Songtsen Gampo: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
Wagino Bot (bicara | kontrib) |
||
| (30 revisi perantara oleh 18 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
| Baris 1: | Baris 1: | ||
{{Infobox Monarch |
{{Infobox Monarch |
||
| |
|name = Songtsän Gampo |
||
| |
|title = Raja Tibet |
||
| |
|image = Songstengampo.jpg |
||
| |
|caption = |
||
| |
|reign = |
||
| |
|coronation = |
||
| |
|othertitles = |
||
| |
|full name = Songtsän Gampo |
||
| |
|native_lang1 = [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]] |
||
| |
|native_lang1_name1= <span style="font-family:'Tibetan Machine Uni'">[[Berkas:Songtsän Gampo name.svg]]</span> |
||
| |
|native_lang2 = [[Wylie transliteration]] |
||
| |
|native_lang2_name1= Srong-btsan sGam-po |
||
| |
|native_lang3 = [[Tibetan Pinyin|transcription]] (PRC) |
||
| |
|native_lang3_name1= Songzain Gambo |
||
| |
|native_lang4 = [[THDL Simplified Phonetic Transcription|THDL]] |
||
| |
|native_lang4_name1=Songtsen Gampo |
||
| |
|native_lang5 = |
||
| |
|native_lang5_name1= |
||
| |
|predecessor = [[Namri Songtsen]] |
||
| |
|successor = [[Mangsong Mangtsen]] |
||
| |
|suc-type = |
||
| |
|heir = |
||
| |
|issue = |
||
| |
|royal house = |
||
| |
|dynasty = |
||
| |
|royal anthem = |
||
| |
|father = Namri Löntsen (Gnam-ri-slon-mtshan) |
||
| |
|mother = |
||
| |
|date of birth = 617 |
||
| |
|place of birth = |
||
| |
|date of death = 649 |
||
| |
|place of death = |
||
| |
|date of burial = |
||
| |
|place of burial = |
||
|}} |
|}} |
||
''' Songtsän Gampo''' ([[Bahasa Tibet]]: <span style="font-family:'Tibetan Machine Uni'">[[ |
''' Songtsän Gampo''' ([[Bahasa Tibet]]: <span style="font-family:'Tibetan Machine Uni'">[[Berkas:Songtsän Gampo name.svg]]</span>, [[Transliterasi Wylie|Wylie]]: '''''Srong-btsan sGam-po''''', 605 atau 617? - 649) adalah seorang pendiri [[Kerajaan Tibet]] (Bahasa Tibet: ''Bod'' ; [[Hanyu]]: 吐蕃 ; [[Pinyin]]: ''Tubo'' /''Tufan'' ), yang berdasarkan tradisi merupakan penguasa ke-33 dalam susunan dinasti-nya. Dalam [[sejarah Tiongkok]] namanya dikenal sebagai ''Qizonglongzan''.<ref name="Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. 1967 p. 25">{{en}} Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. ''Tibet: A Political History'' (1967), p. 25. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.</ref> |
||
Tanggal kelahiran dan tanggal penahbisan kekuasaanya tidaklah pasti. Dalam catatan sejarah [[Tibet]], secara umum ia dianggap lahir pada tahun |
Tanggal kelahiran dan tanggal penahbisan kekuasaanya tidaklah pasti. Dalam catatan sejarah [[Tibet]], secara umum ia dianggap lahir pada tahun 617 (satu tahun sebelum [[Dinasti Tang]], ketika [[Raja Gaozu|Gaozu]] menjadi raja di [[Tiongkok]]). Oleh karena anggapan penahbisan pada saat ia berusia tiga-belas tahun (usia dua-belas tahun berdasarkan pendapat Negara Barat), berdasarkan perhitungan penahbisan pada tahun 629.<ref name="Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. 1967 p. 25"/><ref>Beckwith, Christopher I. The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia (1987), p. 19 and note 31). Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. ISBN 0-691-02469-3.</ref> |
||
Terdapat kesulitan dalam menentukan tahun kelahirannya, dan ada beberapa usulan akan tahun kelahiran Songtsän Gampo yang lebih awal, termasuk 569, 605 atau 593.<ref>{{en}} ''Ancient Tibet: Research materials from the Yeshe De Project''. 1986. Dharma Publishing, California. ISBN 0-89800-146-3, pp. 222-225.</ref> Topik ini masih dalam penelitian lebih lanjut. |
|||
[[Kategori:617 SM]] |
|||
[[Kategori:Kelahiran menurut tahun|617 SM]] |
|||
{{CategoryTOC}} (satu tahun sebelum [[Dinasti Tang]], ketika [[Raja Gaozu|Gaozu]] menjadi raja di [[Cina]]). Oleh karena anggapan penahbisan pada saat ia berusia tiga-belas tahun (usia dua-belas tahun berdasarkan pendapat Negara Barat), berdasarkan perhitungan penahbisan pada tahun 629.<ref>{{en}} Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. ''Tibet: A Political History'' (1967), p. 25. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.</ref><ref>Beckwith, Christopher I. The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia (1987), p. 19 and note 31). Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. ISBN 0-691-02469-3.</ref> |
|||
Terdapat kesulitan dalam menentukan tahun kelahirannya, dan ada beberapa usulan akan tahun kelahiran Songtsän Gampo yang lebih awal, termasuk 569, 605 atau 593.<ref>{{en}} ''Ancient Tibet: Research materials from the Yeshe De Project''. 1986. Dharma Publishing, California. ISBN 0-89800-146-3, pp. 222-225.</ref>. Topik ini masih dalam penelitian lebih lanjut. |
|||
<!-- |
|||
==Early life and cultural background== |
|||
It is said that Songtsän Gampo was born at [[Gyama]], in [[Maldro]] (a region to the northeast of modern [[Lhasa]]), the son of the [[Yarlung]] king, [[Namri Songtsen]]. |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
===Family=== |
|||
According to Tibetan tradition, Songstän Gampo was enthroned while still a minor as the thirty-third king of the Yarlung Dynasty, after his father was poisoned circa 618, (i.e. before he was 13 - or 12 years old by Western reckoning).<ref>Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Vol. XII, 1880, p. 443.</ref><ref>Beckwith, Christopher I. 1987. ''The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages''. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02469-3, pp. 19-20 (OTC, vi).</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
He is said to have been born in an unspecified Ox year and was 13 years old (14 by Western reckoning), when he took the throne. This accords with the tradition that the Yarlung kings took the throne when they were 13, and supposedly old enough to ride a horse and rule the kingdom.<ref>Vitali, Roberto. 1990. ''Early Temples of Central Tibet''. Serindia Publications, London, p. 70. ISBN 0-906026-25-3</ref> If these traditions are correct, he was probably born in the Ox year 605 CE. The ''Jiu Tangshu'' or ''[[Book of Tang]]'' confirms that he "was still a minor when he succeeded to the throne.".<ref>Snellgrove, David. 1987. ''Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors''. 2 Vols. Shambhala, Boston, Vol. II, p. 372.</ref><ref>Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Vol. XII, 1880, p. 443.</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Songtsän Gampo's mother was, according to tradition, Dringma Togo of the Tsepong clan, which played an important part in the unification of Tibet. He also married Trimonyen Dongsten of the Mong clan, who is said to have been the mother of Gungsong Gungsten; and is said to have had several other wives: a noble woman from [[Minyak]], the [[Nepal]]i princess, [[Bhrikuti Devi]] (who many modern scholars are doubtful about), and a princess from Zhangzhung (while his sister, Princess Semarkar, married the king of Zhangzhung - which ultimately led to the conquest of Zhangzhung as described below), as well as the famous Chinese princess, ''Princes Wenchang'', or Munchang Kongcho . |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Songtsän Gampo's heir, Gungsong Gungsten died before his father, so his son, Manglon Mangsten, or [[Mangsong Mangtsen]], took the throne. His mother is sometimes said to have been the Chinese princess, Munchang Koncho, but this is thought to be highly unlikely. His mother was most probably Mangmoje Trikar, who is mentioned in the ''Genealogy'' found in the "hidden library" in the caves in [[Dunhuang]] (which lists the names of the Tibetan emperors and the names of their consorts who bore future emperors, and the clans they came from).<ref>''Women in Tibet: Past and Present'', pp. 29-35.(2005) Janet Gyatso and Hanna Havnevik. Columbia University Press, New York. ISBN 0-231-13098 (cloth); ISBN 0-231-13099-6 (paper).</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
===Cultural activities=== |
|||
Songtsän Gampo is said to have sent his minister [[Thonmi Sambhota]] to India to devise a script for the [[Tibetan language]], which led to the creation of the first Tibetan literary works and translations, court records and a [[constitution]].<ref>Dudjom Rinpoche and Jikdrel Yeshe Dorje. ''The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: its Fundamentals and History''. Two Volumes. 1991. Translated and edited by Gyurme Dorje with Matthew Kapstein. Wisdom Publications, Boston. ISBN 0-86171-087-8</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Songtsän Gampo is also credited with bringing many new cultural and technological advances to Tibet. The ''Tangshu'' or ''[[Book of Tang]]'' states that after the defeat in 648 of an [[India]]n army in support of Chinese envoys, the Chinese Emperor, [[Gaozong]], a devout [[Buddhist]], gave him the title (variously written ''Binwang'', "Guest King" or ''Zongwang'', "Cloth-tribute King") and 3,000 rolls of multicoloured [[silk]] in 649,<ref>Beckwith, Christopher I. 1987. ''The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages''. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02469-3, p. 25, n. 71.</ref> and granted the Tibetan king's request for: |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
:"... silkworms' eggs, mortars and presses for making wine, and workmen to manufacture paper and ink."<ref>Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Vol. XII, 1880, p. 446.</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Traditional accounts say that, during the reign of Songtsän Gampo, examples of handicrafts and [[Astrology|astrological]] systems were imported from China and [[Minyag]]; [[Dharma]] and the art of writing came from India; material wealth and treasures from [[Nepali people|Nepali]]s and the lands of the [[Mongol]]s, while model laws and administration were imported from the [[Uyghur people|Uighurs]] to the north.<ref>Sakyapa [[Sonam Gyaltsen]]. (1328). ''Clear Mirror on Royal Genealogy''. Translated by McComas Taylor and Lama Choedak Yuthok as: ''The Clear Mirror: A Traditional Account of Tibet's Golden Age'', p. 106. (1996) Snow Lion Publications. Ithica, New York. ISBN 1-55939-048-4.</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
==Introduction of Buddhism== |
|||
[[Image:King Songsten Gampo's statue in his meditation cave at Yerpa.jpg||thumb|left|200px|A statue of Songtsän Gampo in a cave at [[Yerpa]]]] |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Songtsän Gampo is traditionally credited with being the first to bring [[Buddhism]] to the [[Tibetan people]]. He is also said to have built many Buddhist temples, including the [[Jokhang]] in [[Lhasa]], the city which he is credited in one tradition with founding and establishing it as his capital.<ref>Anne-Marie Blondeau, Yonten Gyatso, 'Lhasa, Legend and History,' in Françoise Pommaret(ed.) ''Lhasa in the seventeenth century: the capital of the Dalai Lamas,'' Brill Tibetan Studies Library, 3, Brill 2003, pp.15-38, pp15ff. </ref> <ref>Amund Sinding-Larsen, ''The Lhasa atlas: : traditional Tibetan architecture and townscape,'' Serindia Publications, Inc., 2001 p.14</ref> and [[Changzhug]] in [[Nêdong County|Nêdong]]. During his reign, the translation of Buddhist texts from Sanskrit into Tibetan began.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kagyuoffice.org/buddhism.10pillars.html|title=Buddhism - Kagyu Office|date=2009-01-10}}</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Songtsän Gampo is considered to be the first of the three Dharma Kings (''chosgyal'') — Songtsän Gampo, [[Trisong Detsen]], and [[Ralpacan]] — who established [[Buddhism]] in [[Tibet]]. |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
The inscription on the Skar-cung pillar (erected by Ralpacan, who ruled c. 800-815) reports that during Songtsän Gampo's reign, "shrines of the Three Jewels were established by building the temple of Ra-sa [Lhasa] and so on".<ref>[[Richardson, Hugh E]]. ''A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions'' (1981), p. 75. Royal Asiatic Society, London. ISBN 0-94759300/4.</ref> The first edict of [[Trisong Detsen]] mentions a community of monks at this [[vihara]].<ref>Beckwith, C. I. "The Revolt of 755 in Tibet", p. 3 note 7. In: ''Weiner Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde''. Nos. 10-11. [Ernst Steinkellner and Helmut Tauscher, eds. ''Proceedings of the Csoma de Kőrös Symposium Held at Velm-Vienna, Austria, 13-19 September 1981''. Vols. 1-2.] Vienna, 1983.</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
==620s== |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Songtsän Gampo was adept at diplomacy as well as on the field of battle. The king's minister, [[Myang Mang-po-rje]], with the aid of troops from [[Zhang Zhung]], defeated the [[Sumpa]] (Chinese: Supi) people in north-eastern Tibet circa 627 (''[[Old Tibetan Annals]]'' [''OTA''] l. 2). |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Songtsän Gampo is traditionally said to have married the [[Nepal]]ese princess [[Bhrikuti]] Devi,<ref>Stein, R. A. (1972). ''Tibetan Civilization'', p. 58. Stanford University Press, Stanford California. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 (cloth); ISBN 0-8047-0901-7.</ref> (which, if true, probably took place sometime before 624).<ref>''Ancient Tibet: Research materials from the Yeshe De Project''. 1986. Dharma Publishing, California. ISBN 0-89800-146-3, p. 225.</ref> Although the story of this marriage is legendary, it is widely believed by Tibetans and some scholars acknowledge "''it is quite likely to have taken place''."<ref>Snellgrove, David (1987) ''Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists & Their Tibetan Successors'', Vol. II, p. 373. Shambhala, Boston. ISBN 0-87773-379-1.(</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
==630s== |
|||
Six years later (c. 632/633) Myang Mang-po-rje Zhang-shang was accused of treason and executed (''OTA'' l. 4-5, Richardson 1965). Minister Mgar-srong-rtsan succeeded him. |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
The ''Jiu Tangshu'' records the first ever embassy from Tibet arrived in China from Songtsän Gampo in the 8th Zhenguan year or 634 CE.<ref name="Lee6 7">Lee 1981, pp. 6-7</ref> Tang dynasty chronicles describe this as a tribute mission, but it brought an ultimatum demanding a marriage alliance, not subservient rituals. After this demand was refused, Tibet launched victorious military attacks against Tang affiliates in 637 and 638.<ref name="Powers 31">Powers 2004, pg. 31</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
=====The Conquest of Zhang Zhung===== |
|||
[[Image:SongstanGampo.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Emperor Songtsän Gampo with Princesses Wen Cheng and Bhrikuti Devi]] |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
There is some confusion as to whether Central Tibet conquered [[Zhang Zhung]] during the reign of Songtsän Gampo or in the reign of [[Trisong Detsän]], (r. 755 until 797 or 804 CE).<ref>Karmey, Samten G. (1975). "'A General Introduction to the History and Doctrines of Bon", p. 180. ''Memoirs of Research Department of The Toyo Bunko'', No, 33. Tokyo.</ref> The records of the [[Tang]] Annals do, however, seem to clearly place these events in the reign of Songtsän Gampo for they say that in 634, Yangtong (Zhang Zhung) and various [[Qiang people|Qiang]] tribes "altogether submitted to him." Following this he united with the country of Yangtong to defeat the 'Azha or [[Tuyuhun]], and then conquered two more tribes of Qiang before threatening Songzhou with an army of (according to the Chinese) more than 200,000 men (100,000 according to Tibetan sources)<ref name="Powers168 9" />. He then sent an envoy with gifts of gold and silk to the Chinese emperor to ask for a Chinese princess in marriage and, when refused, attacked Songzhou. According to the Tang annals, he finally retreated and apologised and later the emperor granted his request,<ref name="Lee7 9">Lee 1981, pp. 7-9</ref><ref name="Pelliot3 4">Pelliot 1961, pp. 3-4</ref> but the histories written in Tibet all say that the Tibetan army defeated the Chinese, and that the Tang emperor delivered a bride under threat of force.<ref name="Powers168 9">Powers 2004, pp. 168-9</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Early Tibetan accounts say that the Tibetan king and the king of Zhang Zhung had married each other's sisters in a political alliance. However, the Tibetan wife of the king of the Zhang Zhung complained of poor treatment by the king's principal wife. War ensued and through the treachery of the Tibetan princess, "King Ligmikya of Zhangzhung, while on his way to ''Sum-ba'' ([[Amdo]] province) was ambushed and killed by King Srongtsen Gampo's soldiers. As a consequence, The Zhangzhung kingdom was annexed to Bod [Central Tibet]. Thereafter the new kingdom born of the unification of Zhangzhung and Bod was known as Bod rGyal-khab."<ref>Norbu, Namkhai. (1981). ''The Necklace of Gzi, A Cultural History of Tibet'', p. 30. Information Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama, Dharamsala, H.P., India.</ref><ref>Beckwith, Christopher I. (1987). ''The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia'', p. 20. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Fourth printing with new afterword and 1st paperback version. ISBN 0-691-02469-3.</ref><ref>Allen, Charles. ''The Search for Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History'', pp. 127-128. (1999). Reprint: (2000). Abacus, London. ISBN 0-349-11142-1.</ref> R. A. Stein places the conquest of Zhang Zhung in 645.<ref>Stein, R. A. (1972). ''Tibetan Civilization'', p. 59. Stanford University Press, Stanford California. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 (cloth); ISBN 0-8047-0901-7.</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
=====Further Campaigns===== |
|||
He next attacked and defeated the [[Dangxian]], or "Western Xia" people (who later formed the [[Tangut]] state in 942 CE), the [[Bailan]], and other [[Qiang people|Qiang]] tribes.<ref>Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Vol. XII, 1880, pp. 443-444.</ref><ref>Beckwith, Christopher I. 1987. ''The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages''. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02469-3, pp. 22-23.</ref> The Bailan people, were bounded on the east by the Tanguts and on the west by the [[Domi]]. They had been subject to the Chinese since 624.<ref>Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Vol. XII, 1880, p. 528, n. 13</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
After a successful campaign against China in the frontier province of [[Songzhou]] in 635–6 (''OTA'' l. 607),<ref>Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Vol. XII, 1880, p. 444.</ref> the Chinese emperor agreed to send a Chinese princess for Songtsän Gampo to marry. |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Circa 639, after Songtsän Gampo had a dispute with his younger brother Tsänsong (''Brtsan-srong''), the younger brother was burnt to death by his own minister Khäsreg (''Mkha’s sregs'') (possibly at the behest of his older brother, the emperor).<ref name="Richardson1965">Richardson, Hugh E. (1965). "How Old was Srong Brtsan Sgampo," ''Bulletin of Tibetology'' 2.1. pp. 5-8.</ref><ref>OTA l. 8-10</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
==640s== |
|||
The ''(Jiu) Tangshu'', or ''[[Book of Tang]]'', records that when the king of 泥婆羅, ''Nipoluo'' ("[[Nepal]]"),<ref name="Pelliot 12">Pelliot 1961, pg. 12</ref> the father of [[Licchavi]], king [[Naling Deva]] (or Narendradeva), died, an uncle, ''Yu.sna kug.ti'', [[Vishnagupta]]) usurped the throne.<ref>Vitali, Roberto. 1990. ''Early Temples of Central Tibet''. Serindia Publications, London, p. 71. ISBN 0-906026-25-3</ref> "The Tibetans gave him refuge and reestablished him on his throne [in 641]; that is how he became subject to Tibet."<ref>Snellgrove, David. 1987. ''Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors''. 2 Vols. Shambhala, Boston, Vol. II, p. 372.</ref><ref>Chavannes, Édouard . ''Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux''. 1900. Paris, Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient. Reprint: Taipei. Cheng Wen Publishing Co. 1969, p. 186.</ref><ref>Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Vol. XII, 1880, pp. 529, n. 31.</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Sometime later, but still within the Zhenguan period (627-650 CE), the Tibetans sent an envoy to Nepal where the king received him "joyfully" and, later, when a Tibetan mission was attacked in India around 647,<ref>Stein, R. A. ''Tibetan Civilization'' 1962. Revised English edition, 1972, Faber & Faber, London. Reprint, 1972. Stanford University Press, p. 62. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 cloth; ISBN 0-8047-0901-7 pbk., p. 59.</ref> the Nepalese king came to their aid.<ref>Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Vol. XII, 1880, pp. 529-530, n. 31.</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
The Chinese [[Princess Wencheng]], niece of the [[Emperor Taizong of Tang China]], left China in 640 to marry Songtsän Gampo, arriving the next year. Peace between China and Tibet prevailed for the remainder of Songtsän Gampo's reign. |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Both wives are considered to have been incarnations of [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] ({{lang-bo|Drolma}}), the [[Deity|Goddess]] of [[Compassion]], the female aspect of [[Chenrezig]]: |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
:"Dolma, or Drolma ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] ''Tara''). The two wives of Emperor Srong-btsan gambo are worshipped under this name. The Chinese princess is called Dol-kar, of "the white Dolma," and the Nepalese princess Dol-jang, or "the green Dolma." The latter is prayed to by women for fecundity."<ref>Das, Sarat Chandra. (1902), ''Journey to Lhasa and Central Tibet''. Reprint: Mehra Offset Press, Delhi. 1988, p. 165, note.</ref> |
|||
[[Image:IMG 1026 Lhasa Jokhang.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The [[Jokhang]] Temple, home of the most venerated statue in Tibet, the original complex built by this emperor.]] |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
The ''Tangshu'' or ''[[Book of Tang]]'' adds that Songstän Gampo thereupon built a city for the Chinese princess, and palace for her within its walls. |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
:"As the princess disliked their custom of painting their faces red, Lungstan (Songtsän Gampo) ordered his people to put a stop to the practice, and it was no longer done. He also discarded his felt and skins, put on brocade and silk, and gradually copied Chinese civilization. He also sent the children of his chiefs and rich men to request admittance into the national school to be taught the classics, and invited learned scholars from China to compose his official reports to the emperor."<ref>Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Vol. XII, 1880, p. 545.</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
However, according to Tibetologist John Powers, such accounts of Tibet embracing Chinese culture through Wencheng, are not corroborated by Tibetan histories.<ref name="Powers30 8">Powers 2004, pp. 30-38</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Songtsän Gampo’s sister Sad-mar-kar was sent to marry Lig-myi-rhya, the king of [[Zhang Zhung culture|Zhang-zhung]]. However, when the king refused to consummate the marriage, she then helped Songtsän Gampo to defeat Lig myi-rhya and incorporate the [[Zhang-zhung]] of Western Tibet into the Tibetan Empire in 645,<ref>Stein, R. A. ''Tibetan Civilization'' 1962. Revised English edition, 1972, Faber & Faber, London. Reprint, 1972. Stanford University Press, p. 62. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 cloth; ISBN 0-8047-0901-7 pbk., p. 59.</ref> thus gaining control of most, if not all, of the Tibetan plateau. |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Following the visit by the famous Chinese pilgrim monk, [[Xuanzang]], to the court of [[Harsha]], the king of [[Magadha]], Harsha sent a mission to China which, in turn, responded by sending an embassy consisting of Li Yibiao and [[Wang Xuanze]] who probably travelled through Tibet, and whose journey is commemorated in inscriptions at Rajagrha - modern [[Rajgir]], and [[Bodhgaya]]. |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Wang Xuanze made a second journey in 648 but he was badly treated by Harsha's successor and his mission plundered. This elicited a response from Tibetan and Nepalese troops who, together, soundly defeated the Indians.<ref>Stein, R. A. ''Tibetan Civilization'' 1962. Revised English edition, 1972, Faber & Faber, London. Reprint, 1972. Stanford University Press, p. 62. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 cloth; ISBN 0-8047-0901-7 pbk., pp. 58-59</ref><ref>Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Vol. XII, 1880, p. 446</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
In 649, King of [[Xihai Jun]] was conferred upon Songtsen Gampo by [[Tang Gaozong]], the emperor of [[Tang Dynasty]]. |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
According to the Tibetan Annals, Songtsän Gampo must have died in 649,<ref>Bacot, J., et al. ''Documents de Touen-houang relatifs à l'Histoire du Tibet''. (1940), p. 30. Libraire orientaliste Paul Geunther, Paris.</ref> and in 650 the Tang emperor sent an envoy with a "letter of mourning and condolences".<ref name="Lee13">Lee 1981, p. 13</ref> His tomb is in the Chongyas Valley near Yalung.<ref>Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. ''Tibet: A Political History'' (1967), p. 29. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Songtsän Gampo was succeeded by his infant grandson [[Mangsong Mangtsen]] or ''Khri-mang-slon-rtsan'', 650-676 CE. Real power was left in the hands of the minister [[Mgar-srong-rtsan]].<ref>Bushell, S. W. "The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources." ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Vol. XII, 1880, p. 446.</ref><ref>''Ancient Tibet: Research materials from the Yeshe De Project''. 1986. Dharma Publishing, California. ISBN 0-89800-146-3, p. 230.</ref> After this point the dates in Tibetan history become somewhat firmer. |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
== Songtsän Gampo's family and wives == |
|||
[[Image:Sonsten Gampo with 2 princesses.JPG|thumb|280px|Songtsän Gampo with Princesses Wen Cheng and Bhrikuti Devi, [[Gyantse]]]] |
|||
Some [[Dunhuang]] documents say that, as well as his sister Sad-mar-kar (or Sa-tha-ma-kar), Songtsän Gampo had a younger brother who was betrayed and died in a fire, sometime after 641. Apparently, according to one partially damaged scroll from Dunhuang, there was hostility between Sa-tha-ma-kar and Songtsän Gampo's younger brother, bTzan-srong, who, as a result, was forced to settle in gNyal (an old district to the southeast of Yarlung and across the 5,090 metre (16,700 ft) Yartö Tra Pass, which bordered on modern [[Bhutan]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in India). But little, if anything, else is known about this brother.<ref>''Ancient Tibet: Research materials from the Yeshe De Project''. 1986. Dharma Publishing, California. ISBN 0-89800-146-3, p. 216.</ref><ref>Choephel, Gedun. ''The White Annals''. Translated by Samten Norboo. (1978), p. 77. Library of Tibetan Works & Archives, Dharamsala, H.P., India.</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Songtsän Gampo is said to have had five wives. [[Nepal]]ese princess Khri b'Tsun, or "Royal Lady" ([[Bhrikuti Devi]]),<ref>Snellgrove, David. 1987. ''Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors''. 2 Vols. Shambhala, Boston, Vol. II, p. 416.</ref> and the Chinese [[Princess Wencheng]], both devout Buddhists, are the best known, but he also married daughters of the King of [[Zhang-zhung]] and the King of [[Minyak]], as well as one each from the Ruyong and Mong (or Mang) clans (although other lists exist).<ref>Stein, R. A. ''Tibetan Civilization'' 1962. Revised English edition, 1972, Faber & Faber, London. Reprint, 1972. Stanford University Press, p. 62. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 cloth; ISBN 0-8047-0901-7 pbk.</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Songtsän Gampo's only son, [[Gungsrong Gungtsen]] (Gung-srong gung-btsan), was born to Mangza Tricham (Mang bza' Khri lcham or Mang bza' Khri-mo-mnyen lDong-steng), Princess of Mang, from Tolung (sTod lung), a valley to the west of Lhasa.<ref>''Ancient Tibet: Research materials from the Yeshe De Project''. 1986. Dharma Publishing, California. ISBN 0-89800-146-3, p. 215, 224-225.</ref><ref>Gyaltsen, Sakyapa Sonam (1312-1375). ''The Clear Mirror: A Traditional Account of Tibet's Golden Age'', p. 188. Translated by McComas Taylor and Lama Choedak Yuthob. (1996) Snow Lion Publications, Ithaca, New York. ISBN 1-55939-048-4.</ref><ref>Stein, R. A. ''Tibetan Civilization'' 1962. Revised English edition, 1972, Faber & Faber, London. Reprint, 1972. Stanford University Press, p. 63. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 cloth; ISBN 0-8047-0901-7 pbk.</ref> |
|||
[[Image:SongstenGampoandwives.jpg|thumb|left|280px|Songtsen Gampo (centre) Princess Wencheng (right) and Bhrikuti Devi of Nepal (left)]] |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Some accounts say that when Gungsrong Gungtsen reached the age of thirteen (twelve by Western reckoning), his father, Songtsän Gampo, retired and he ruled for five years (which could have been the period when Songtsän Gampo was working on the new constitution). Gungsrong Gungtsen is also said to have married 'A-zha Mang-mo-rje when he was thirteen and they had a son, [[Mangsong Mangtsen]] (r. 650-676 CE). Gungsrong Gungtsen is said to have only ruled for five years when he died at eighteen. His father, Songtsän Gampo, took the throne again.<ref>Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. (1967). ''Tibet: A Political History'', p. 27. Yale University Press. New Haven and London.</ref> Gungsrong Gungtsen is said to have been buried at Donkhorda, the site of the royal tombs, to the left of the tomb of his grandfather [[Namri Songtsen]] (gNam-ri Srong-btsan). The dates for these events are very unclear.<ref>''Ancient Tibet: Research materials from the Yeshe De Project''. 1986. Dharma Publishing, California. ISBN 0-89800-146-3, p. 215, 224-225.</ref><ref>Gyaltsen, Sakyapa Sonam (1312-1375). ''The Clear Mirror: A Traditional Account of Tibet's Golden Age'', p. 192. Translated by McComas Taylor and Lama Choedak Yuthob. (1996) Snow Lion Publications, Ithaca, New York. ISBN 1-55939-048-4.</ref><ref>Stein, R. A. ''Tibetan Civilization'' 1962. Revised English edition, 1972, Faber & Faber, London. Reprint, 1972. Stanford University Press, p. 63. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 cloth; ISBN 0-8047-0901-7 pbk.</ref> |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
Songtsän Gampo was followed by his grandson, [[Mangsong Mangtsen]], probably in 650 CE. |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
[[Image:Jokhang Square, the first destination or drop-off for most tourists.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|[[Jokhang]] as it stands today]] |
|||
--> |
|||
== Referensi == |
== Referensi == |
||
{{reflist|2}} |
{{reflist|2}} |
||
* {{en}} Lee, Don Y. ''The History of Early Relations between China and Tibet: From Chiu t'ang-shu, a documentary survey'' (1981) Eastern Press, Bloomington, Indiana. ISBN 0-939758-00-8 |
|||
* {{en}} Pelliot, Paul. ''Histoire ancienne du Tibet'' (1961) Librairie d'Amérique et d'orient, Paris |
|||
* {{en}} Powers, John. ''History as Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles versus the People's Republic of China'' (2004) Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517426-7 |
|||
* {{en}} Richardson, Hugh E. (1965). "How Old was Srong Brtsan Sgampo" ''Bulletin of Tibetology'' 2.1. pp 5–8. |
|||
== Pranala luar == |
|||
* {{en}} [http://www.asianart.com/articles/jaya/kings.html] Daftar raja-raja [[Licchavi]] dan tanggal penahbisannya, dari: "A Kushan-period Sculpture from the reign of Jaya Varma-, A.D. 184/185. Kathmandu, Nepal." Kashinath Tamot dan Ian Alsop. Lihat pula: [http://www.asianart.com/articles/jaya/index01_12.html] |
|||
<!-- |
|||
==References== |
|||
*Lee, Don Y. ''The History of Early Relations between China and Tibet: From Chiu t'ang-shu, a documentary survey'' (1981) Eastern Press, Bloomington, Indiana. ISBN 0-939758-00-8 |
|||
*Pelliot, Paul. ''Histoire ancienne du Tibet'' (1961) Librairie d'Amérique et d'orient, Paris |
|||
*Powers, John. ''History as Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles versus the People's Republic of China'' (2004) Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195174267 |
|||
*Richardson, Hugh E. (1965). "How Old was Srong Brtsan Sgampo" ''Bulletin of Tibetology'' 2.1. pp 5-8.--> |
|||
<!-- |
|||
==External links== |
|||
*[http://www.asianart.com/articles/jaya/kings.html] A list of [[Licchavi]] kings and their attributed dates, from: "A Kushan-period Sculpture from the reign of Jaya Varma-, A.D. 184/185. Kathmandu, Nepal." Kashinath Tamot and Ian Alsop. See: [http://www.asianart.com/articles/jaya/index01_12.html] |
|||
--><!-- |
|||
{{s-start}} |
{{s-start}} |
||
{{s-reg}} |
{{s-reg}} |
||
{{s-bef|before=[[Namri Songtsen]]}} |
{{s-bef|before=[[Namri Songtsen]]}} |
||
{{s-ttl|title=[[Songtsän Gampo]]|years= 605 or 617?-649}} |
{{s-ttl|title=[[Songtsän Gampo]]|years= 605 or 617?-649}} |
||
{{s-aft|after=[[Mangsong Mangtsen]]}} |
{{s-aft|after=[[Mangsong Mangtsen]]}} |
||
{{end}} |
{{end}} |
||
--><!-- |
|||
{{ |
{{Buddhisme-topik}} |
||
--> |
|||
<!-- Kategori --> |
<!-- Kategori --> |
||
[[Kategori:Tibet]] |
|||
[[ |
[[Kategori:Tokoh Tibet]] |
||
[[de:Songtsen Gampo]] |
|||
[[et:Songtsen Gampo]] |
|||
{{tibet-stub}} |
|||
[[en:Songtsen Gampo]] |
|||
[[es:Songtsen Gampo]] |
|||
[[fr:Songtsen Gampo]] |
|||
[[ko:송첸캄포]] |
|||
[[it:Songtsen Gampo]] |
|||
[[nl:Songtsen Gampo]] |
|||
[[ja:ソンツェン・ガンポ]] |
|||
[[pl:Soncen Gampo]] |
|||
[[ru:Сонгцен Гампо]] |
|||
[[sv:Songtsen Gampo]] |
|||
[[th:พระเจ้าซรอนซันกัมโป]] |
|||
[[zh:松赞干布]] |
|||
Revisi terkini sejak 28 Agustus 2023 17.29
| Songtsän Gampo | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raja Tibet | |||||
 | |||||
| Pendahulu | Namri Songtsen | ||||
| Penerus | Mangsong Mangtsen | ||||
| |||||
| Tibetan |  | ||||
| Wylie transliteration | Srong-btsan sGam-po | ||||
| transcription (PRC) | Songzain Gambo | ||||
| THDL | Songtsen Gampo | ||||
| Ayah | Namri Löntsen (Gnam-ri-slon-mtshan) | ||||
Songtsän Gampo (Bahasa Tibet: , Wylie: Srong-btsan sGam-po, 605 atau 617? - 649) adalah seorang pendiri Kerajaan Tibet (Bahasa Tibet: Bod ; Hanyu: 吐蕃 ; Pinyin: Tubo /Tufan ), yang berdasarkan tradisi merupakan penguasa ke-33 dalam susunan dinasti-nya. Dalam sejarah Tiongkok namanya dikenal sebagai Qizonglongzan.[1]
Tanggal kelahiran dan tanggal penahbisan kekuasaanya tidaklah pasti. Dalam catatan sejarah Tibet, secara umum ia dianggap lahir pada tahun 617 (satu tahun sebelum Dinasti Tang, ketika Gaozu menjadi raja di Tiongkok). Oleh karena anggapan penahbisan pada saat ia berusia tiga-belas tahun (usia dua-belas tahun berdasarkan pendapat Negara Barat), berdasarkan perhitungan penahbisan pada tahun 629.[1][2]
Terdapat kesulitan dalam menentukan tahun kelahirannya, dan ada beberapa usulan akan tahun kelahiran Songtsän Gampo yang lebih awal, termasuk 569, 605 atau 593.[3] Topik ini masih dalam penelitian lebih lanjut.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b (Inggris) Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. Tibet: A Political History (1967), p. 25. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
- ^ Beckwith, Christopher I. The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia (1987), p. 19 and note 31). Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. ISBN 0-691-02469-3.
- ^ (Inggris) Ancient Tibet: Research materials from the Yeshe De Project. 1986. Dharma Publishing, California. ISBN 0-89800-146-3, pp. 222-225.
- (Inggris) Lee, Don Y. The History of Early Relations between China and Tibet: From Chiu t'ang-shu, a documentary survey (1981) Eastern Press, Bloomington, Indiana. ISBN 0-939758-00-8
- (Inggris) Pelliot, Paul. Histoire ancienne du Tibet (1961) Librairie d'Amérique et d'orient, Paris
- (Inggris) Powers, John. History as Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles versus the People's Republic of China (2004) Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517426-7
- (Inggris) Richardson, Hugh E. (1965). "How Old was Srong Brtsan Sgampo" Bulletin of Tibetology 2.1. pp 5–8.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- (Inggris) [1] Daftar raja-raja Licchavi dan tanggal penahbisannya, dari: "A Kushan-period Sculpture from the reign of Jaya Varma-, A.D. 184/185. Kathmandu, Nepal." Kashinath Tamot dan Ian Alsop. Lihat pula: [2]
| Gelar kebangsawanan | ||
|---|---|---|
| Didahului oleh: Namri Songtsen |
Songtsän Gampo 605 or 617?-649 |
Diteruskan oleh: Mangsong Mangtsen |
 | Artikel bertopik Tibet ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya. |