a motion, asking for permission to attempt to provide Schiavo with "Food and Water by Natural Means." This second motion asked for permission to "attempt to feed" Schiavo by mouth. <ref>Gibbs, David C., III, Esq. "EMERGENCY EXPEDITED MOTION FOR PERMISSION TO PROVIDE THERESA SCHIAVO WITH FOOD AND WATER BY NATURAL MEANS," File Number: 90-2908GD-003, [[February 27]] [[2005]] [http://floridasky.us/terri/022805EmMotionNaturalFeeding.pdf link]
</ref> Judge Greer denied the second motion on [[March 8]], saying "it has become clear that the [second] motion is part and parcel of [the previous] motion on medical evaluations. The same declarations are being used for both motions and the motion appears to be an alternative pleading to the [previous] motion. Both are asking for an experimental procedure." <ref>Greer, George W., Circuit Judge. "IN RE: THE GUARDIANSHIP OF THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO, Incapacitated. MICHAEL SCHIAVO, Petitioner, vs. ROBERT SCHINDLER and MARY SCHINDLER, Respondents," File No. 90-2908-GD-003, ''[http://jud6.org Fla. 6th Judicial Circuit],'' [[March 8]] [[2005]] [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/trialctorder030805.pdf link]
</ref> The following day, Greer denied the first motion as well, citing that an affiant doctor for Michael cautioned that fMRI was an experimental procedure that should be conducted in an academic setting, because Schiavo had already undergone swallowing tests and failed, and because VitalStim had only been performed on patients who were not in a PVS. Greer noted that "[m]ost of the doctor affidavits submitted are based on their understanding of Schiavo's condition from news reports or video clips they have seen. Many are obviously not aware of the medical exams undertaken for the 2002 trial..." <ref>Greer, George W., Circuit Judge. "IN RE: THE GUARDIANSHIP OF THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO, Incapacitated. MICHAEL SCHIAVO, Petitioner, vs. ROBERT SCHINDLER and MARY SCHINDLER, Respondents," File No. 90-2908-GD-003, ''[http://jud6.org Fla. 6th Judicial Circuit],'' [[March 9]] [[2005]] [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/trialctorder030905.pdf link]
</ref>

==Federal involvement==
{{Main|Government involvement in the Terri Schiavo case}}
Following Greer's order on [[March 18]] [[2005]] to remove the feeding tube, Republicans in the [[United States Congress]] [[subpoena]]ed both Michael and Terri Schiavo to testify at a congressional hearing.<ref>[http://tomdavis.house.gov/ Davis, Tom, Chairman], (for The Committee). "SUBPOENA," ''[[United States House of Representatives|Committee on Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives]],'' [[March 18]] [[2005]] [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/HouseSubpoenas.pdf link]</ref> It is [[contempt of Congress]] to prevent or discourage congressional witnesses from testifying.<ref>An Unsigned News Story. "Docs Remove Terri Schiavo's Feeding Tube: Tube Was Scheduled To Be Removed Friday," ''[http://cbs2chicago.com CBS 2 Chicago, WBBM-TV],'' [[March 17]] [[2005]] [http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/local_story_077162840.html link]</ref> The purpose of the subpoenas was thus to postpone the feeding tube removal.

Greer told congressional attorneys, "I have had no cogent reason why the (congressional) committee should intervene." He also stated that last-minute action by Congress does not invalidate years of court rulings.<ref>An Unsigned "[[Associated Press|AP]]" News Story. "Schiavo's feeding tube removed despite congressional intervention," ''[[USA Today]],'' [[March 18]] [[2005]] [http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-03-18-congress-schiavo_x.htm link]</ref> <ref>An Unsigned "[[Associated Press|AP]]" News Story. "Schiavo's Feeding Tube Removed," ''[http://tbo.com TBO.com News],'' [[March 18]] [[2005]] [http://news.tbo.com/news/MGBLXWESG6E.html link]
</ref> Although Senate Majority Leader [[Bill Frist]], Senator [[Rick Santorum]], and House Majority Leader [[Tom DeLay]], brought the possibility of sanctioning Greer on charges of [[contempt of Congress]], Congress did not attempt to enforce the subpoenas or take any action against Greer.

===Palm Sunday Compromise===
{{Main|Palm Sunday Compromise}}
[[Jeb Bush|Governor Bush]] and Congressional Republicans anticipated Greer's adverse ruling well before it was delivered and worked on a daily basis to find an alternative means of overturning the legal process by utilizing the authority of the [[United States Congress]].<ref>Farrington, Brendan. "Lawyers for Bush, lawmakers worked at exhausting pace on Schiavo," ''[[Associated Press|The Associated Press]],'' [[May 24]] [[2005]] [http://www.bradenton.com/mld/bradenton/11727684.htm link]</ref> On [[March 20]], [[2005]], the Senate (with only three members present) passed their version of the resolution, followed by the House of Representatives, a [[private bill]] which came to be called the "[[Palm Sunday Compromise]]" (S-686), transferring jurisdiction of the Schiavo case to the federal courts. The bill passed the House on [[March 21]] at 12:41 a.m. EST. President Bush flew to [[Washington D.C.]] from his vacation in [[Texas]] in order to sign the bill into law at 1:11 a.m. EST. As in the state courts, all of the Schindlers' federal petitions and appeals were denied, and the U.S. Supreme Court declined to grant [[certiorari]], effectively ending the Schindlers' legal options.

At the same time, the so-called [[Schiavo memo]] surfaced, causing a political firestorm. The memo was written by [[Brian Darling]], the legal counsel to Florida Republican senator [[Mel Martinez]]. It suggested the Schiavo case offered "a great political issue" that would appeal to the party's [[Base (politics)|base]] (core supporters) and could be used against Senator [[Bill Nelson (politician)|Bill Nelson]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] from [[Florida]] who is up for reelection in 2006, because he had refused to co-sponsor the bill.<ref>An Unsigned News Story. "GOP memo says issue offers political rewards," ''[[Washington Post|The Washington Post]],'' [[April 4]] [[2005]] [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002213728_memo20.html link]</ref>

On [[March 24]] [[2005]], Greer denied a petition for intervention by the Department of Children & Families (DCF) and signed an order forbidding the department from "taking possession of Theresa Marie Schiavo or removing her" from the hospice and directed "each and every and singular [[sheriff]] of the state of Florida" to enforce his order. The order was appealed to the 2nd DCA the following day, which resulted in an automatic stay under state law. While the stay was in effect, Florida Department of Law Enforcement personnel prepared to take custody of Terri and transfer her to a local hospital for reinsertion of the feeding tube. Once Greer was made aware of the stay, he ordered it lifted and all parties stood down. Governor Bush decided to obey the court order despite enormous pressure from the political right. If Bush (or the Florida Legislature) had ignored Greer's order by attempting to remove Schiavo from the hospice, a confrontation between the Pinellas Park Police Department and the FDLE agents could have ensued. In jest, one official said local police discussed "...whether we had enough officers to hold off the National Guard."<ref>An Unsigned "[[Associated Press|AP]]" News Story. "[[KCBS-TV|KCBS]] Report: State Tried Schiavo Grab," ''[[WCBS-TV]],'' [[March 26]] [[2005]] ([[WCBS-TV|WCBS-TV New York]], reprinting a [[KCBS-TV|KCBS-TV Los Angeles]] Story) [http://cbsnewyork.com/kcbs/topstories/topstories_story_085194306.html link]</ref>

==Last Rites==
On March 26, 2005, Bob and Mary Schindler announced that their legal options had been exhausted. The next day, Schiavo was given the [[Anointing of the Sick]] ("Last Rites"). In accordance with the Catholic ritual of [[Viaticum]], she received the [[Eucharist]] for the last time; it had been administered to her once through her feeding tube just before it was removed. The Eucharist, according to the teaching of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]], can be received under the [[consecration|consecrated]] species of either bread (referred to as the [[Host (Holy Communion)|host]]) or wine. As her tongue was too dry to receive a small piece of the host, she received under the species of wine, one drop being placed on her tongue.

On the day of her death, Terri's brother, Bobby Schindler, and his sister, Suzanne Vitadamo, had been in the room visiting their sibling for about an hour and 45 minutes when a hospice administrator notified Michael Schiavo that his wife was in her final stages. At Michael Schiavo's request, hospice staff asked Terri's siblings to leave the room.

Terri Schiavo died at 9:05 a.m. EST on Thursday, March 31, 2005, with her husband Michael at her side. According to their spokesman, Schiavo's parents had not been allowed into her room during her last hours. When notified that their daughter had died, the couple hurriedly came to the hospice. The Schindler family was not allowed into the room while Michael Schiavo was there, and was allowed in once he left. <ref>An Unsigned News Story. "Attorney: Terri's husband cradled her: 'It was a very emotional moment for many of us there'," ''[[CNN]],'' [[April 1]] [[2005]] [http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/03/31/schiavo.deathbed link]</ref>

==Autopsy==
After her death, Schiavo's body was taken to the office of the medical examiner for Pinellas and Pasco counties. The [[autopsy]] occurred on [[April 1]] [[2005]]. It revealed extensive brain damage. The manner of death was certified as "undetermined".

===Autopsy details===
The autopsy was led by Dr. Jon Thogmartin. Thogmartin also arranged for specialized cardiac and genetic examinations to be made. The official autopsy report<ref>[http://www.co.pinellas.fl.us/forensics Thogmartin, Jon R., M.D.] "REPORT OF AUTOPSY" for Theresa Schiavo, Case #5050439, [[June 13]] [[2005]] [http://www.abstractappeal.com/schiavo/autopsyreport.pdf link]
</ref> was released on [[June 15]], [[2005]]. In addition to studying Ms. Schiavo's remains, Thogmartin scoured court, medical and other records and interviewed her family members, doctors and other relevant parties.

Examination of Schiavo’s nervous system revealed extensive injury. The [[human brain|brain]] itself weighed 615 g, only half the weight expected for a female of her age, height, and weight. Microscopic examination revealed extensive damage to nearly all [[List of regions in the human brain|brain regions]], including the [[cerebral cortex]], the [[thalamus|thalami]], the [[basal ganglia]], the [[hippocampus]], the [[cerebellum]], and the [[midbrain]]. The neuropathologic changes in her brain were precisely of the type seen in patients who enter a PVS following cardiac arrest. Throughout the cerebral cortex, the large pyramidal [[neuron]]s that comprise some 70 percent of cortical cells&mdash;critical to the functioning of the cortex&mdash;were completely lost. The pattern of damage to the cortex, with injury tending to worsen from the front of the cortex to the back, is also typical. There was marked damage to important relay circuits deep in the brain (the thalami)&mdash;another common pathologic finding in cases of PVS. The damage was, in the words of Thogmartin, "irreversible, and no amount of therapy or treatment would have regenerated the massive loss of neurons."<ref>Phillips, Rich, Producer. "Autopsy: No sign Schiavo was abused: Findings show woman's brain 'profoundly atrophied'," ''[[CNN]],'' [[June 17]] [[2005]] [http://www.cnn.com/2005/HEALTH/06/15/schiavo.autopsy link]
</ref> Dr. Stephen J. Nelson, P.A., cautioned that "[n]europathologic examination alone of the decedent’s brain &ndash; or any brain for that matter &ndash; cannot prove or disprove a diagnosis of persistent vegetative state or minimally conscious state."<ref>[http://www.co.pinellas.fl.us/forensics Thogmartin, Jon R., M.D.] "REPORT OF AUTOPSY" for Theresa Schiavo, Case #5050439, [[June 13]] [[2005]] [http://www.abstractappeal.com/schiavo/autopsyreport.pdf link]</ref> The vegetative state is a behaviorally defined syndrome of complete unawareness, to self and to environment, that occurs in a person who nevertheless experiences wakefulness. As the condition is ''defined in clinical terms'', it can therefore only be diagnosed in persons who, at some point, are shown to meet those clinical terms. Ancillary investigations, such as CT scans, [[MRI]], EEGs, and lately [[fMRI]] and [[Positron emission tomography|PET]] scanning, may only provide support for the clinical impression&mdash;as might the pathologic findings, after death. In the case of Terri Schiavo, seven of the eight neurologists who examined her in her final years stated that she met the clinical criteria for PVS; the serial CT scans, EEGs, the one MRI, and finally, the pathologic findings, were consistent with that diagnosis.

Aside from a localized, healed inflammation, the cardiac pathologist who studied Schiavo's heart found it and the [[coronary circulation|coronary vessels]] to be healthy. Her initial collapse was not the result of [[myocardial infarction]], commonly known as a heart attack.

Although the basis of [[Michael Schiavo]]'s $1 million medical malpractice judgment was his claim that Terri Schiavo suffered from an eating disorder (bulimia) that caused a serious [[electrolyte]] disturbance, stopping her heart, Thogmartin found that "there was no proof that Terri Schiavo ever had an eating disorder such as bulimia." The main piece of evidence cited for an eating disorder — the low levels of potassium in her blood in 1990 — could have been caused by the emergency treatment she received at the time, Thogmartin said. While she had lost more than 100 pounds since high school, Schiavo never confessed to an eating disorder, she did not take diet pills and no one had ever witnessed her purging food.

Regarding the possibility of strangulation or domestic violence as a cause of Terri's initial collapse, the report states: "Autopsy examination of her neck structures 15 years after her initial collapse did not detect any signs of remote trauma, but, with such a delay, the exam was unlikely to show any residual neck findings."

Regarding the cause and manner of Schiavo’s death, Thogmartin wrote, "Mrs. Schiavo suffered severe anoxic brain injury. The cause of which [sic] cannot be determined with reasonable medical certainty. The manner of death will therefore be certified as undetermined."<ref>[http://www.abstractappeal.com/schiavo/autopsyreport.pdf autopsy4]</ref>

“We weren’t surprised the medical examiner said Terri’s brain was damaged,” said Bobby Schindler, Jr., Terri’s brother, in an interview hours after the autopsy report was released. “The fact that the medical examiner ruled out bulimia and ruled out a heart attack, without a doubt, adds more questions.”<ref>[http://www.floridabaptistwitness.com/4471.article witness1]</ref>

==Following death==
[[Image:SchiavoGrave.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Schiavo's gravemarker.]]

Schiavo's body was [[Cremation|cremated]] following the autopsy. Her parents offered a memorial [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] for her at the Holy Name of Jesus Catholic Church in [[Gulfport, Florida|Gulfport]] on [[April 5]]. Father [[Frank Pavone]], an activist with Priests for Life,<ref>Pavone, Frank A. "Father Frank A. Pavone - Biography," ''[http://priestsforlife.org Priests for Life],'' [http://www.priestsforlife.org/intro/ffbio.html link]</ref> delivered the [http://www.priestsforlife.org/audiose/schiavomemorial.m3u main homily (Audio: MP3 Format)].<ref> By Times Staff. "Schiavo's parents planning a funeral Mass for today," ''[[Saint Petersburg Times]],'' [[April 5]] [[2005]] [http://www.sptimes.com/2005/04/05/Tampabay/Schiavo_s_parents_pla.shtml link]</ref>

On [[May 7]], Schiavo's parents made public a complaint that they hadn't been informed of when and where the ashes of their daughter had been (or were to be) buried by Michael Schiavo. He was under court order to provide this information to them.

On [[June 20]], the cremated remains of Terri Schiavo were buried. The Schindlers' attorney stated that the family was notified by [[fax]] only after the memorial service; by then, the family had already started getting calls from reporters.<ref>Stacy, Mitch. "Schiavo's Remains Buried Amid Acrimony: Acrimony Between Terri Schiavo's Parents and Husband Continues As Her Remains Buried in Florida," ''[[Associated Press]],'' [[June 21]] [[2005]] [http://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory?id=867050 link]
</ref> The ashes were interred at Sylvan Abbey Memorial Park in [[Clearwater, Florida]]. The epitaph, shown at right, reads:

:''Schiavo / Theresa Marie / Beloved Wife
:''Born December 3, 1963''
:''Departed this earth / February 25, 1990''
:''At peace March 31, 2005''
:''I kept my promise''

On [[January 23]], [[2006]], Michael Schiavo married his long-term fiancée, Jodi Centonze, whom he met in a dentist's office in 1995.

==Disputed opinions==
David Gibbs III, the lead lawyer for Terri Schiavo’s parents, supported [[Roman Catholic Church|Vatican]] statements which condemned her treatment as [[euthanasia]]. [[Pope John Paul II]] stated that health care providers are morally bound to provide food and water to patients in persistent vegetative states. This led to a challenge by Schiavo's parents, who requested a new trial about whether their daughter, as a devout Catholic, would wish to go against the Church's teaching. Judge Greer rejected their request.<ref>Moore, Waveney Ann. "The Terri Schiavo Case: Vatican official enters Schiavo feeding tube fray," ''[[Saint Petersburg Times]],'' [[February 26]] [[2005]] [http://sptimes.com/2005/02/26/Tampabay/Vatican_official_ente.shtml link]
</ref>

Schiavo's husband insisted that she had expressed her wishes not to be kept on life support with no hope for improvement. During a trial in 2000, testimony was heard from witnesses on both sides to establish Schiavo's wishes regarding life support. The court determined that she had made "credible and reliable" statements that she wouldn't want to be "kept alive on a machine," based on expert testimony, finding that Americans don't want to live "with no hope of improvement," and that her condition in a persistent vegetative state had "long since satisfied" the requirement that there be no hope of improvement.<ref>Greer, George W., Circuit Judge. "IN RE: THE GUARDIANSHIP OF THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO, Incapacitated," File No. 90-2908GD-003, ''[http://jud6.org Fla. 6th Judicial Circuit],'' [[February 11]] [[2000]] [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/trialctorder02-00.pdf link]</ref>

In 2003, ''guardian ad litem'' Dr. Jay Wolfson was appointed by Florida legislature to "deduce and represent the best wishes and bests interests of Theresa Schiavo." He reported to Governor Jeb Bush that "the evidence that served as the basis for the decisions regarding Theresa Schiavo were firmly grounded within Florida statutory and case law, which clearly and unequivocally provide for the removal of artificial nutrition in cases of persistent vegetative states," and that the evidence regarding Schiavo's medical condition and intentions had been "deemed, by the trier of fact to be clear and convincing." and "The reasonable degree of medical certainty associated with her diagnosis and prognosis is very high."<ref>[http://hsc.usf.edu/publichealth/eoh/jwolfson Wolfson, Jay, DrPH, JD.] "A REPORT TO GOVERNOR JEB BUSH AND THE 6TH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN THE MATTER OF THERESA MARIE SCHIAVO," ''[http://abstractappeal.com Abstract Appeal Legal Blog],'' [[December 1]] [[2003]] [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/WolfsonReport.pdf link]</ref>

===Public opinion and activism===
{{Main|Public opinion and activism in the Terri Schiavo case}}

The Terri Schiavo case held the attention of both American and international audiences and had major political ramifications. A number of [[opinion poll]]s were carried out, particularly on the question of federal involvement in the Terri Schiavo case, with conflicting results. The case drew notable figures on both sides of the debate, as well as many pressure groups and public protesters. Although the vast majority of protests were nonviolent, two of the more extreme acts included death threats aimed towards Michael Schiavo. The Schindlers' legal fight was funded by a variety of sources on the [[Right-wing politics|political right]].<ref>[[Markos Moulitsas Zúniga|Zúniga, Markos Moulitsas.]] "Money Trail in the Schiavo Case: Bioethics for Sale?," ''[[Daily Kos|The Daily Kos]],'' [[March 22]] [[2005]] [http://www.dailykos.com/story/2005/3/22/93155/7030 link]
</ref> Michael's legal fight was funded by Terri's trust fund.

On [[March 11]], [[2005]], media [[tycoon]] [[Robert Herring (tycoon)|Robert Herring]] (who believes that [[stem cell research]] could have cured Schiavo's condition) offered $1 million (USD) to Michael Schiavo if he agreed to cede his guardianship to his wife's parents.<ref>Allred, Gloria, Esq. "Statement from Gloria Allred, Attorney-at-Law, Representing Robert Herring, Sr.:," ''[http://www.earnedmedia.org/cws.htm Christian Wire Service],'' [[March 10]] [[2005]] [http://www.earnedmedia.org/ga0310.htm link]</ref> The offer was rejected; George Felos, attorney for Michael Schiavo, described it as offensive, adding that Michael had rejected other monetary offers, including one of $10 million (USD).

During the final stages of the court battle in March 2005, around 30 individuals made a variety of complaints to the DCF, alleging various abuses.<ref>[http://www.apfn.net/messageboard/03-04-05/discussion.cgi.22.html unsealed] </ref> These included Terri being in pain from recent dental work, Terri not having had any dental work for years prior to that, and the blinds in her room not being open wide enough. DCF investigators found the claims to be groundless, stating that there were "no indicators" of abuse in any of the cases and concluding that "[t]he preponderance of the evidence shows that Michael Schiavo followed doctors' orders [regarding] Ms. Schiavo's diagnosis of being in a persistent vegetative state and that he provided her with appropriate care."<ref>Tisch, Chris and Krueger, Curtis. "Schiavo abuse claims were old," ''[[St. Petersburg Times]],'' [[June 4]] [[2005]] [http://www.sptimes.com/2005/06/04/State/Schiavo_abuse_claims_.shtml link]</ref>

Perhaps the greatest effect that Schiavo has had on the American psyche is to remind citizens to consider drawing up a [[living will]] while they are still mentally alert. Many advocates believe that the rate of living will creation in America has increased since Terri Schiavo died. <ref>"[http://www.newsvine.com/_news/2006/03/30/151303-schiavo-case-prompts-more-living-wills Schiavo Case Prompts More Living Wills]" by Mitch Stacy, Associated Press Writer Thu Mar 30, 2006</ref> -->

== Lihat pula ==
*[[Daftar kasus terkenal]]
*[[Garis waktu Terri Schiavo]]
*[[Undang-undang pemeliharaan Texas yang sia-sia]]
*[[Tirhas Habtegiris]] (seorang pasien yang sakit terminal dicabut alat pernapasannya, berlawanan dengan keinginan keluarganya pada Desember 2005)
*[[Karen Ann Quinlan]]
*[[Daftar orang yang terkenal karena sakit terminal]]


== Catatan ==
== Catatan ==
<div class="references-small">
<div class="references-small">
{{reflist}}
<references />
</div>
</div>


== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==

* Fighting for Dear Life: Inside the Terri Schiavo Story and What it Means for All of Us oleh David Gibbs and Bob DeMoss (2006) ISBN 0-7642-0243-X
* Fighting for Dear Life: Inside the Terri Schiavo Story and What it Means for All of Us oleh David Gibbs and Bob DeMoss (2006) ISBN 0-7642-0243-X
* The Right to Die: Terri Schiavo (2003) ISBN 0-7365-8883-3 (video)
* The Right to Die: Terri Schiavo (2003) ISBN 0-7365-8883-3 (video)
Baris 256: Baris 70:
* Using Terri: The Religious Right's Conspiracy to Take Away Our Rights oleh Jon B. Eisenberg (2005) ISBN 0-06-087732-4
* Using Terri: The Religious Right's Conspiracy to Take Away Our Rights oleh Jon B. Eisenberg (2005) ISBN 0-06-087732-4
* A Life That Matters: The Legacy of Terri Schiavo—A Lesson For Us All oleh Mary and Robert Schindler (2005) ISBN 0-446-57987-4
* A Life That Matters: The Legacy of Terri Schiavo—A Lesson For Us All oleh Mary and Robert Schindler (2005) ISBN 0-446-57987-4
* Remembering Terri Schiavo: Reflections of a Health Care Warrior oleh Audrey Ignatoff (2005) ISBN 1-4116-3220-6
* Remembering Terri Schiavo: Reflections of a Health Care Warrior oleh Audrey Ignatoff (2005) ISBN 1-4116-3220-6
* Terri's Story: The Court-Ordered Death of an American Woman oleh Diana Lynne (2005) ISBN 1-58182-488-2
* Terri's Story: The Court-Ordered Death of an American Woman oleh Diana Lynne (2005) ISBN 1-58182-488-2
* The Case of Terri Schiavo: Ethics at the End of Life. Arthur Caplan, James J. McCartney, Dominic Sisti, editors (2006) ISBN 159102398 {{invalid isbn|159102398 }}[http://caseofterrischiavo.com/ Book web site]
* The Case of Terri Schiavo: Ethics at the End of Life. Arthur Caplan, James J. McCartney, Dominic Sisti, editors (2006) ISBN 159102398 {{invalid isbn|159102398 }}[http://caseofterrischiavo.com/ Book web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302071324/http://caseofterrischiavo.com/ |date=2008-03-02 }}
* Terri : The Truth by Michael Schiavo, Michael Hirsh (2006) ISBN 0-525-94946-1
* Terri: The Truth by Michael Schiavo, Michael Hirsh (2006) ISBN 0-525-94946-1
* "Terri Schiavo: When Does Personhood End?" The Elements of Bioethics, Gregory Pence, ISBN 978-0-07-313277-8 {{invalid isbn|978-0-07-313277-8}}
* "Terri Schiavo: When Does Personhood End?" The Elements of Bioethics, Gregory Pence, ISBN 978-0-07-313277-8 {{invalid isbn|978-0-07-313277-8}}
* [http://www.simonsays.com/subs/apps/bookshelf/list_display.cfm?areaid=617&bl_sheet_id=28699 Daftar bacaan tentang Terri Schiavo]
* [http://www.simonsays.com/subs/apps/bookshelf/list_display.cfm?areaid=617&bl_sheet_id=28699 Daftar bacaan tentang Terri Schiavo]
Baris 266: Baris 80:
=== Kompilasi ===
=== Kompilasi ===
(legal documents relating to the Schiavo case)
(legal documents relating to the Schiavo case)
*[http://news.findlaw.com/legalnews/lit/schiavo Findlaw's compilation]
* [http://news.findlaw.com/legalnews/lit/schiavo Findlaw's compilation]
*[http://reports.tbo.com/reports/schiavo/ ''Tampa Bay Online''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s compilation]
* [http://reports.tbo.com/reports/schiavo/ ''Tampa Bay Online''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s compilation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206153534/http://reports.tbo.com/reports/schiavo/ |date=2008-02-06 }}
*[http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/infopage.html Kompilasi ''Abstract Appeal''<nowiki>'</nowiki>]
* [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/infopage.html Kompilasi ''Abstract Appeal''<nowiki>'</nowiki>] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050401033938/http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/infopage.html |date=2005-04-01 }}
*[http://www.miami.edu/ethics/schiavo_project.htm Kompilasi Program Etika Universitas Miami]
* [http://www.miami.edu/ethics/schiavo_project.htm Kompilasi Program Etika Universitas Miami]


=== Situs informasi ===
=== Situs informasi ===

*The Partnership for Medical Ethics Reform [http://forethics.com PMER] Non-Profit Educational Partnership for Consumers and Patients Diakses [[15 Maret]] [[2006]]
*American Center for Law and Justice. [http://www.aclj.org ACLJ] National "Civil Rights" law firm. Diakses [[30 Agustus]] [[2005]]
* The Partnership for Medical Ethics Reform [http://forethics.com PMER] Non-Profit Educational Partnership for Consumers and Patients Diakses [[15 Maret]] [[2006]]
* American Center for Law and Justice. [http://www.aclj.org ACLJ] National "Civil Rights" law firm. Diakses [[30 Agustus]] [[2005]]
* [http://www.libertytothecaptives.net Liberty to the Captives.] Kumpulan kesaksian, wawancara, dan informasi tentang kasus ini. Diakses [[18 Desember]] [[2005]]
* [http://www.libertytothecaptives.net Liberty to the Captives.] Kumpulan kesaksian, wawancara, dan informasi tentang kasus ini. Diakses [[18 Desember]] [[2005]]
*American Civil Liberty Union. [http://www.aclu.org ACLU] National "Civil Rights" law firm. Diakses [[30 Agustus]] [[2005]]
* American Civil Liberty Union. [http://www.aclu.org ACLU] National "Civil Rights" law firm. Diakses [[30 Agustus]] [[2005]]
*Amicus National, Inc. (2005). [https://www.legaldocs.com/htmdocs/livin_st.htm Legal docs, Living Wills]. Site providing free living will forms on a state-by-state basis. Diakses [[16 April]] [[2005]]
* Amicus National, Inc. (2005). [https://www.legaldocs.com/htmdocs/livin_st.htm Legal docs, Living Wills] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906022208/http://www.legaldocs.com/htmdocs/livin_st.htm |date=2006-09-06 }}. Site providing free living will forms on a state-by-state basis. Diakses [[16 April]] [[2005]]
* Conigliaro, Matt, Esq., Editor of "Abstract Appeal" Legal Blog. (2005). [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/infopage.html Halaman Informasi Terri Schiavo] Diakses [[31 Agustus]] [[2005]]
* Conigliaro, Matt, Esq., Editor of "Abstract Appeal" Legal [[Blog]]. (2005). [http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/infopage.html Halaman Informasi Terri Schiavo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050401033938/http://abstractappeal.com/schiavo/infopage.html |date=2005-04-01 }} Diakses [[31 Agustus]] [[2005]]
*End-of-Life Choices (2005). [http://www.helpguide.org/mental/advance_directive_end_of_life_care.htm Advance Health Care Directives: End-of-Life Choices—Make Your Wishes Known!] Diakses [[30 Agustus]] [[2005]]
* End-of-Life Choices (2005). [http://www.helpguide.org/mental/advance_directive_end_of_life_care.htm Advance Health Care Directives: End-of-Life Choices—Make Your Wishes Known!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209160622/http://www.helpguide.org/mental/advance_directive_end_of_life_care.htm |date=2006-02-09 }} Diakses [[30 Agustus]] [[2005]]
*[http://www.hospicepatients.org Hospice Patients Alliance] Diakses [[30 Agustus]] [[2005]]. Termasuk laporan awal polisi tahun 1999 [http://www.hospicepatients.org/police-report-02-25-90-terri-schiavo-collapse.pdf]
* [http://www.hospicepatients.org Hospice Patients Alliance] Diakses [[30 Agustus]] [[2005]]. Termasuk laporan awal polisi tahun 1999 [http://www.hospicepatients.org/police-report-02-25-90-terri-schiavo-collapse.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429100635/https://www.hospicepatients.org/police-report-02-25-90-terri-schiavo-collapse.pdf |date=2020-04-29 }}
*Zorn, Eric (2005). [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/ericzorn/weblog/archives/2005/03/for_your_refere_1.html For your reference - the Schiavo case]. Catatan Eric Zorn, [[Chicago Tribune]]. Diakses [[31 Maret]] [[2005]]
* Zorn, Eric (2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20050323061741/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/ericzorn/weblog/archives/2005/03/for_your_refere_1.html For your reference - the Schiavo case]. Catatan Eric Zorn, [[Chicago Tribune]]. Diakses [[31 Maret]] [[2005]]
* {{SourceWatch|id=Terri_Schiavo|page=Terri Schiavo}}
* {{SourceWatch|id=Terri_Schiavo|page=Terri Schiavo}}
* The Legacy of the Terri Schiavo Case: Why is it so hard to die in America? The University of Pennsylvania Center for Bioethics 10th Anniversary Symposium, 30 April - 1 Mei, 2006, Philadelphia, PA.[http://www.bioethics.upenn.edu/symposium/ Lihat pranala]
* The Legacy of the Terri Schiavo Case: Why is it so hard to die in America? The University of Pennsylvania Center for Bioethics 10th Anniversary Symposium, 30 April - 1 Mei, 2006, Philadelphia, PA.[http://www.bioethics.upenn.edu/symposium/ Lihat pranala]




* [http://pronounce.name/pronunciation/d84/Terri_Schiavo Bagaimana mengucapkan nama Terri Schiavo]
* [http://pronounce.name/pronunciation/d84/Terri_Schiavo Bagaimana mengucapkan nama Terri Schiavo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318004624/http://pronounce.name/pronunciation/d84/Terri_Schiavo |date=2015-03-18 }}


=== Artikel, advokasi, dan komentar ===
=== Artikel, advokasi, dan komentar ===
Baris 291: Baris 106:
''Informasi ini terdapat dalam artikel [[Opini publik dan aktivisme dalam kasus Terri Schiavo]].''
''Informasi ini terdapat dalam artikel [[Opini publik dan aktivisme dalam kasus Terri Schiavo]].''


{{DEFAULTSORT:Schiavo, Terri}}
{{Persondata
|NAME=Terri Schiavo
[[Kategori:Terri Schiavo| ]]
[[Kategori:Pasien terkenal]]
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Right-to-die case
[[Kategori:Penderita kerusakan otak parah]]
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[3 Desember]] [[1963]]
[[Kategori:Pemeluk Katolik Amerika Serikat]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Lower Moreland Township, Pennsylvania]]
|DATE OF DEATH=[[31 Maret]] [[2005]]
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Pinellas Park, Florida]]
}}

[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1963|Schiavo, Terri]]
[[Kategori:Kematian 2005|Schiavo, Terri]]
[[Kategori:Terri Schiavo|*]]
[[Kategori:Pasien terkenal|Schiavo, Terri]]
[[Kategori:Penderita kerusakan otak parah|Schiavo, Terri]]
[[Kategori:Pemeluk Katolik Amerika Serikat|Schiavo, Terri]]

[[af:Terri Schiavo]]
[[de:Terri Schiavo]]
[[en:Terri Schiavo]]
[[eo:Terri Schiavo]]
[[es:Terri Schiavo]]
[[fi:Terri Schiavo]]
[[fr:Terri Schiavo]]
[[nl:Terri Schiavo]]
[[no:Terri Schiavo]]
[[pl:Terri Schiavo]]
[[pt:Terri Schiavo]]
[[ru:Шайво, Терри]]
[[sv:Terri Schiavo]]
[[th:เทอร์รี ชายโว]]
[[zh:特丽·夏沃]]

Revisi terkini sejak 28 Agustus 2023 15.06

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Schindler dan Schindler.

Theresa Marie "Terri" Schiavo (3 Desember 1963 – 31 Maret 2005) adalah seorang perempuan dari St. Petersburg, Florida yang kasus medis dan keluarganya serta pertarungan hukum antara pendamping-pendampingnya menimbulkan perhatian media yang mendalam dan melahirkan sejumlah keputusan pengadilan yang menonjol serta keterlibatan sejumlah politikus dan kelompok kepentingan. Pada tahun 1990 Schiavo, yang saat itu berusia 26 tahun, pingsan di rumahnya dan mengalami gagal jantung dan pernapasan. Ia tetap mengalami koma selama sepuluh minggu. Dalam waktu tiga tahun, ia didiagnosis berada dalam keadaan vegatatif tetap (PVS).

Pada 1998, ketika saat itu dianggap legal, suami dan wali Terri, Michael Schiavo mengajukan permohonan kepada pengadilan untuk mencabut pipa penyalur makanannya. Orangtua Terri, Robert dan Mary Schindler, menentangnya. Pengadilan menyatakan bahwa Terri berada dalam keadaan PVS dan bahwa ia tidak harus dipertahankan tetap hidup. Pada 2003, masalahnya mulai mendapatkan perhatian nasional.

Pada Maret 2005, sejarah hukum di sekitar kasus Schiavo mencapai 14 banding dan berbagai mosi, petisi, dan dengar pendapat di pengadilan-pengadilan Florida; lima tuntutan di Pengadilan Distrik Federal; dewan legislatif Florida membatalkan keputusan Mahkamah Agung Florida; sebuah subpoena oleh sebuah komisi kongres yang berupaya mengatur agar Schiavo memenuhi syarat untuk mendapatkan perlindungan saksi; keputusan legislatif federal (Kompromi Minggu Palma); dan empat bantahan certiorari dari Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat.[1]

Meskipun terjadi campur tangan dari cabang-cabang pemerintahan lainnya, pengadilan tetap berpendapat bahwa Schiavo berada dalam PVS, dan tentunya akan meminta agar alat-alat penopang hidupnya dihentikan. Pipa makannnya dicabut untuk yang ketiga dan terakhir kalinya pada 18 Maret 2005. Ia meninggal dunia tiga belas hari kemudian di hospis Pinellas Park pada 31 Maret 2005, pada usia 41 tahun.

Masa muda

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Theresa Marie Schindler dibesarkan di daerah Huntingdon Valley dari Lower Moreland Township, Pennsylvania, sebuah daerah pinggir kota Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, sebagai sulung dari tiga anak Robert dan Mary Schindler. Adik-adiknya adalah Robert Jr. (Bobby) dan Suzanne (kini Suzanne Vitadamo). Pada tahun terakhirnya di SMA, Schiavo mengalami kegemukan, tingginya 160 cm dan beratnya sekitar 90 kg. Ia menjalani diet dengan produk NutriSystem dan kehilangan sekitar 25 kg.[2] Sekitar waktu ini mungkin ia telah mengalami gangguan makan.[3] Pada 1981, ia lulus dari SMA Katolik Archbishop Wood.

Ia bertemu dengan Michael Schiavo pada 1982 dalam sebuah kelas sosiologi di Bucks County Community College. Michael adalah pacarnya yang pertama. Setelah berpacaran selama lima bulan, pasangan itu bertunangan. Ketika mereka menikah pada 10 November 1984, di Gereja Our Lady of Good Counsel di Southampton, Pennsylvania, berat tubuh Terri 63 kg. Mereka pindah ke St. Petersburg, Florida, pada April 1986. Orangtua Schiavo juga pindah ke St. Petersburg tiga bulan kemudian. Di Florida, Terri bekerja sebagai seorang pegawai klaim asuransi untuk perusahaan asuransi Prudential, dan Michael sebagai manajer sebuah restoran.

Pada 1989, suami-istri Schiavo mulai mengunjungi seorang ahli obstetri dan mendapatkan pelayanan kesuburan dan konseling dengan harapan untuk mendapatkan anak. Saat ini, berat badan Schiavo sudah turun menjadi 54,4 kg, dan ia tidak mendapatkan menstruasi (keadaan ini atau amenorrhea kadang-kadang terkait dengan kehilangan berat badan yang besar, seperti yang diduga dialami oleh Ny. Schiavo).

Krisis medis awal

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Pada pagi hari 25 Februari 1990, sekitar pk. 5.30 pagi EST, Schiavo pingsan di lorong apartemen mereka di St. Petersburg. Petugas pemadam kebakaran dan paramedis yang datang untuk menjawab telepon 9-1-1 Michael, menemukan Terri dengan wajah tertelungkup dan tidak sadar. Ia tidak bernapas dan denyut nadinya berhenti. Mereka berusaha untuk melakukan memberikan pernapasan buatan kepadanya, namun beberapa kali ia mengalami defibrilasi, dan dibawa ke Rumah Sakit Humana Northside. Di sana ia diberikan pernapasan lewat selang, diberikan ventilasi, dan akhirnya diberikan trakeotomi, dengan prognosis yang buruk.

Ia tetap mengalami koma selama dua setengah bulan. Ketika ia keluar dari komanya, Schiavo memperoleh siklus tidur-bangun, tetapi tidak memperlihatkan kesadaran akan dirinya sendiri atau lingkungannya yang dapat berulang dan konsisten. Periode yang panjang tanpa oksigen menyebabkan kerusakan otak yang mendalam ("anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy" yang dicatat pada waktu otopsi), yang menyebabkan rusak parahnya bagian-bagian otak [4] yang berkaitan dengan kognisi, persepsi, dan kesadaran. Sementara mulanya ia diberi makan lewat nasogastrik pipa penyalur makanan, ia akhirnya mendapatkan pipa makanan percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)—yang disisipkan melalui dinding abdomennya. Dr. Garcia J. DeSousa, seorang neurolog yang bersertifikat dari dewan di St. Petersburg, Florida, mengawasi Schiavo pada saat pertama kali ia masuk ke rumah sakit; ia dan Dr. Victor Gambone, seorang internis (ahli penyakit dalam) dan dokter keluarga Schiavo, masing-masing secara independen membuat diagnosis PVS sekitar satu tahun setelah gagal jantungnya Schiavo. Neurolog yang lain—Dr. Jeffery M. Karp, James H. Barnhill, dan Thomas H. Harrison—juga memeriksa Schiavo selama tahun-tahun itu dan membuat diagnosis yang sama; mereka juga berpendapat bahwa kemungkinan Schiavo untuk pulih kembali sangat kecil. Tak ada perbedaan pendapat mengenai kondisi Schiavo atau diagnosis PVS yang diajukan oleh pihak manapun pada saat ini di pengadilan. Kedua orang tua Terri terus-menerus mendesak dilakukannya rehabilitasi sebelum dan sesudah penyelesaian malapraktik, tetapi mereka tidak diberikan informasi ataupun keputusan medis.

Penyebab gagal jantungnya tidak pernah dipastikan, tetapi dicurigai hal itu disebabkan oleh gizinya yang tidak seimbang. Pernah diyakini bahwa gagal jantungnya disebabkan oleh ketidakseimbangan elektrolit dalam darahnya. Ketika dimasukkan ke rumah sakit, tingkat potasium serumnya tercatat sangat rendah, yaitu 2,0 mEq/L; yang normal bagi orang dewasa adalah 3,5–5,0 mEq/L. Tingkat sodium dan kalsiumnya normal.[5] Ketidakseimbangan elektrolit dapat disebabkan oleh kehilangan cairan tubuh. Bagan medisnya memuat catatan bahwa "dia tampaknya telah berusaha menjaga berat tubuhnya rendah dengan melakukan diet sendiri, meminum cairan hampir sepanjang hari, dan minum sekitar 10-15 gelas es teh." Tingkat potasium yang rendah dapat diakibatkan oleh pelayanan cairan intervaskuler pada saat para tenaga medis berusaha memberikan resusitasi. Tidak jelas apakah ia mengalami bulimia.

Suami Schiavo belakangan mengajukan tuntutan malapraktik dan memenanginya terhadap obstetrisinya, Dr. Stephen Igel, dengan alasan bahwa dokter itu gagal mengenali dan mendiagnosis bulimia pada dirinya. Pada November 1992, juri memenangi tuntutanya sebesar $1 juta. Bulan Februari 1993, Schiavo memperoleh uang dari tuntutan hukumnya itu.[6]

Schiavo tetap mengalami koma selama dua setengah bulan, lalu ia bangkit dari keadaan vegetatifnya. Akhirnya ia dialihkan, dari pemberian makanan lewat selang makanan nasogastrik menjadi selang makanan gastronomi endoskopik perkutanis (PEG).[7][8]

Dr. Garcia J. DeSousa, seorang neurolog besertifikat di St. Petersburg, Florida, merawat Schiavo pada tahap awal perawatannya di Humana. Ia dan Dr. Victor Gambone, seorang internis dan dokter keluarga Schiavo, secara independen membuat diagnosis keadaan vegetatif permanen (PVS) sekitar setahun setelah gagal jantung Schiavo. Para neurolog lainnya, Dr. Jeffery M. Karp, James H. Barnhill, dan Thomas H. Harrison — juga memeriksa Schiavo selama bertahun-tahun dan membuat diagnosis yang sama; mereka juga berpandangan bahwa kemungkinannya sangat kecil untuk pulih kembali. Dr. Ronald Cranford, seorang neurolog dan pakar dalam hal koma dan ketidasadaran, memerikan kesaksian pada 2005 bahwa tak suatupun dalam catatan medis yang menunjukkan perbedaan pendapat tentang diagnosis para dokter Terri.[9]

Lihat pula

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Catatan

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  1. ^ Felos, George J., Esq. "RESPONDENT MICHAEL SCHIAVO'S OPPOSITION TO APPLICATION FOR INJUNCTION," Case No.: 04A-825, 24 Maret 2005 link
  2. ^ Campo-Flores, Arian. "The Legacy of Terri Schiavo," Newsweek, 4 April 2005 link
  3. ^ Nair, Sandya. "Terri Schiavo case reveals the dangers of eating disorders," The Johns Hopkins Newsletter, 24 Maret 2005 link Diarsipkan 2005-08-29 di Wayback Machine.
  4. ^ Lihat peta otak
  5. ^ Mark Fuhrman (2005-06-28). Silent Witness. William Morrow.  p67
  6. ^ "Feud may be as much over money as principle". USA Today. 2005-03-24. Diakses tanggal 2007-07-25. 
  7. ^ Carey Goldberg (2005-07-05). "After a coma: Comebacks are slow and patchy, and almost never miraculous". Boston Globe. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-22. 
  8. ^ "Terri Schiavo biography and timeline". Bay News 9. 2007-03-27. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-09-04. Diakses tanggal 2008-02-03. 
  9. ^ Cranford, Ronald (2005-07-01). "Facts, Lies, & Videotapes: The Permanent Vegetative State and the Sad Case of Terri Schiavo". J Law Med Ethics. Diakses tanggal 2006-01-17. ;33(2):363-71

Bacaan lebih lanjut

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Pranala luar

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Kompilasi

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(legal documents relating to the Schiavo case)

Situs informasi

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Artikel, advokasi, dan komentar

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Informasi ini terdapat dalam artikel Opini publik dan aktivisme dalam kasus Terri Schiavo.

Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=Terri_Schiavo&oldid=24087433"