Olimpiade Kuno: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi terkini sejak 16 September 2023 11.07

Palaestra di Olympia, sebuah tempat yang dipakai untuk melatih para pegulat dan atlet lainnya

Olimpiade Kuno awalnya adalah sebuah perayaan atau selebrasi untuk Zeus. Kemudian, lomba-lomba seperti balap lari, lompat jauh, lempar lembing, dan adu gulat ditambahkan. Permainan Olimpiade (bahasa Yunani Kuno: Ὀλύμπια, Olympia,^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] "Olimpiade"; juga Ὀλυμπιάς, Olympias,^[7]^[4]^[5]^[6] "Olimpiad") adalah serangkaian kompetisi atletik di antara para perwakilan kota-negara dan salah satu Permainan Panhallenik dari Yunani kuno. Acara tersebut diadakan untuk menghormati Zeus. Olimpiade pertama dikatakan diadakan pada 776 SM.^[8] Acara tersebut masih diadakan saat Yunani berada di bawah kekuasaan Romawi, sampai kaisar Theodosius I menekan acara tersebut pada 393 M sebagai bagian kampanye pengangkatan Kristen sebagai agama negara Romawi. Pertandingan tersebut diadakan setiap empat tahun, atau olympiad, yang menjadi unit waktu dalam kronologi sejarah.

Catatan

^ Ὀλύμπια. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
^ "15-04-16 Χαιρετισμός των Υπουργών Ν.Φίλη και Α.Μπαλτά για την Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Μνημείων και Τοποθεσιών". Greek ministry of Education Research and Religious affairs. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 24 September 2016. Πανελλήνια συμμετοχή είχαν: τα Ολύμπια, που διεξάγονταν κάθε τέσσερα χρόνια στην Αρχαία Ολυμπία προς τιμήν του Διός
^ Francis Edward Jackson VALPY (1832). Second Greek Delectus; or, new Analecta Minora ... With English notes, and a copious Greek and English lexicon, etc. hlm. 1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 November 2017.
^ ^a ^b Grieksch leesboek voor eerstbeginnenden: ingerigt ten dienste der Hollandsche jeugd. H.C.A. Thieme. 1811. hlm. 248. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 November 2017.
^ ^a ^b Henry Cary (1843). A Lexicon to Herodotus, Greek and English, Adapted to the Text of Grisford and Bachr. J. Vincent and. hlm. 279. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 November 2017.
^ ^a ^b Fridericus Gulielmus Sturz (1818). Etymologicum graciae linguae Gudianum et alia grammaticorum scripta e codicibus manuscriptis nunc primum edita Accedunt notae ad Aymologicion magnum ineditae E. H. Barkeri, Innr. Bekkeri, Lud. Kulencampii, Amad. Peyronialiorumque. Weigel. hlm. 371. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 23 December 2016.
^ Ὀλυμπιάς in Middle Liddell and Scott.
^ "History". Olympic Games. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 August 2016. Diakses tanggal 11 August 2016.

Referensi

Gardiner, E. N. (1910). Greek athletic sports and festivals. London : Macmillan.
Gardiner, E. Norman, Athletics of the Ancient World, 246 pages, 200+ illustrations, with new material, Oxford University Press, 1930
Young, David C. (2004). A Brief History of the Olympic Games (PDF). Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-1130-0. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2021-08-11. Diakses tanggal 2019-04-08.
Miller, Stephen G. (2006). Ancient Greek Athletics. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11529-1.
Golden, Mark, Sport and Society in Ancient Greece, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Hansen, Mogens Herman (2006). Polis, an Introduction to the Ancient Greek City-State. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920849-4. Diakses tanggal 12 February 2010.
Hanson, Victor Davis; Strassler, Robert B. (1996). The Landmark Thucydides. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-9087-3. Diakses tanggal 12 February 2010.
Kotynski, Edward J. The Athletics of the Ancient Olympics: A Summary and Research Tool. 2006.( 2009-10-25); new link
Kyle, Donald G. (2007). Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World. Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-22970-4. Diakses tanggal 12 February 2010.
Mallowitz, Alfred. Cult and Competition Locations at Olympia. Raschke 79–109.
Miller, Stephen. "The Date of Olympic Festivals". Mitteilungen: Des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung. Vol. 90 (1975): 215–237.
Patay-Horváth, András (2015). The Origins of the Olympic Games. Budapest: Archaeolingua Foundation. ISBN 978-963-9911-72-7.
Raschke, Wendy J. (1988). The Archaeology of the Olympics: the Olympics and Other Festivals in Antiquity. Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin University Press. ISBN 978-0-299-11334-6. Diakses tanggal 12 February 2010.
Remijsen, Sofie. The End of Greek Athletics in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Spivey, Nigel (2005). The Ancient Olympics. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280433-4. Diakses tanggal 12 February 2010.
Stanton, Richard (2000). The Forgotten Olympic Art Competitions:The story of the Olympic art competitions of the 20th century. Victoria, Canada: Trafford. ISBN 978-1-55212-606-6. Diakses tanggal 23 February 2010.
Swaddling, Judith (1999). The ancient Olympic Games. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-77751-4. Diakses tanggal 12 February 2010.
Tufts – "Women and the Games"
Ancient Olympics. Research by K. U. Leuven and Peking University

Bacaan tambahan

Christesen, Paul. 2007. Olympic Victor Lists and Ancient Greek History. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Lee, Hugh M. 2001. The Program and Schedule of the Ancient Olympic Games. Nikephoros Beihefte 6. Hildesheim, Germany: Weidmann.
Nielsen, Thomas Heine. 2007. Olympia and the Classical Hellenic City-State Culture. Historisk-filosofiske Meddeleser 96. Copenhagen: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters.
Sinn, Ulrich. 2000. Olympia: Cult, Sport, and Ancient Festival. Princeton, NJ: M. Wiener.
Valavanis, Panos. 2004. Games and Sanctuaries in Ancient Greece: Olympia, Delphi, Isthmia, Nemea, Athens. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.

Pranala luar

The Ancient Olympic Games virtual museum (requires registration)
Olympiakoi Agones
Ancient Olympics: General and detailed information
The Ancient Olympics: A special exhibit
The story of the Ancient Olympic Games Diarsipkan 2008-05-01 di Wayback Machine.
The origin of the Olympics
Olympia and Macedonia: Games, Gymnasia and Politics. Thomas F. Scanlon, professor of Classics, University of California
List of Macedonian Olympic winners (in Greek)
Webquest The ancient and modern Olympic Games
Goddess Nike and the Olympic Games: Excellence, Glory and Strife

[perseus.tuft.edu-1] Ὀλύμπια. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.

[2] "15-04-16 Χαιρετισμός των Υπουργών Ν.Φίλη και Α.Μπαλτά για την Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Μνημείων και Τοποθεσιών". Greek ministry of Education Research and Religious affairs. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 24 September 2016. Πανελλήνια συμμετοχή είχαν: τα Ολύμπια, που διεξάγονταν κάθε τέσσερα χρόνια στην Αρχαία Ολυμπία προς τιμήν του Διός

[VALPY1832-3] Francis Edward Jackson VALPY (1832). Second Greek Delectus; or, new Analecta Minora ... With English notes, and a copious Greek and English lexicon, etc. hlm. 1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 November 2017.

[Dutch_dictionary-4] Grieksch leesboek voor eerstbeginnenden: ingerigt ten dienste der Hollandsche jeugd. H.C.A. Thieme. 1811. hlm. 248. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 November 2017.

[Cary1843-5] Henry Cary (1843). A Lexicon to Herodotus, Greek and English, Adapted to the Text of Grisford and Bachr. J. Vincent and. hlm. 279. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 November 2017.

[Sturz1818-6] Fridericus Gulielmus Sturz (1818). Etymologicum graciae linguae Gudianum et alia grammaticorum scripta e codicibus manuscriptis nunc primum edita Accedunt notae ad Aymologicion magnum ineditae E. H. Barkeri, Innr. Bekkeri, Lud. Kulencampii, Amad. Peyronialiorumque. Weigel. hlm. 371. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 23 December 2016.

[Middle_Liddell-7] Ὀλυμπιάς in Middle Liddell and Scott.

[olym_Olym-8] "History". Olympic Games. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 August 2016. Diakses tanggal 11 August 2016.

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@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
 {{for|lomba modern|Olimpiade}}
-[[File:GR-olympia-palaestra.jpg|thumb|upright=1.36|[[Palaestra di Olympia]], sebuah tempat yang dipakai untuk melatih para pegulat dan atlet lainnya]]
+[[Berkas:GR-olympia-palaestra.jpg|jmpl|upright=1.36|[[Palaestra di Olympia]], sebuah tempat yang dipakai untuk melatih para pegulat dan atlet lainnya]]
 {{Olimpiade-top}}
-'''Olimpiade Kuno''' awalnya adalah sebuah perayaan atau selebrasi untuk [[Zeus]]. Kemudian, lomba-lomba seperti balap lari, lempar lembing, dan adu gulat ditambahkan. [[Permainan Olimpiade]]  ({{lang-grc|Ὀλύμπια}}, ''Olympia'',<ref name="perseus.tuft.edu">{{LSJ|*)olu/mpia|Ὀλύμπια|ref|mLSJ}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = 15-04-16 Χαιρετισμός των Υπουργών Ν.Φίλη και Α.Μπαλτά για την Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Μνημείων και Τοποθεσιών |url = https://www.minedu.gov.gr/eidiseis/19760-15-04-16-xairetismos-ton-ypourgon-n-fili-kai-a-mpalta-gia-tin-pagkosmia-imera-mnimeion-kai-topothesion |website = Greek ministry of Education Research and Religious affairs |quote = Πανελλήνια συμμετοχή είχαν: τα Ολύμπια, που διεξάγονταν κάθε τέσσερα χρόνια στην Αρχαία Ολυμπία προς τιμήν του Διός |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160924205742/https://www.minedu.gov.gr/eidiseis/19760-15-04-16-xairetismos-ton-ypourgon-n-fili-kai-a-mpalta-gia-tin-pagkosmia-imera-mnimeion-kai-topothesion |archivedate = 24 September 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="VALPY1832">{{cite book |author = Francis Edward Jackson VALPY |title = Second Greek Delectus; or, new Analecta Minora ... With English notes, and a copious Greek and English lexicon, etc |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3xdgAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA135 |year = 1832 |page = 1 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171115124102/https://books.google.com/books?id=3xdgAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA135 |archivedate = 15 November 2017 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Dutch dictionary">{{cite book |title = Grieksch leesboek voor eerstbeginnenden: ingerigt ten dienste der Hollandsche jeugd |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=e5JfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA248 |year = 1811 |publisher = H.C.A. Thieme |page = 248 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171115124102/https://books.google.com/books?id=e5JfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA248 |archivedate = 15 November 2017 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Cary1843" /><ref name="Sturz1818">{{cite book |author = Fridericus Gulielmus Sturz |title = Etymologicum graciae linguae Gudianum et alia grammaticorum scripta e codicibus manuscriptis nunc primum edita Accedunt notae ad Aymologicion magnum ineditae E. H. Barkeri, Innr. Bekkeri, Lud. Kulencampii, Amad. Peyronialiorumque |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5dAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA371 |year = 1818 |publisher = Weigel |page = 371 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161223161821/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5dAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA371 |archivedate = 23 December 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> "Olimpiade"; juga {{lang|grc|Ὀλυμπιάς}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|Olympias}},<ref name="Middle Liddell">{{LSJ|*o)lumpia/s|Ὀλυμπιάς|shortref|mLSJ}}.</ref><ref name="Dutch dictionary" /><ref name="Cary1843">{{cite book |author = Henry Cary |title = A Lexicon to Herodotus, Greek and English, Adapted to the Text of Grisford and Bachr |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=okg2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PT279 |year = 1843 |publisher = J. Vincent and |page = 279 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171115124102/https://books.google.com/books?id=okg2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PT279 |archivedate = 15 November 2017 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Sturz1818" /> "Olimpiad") adalah serangkaian kompetisi atletik di antara para perwakilan [[polis|kota-negara]] dan salah satu [[Permainan Panhallenik]] dari [[Yunani kuno]]. Acara tersebut diadakan untuk menghormati [[Zeus]]. Olimpiade pertama dikatakan diadakan pada 776 SM.<ref name="olym_Olym">{{cite web |title = History |work = Olympic Games |date =  |accessdate = 11 August 2016 |url = https://www.olympic.org/ancient-olympic-games/history |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160809210127/https://www.olympic.org/ancient-olympic-games/history |archivedate = 9 August 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Acara tersebut masih diadakan saat Yunani berada di bawah [[Kekaisaran Romawi|kekuasaan Romawi]], sampai kaisar [[Theodosius I]] menekan acara tersebut pada 393{{nbsp}}M sebagai bagian kampanye pengangkatan Kristen sebagai [[gereja negara Kekaisaran Romawi|agama negara Romawi]]. Pertandingan tersebut diadakan setiap empat tahun, atau ''[[olympiad]]'', yang menjadi unit waktu dalam kronologi sejarah.
+'''Olimpiade Kuno''' awalnya adalah sebuah perayaan atau selebrasi untuk [[Zeus]]. Kemudian, lomba-lomba seperti balap lari, lompat jauh, lempar lembing, dan adu gulat ditambahkan. [[Permainan Olimpiade]] ({{lang-grc|Ὀλύμπια}}, ''Olympia'',<ref name="perseus.tuft.edu">{{LSJ|*)olu/mpia|Ὀλύμπια|ref|mLSJ}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = 15-04-16 Χαιρετισμός των Υπουργών Ν.Φίλη και Α.Μπαλτά για την Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Μνημείων και Τοποθεσιών |url = https://www.minedu.gov.gr/eidiseis/19760-15-04-16-xairetismos-ton-ypourgon-n-fili-kai-a-mpalta-gia-tin-pagkosmia-imera-mnimeion-kai-topothesion |website = Greek ministry of Education Research and Religious affairs |quote = Πανελλήνια συμμετοχή είχαν: τα Ολύμπια, που διεξάγονταν κάθε τέσσερα χρόνια στην Αρχαία Ολυμπία προς τιμήν του Διός |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160924205742/https://www.minedu.gov.gr/eidiseis/19760-15-04-16-xairetismos-ton-ypourgon-n-fili-kai-a-mpalta-gia-tin-pagkosmia-imera-mnimeion-kai-topothesion |archivedate = 24 September 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="VALPY1832">{{cite book |author = Francis Edward Jackson VALPY |title = Second Greek Delectus; or, new Analecta Minora ... With English notes, and a copious Greek and English lexicon, etc |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3xdgAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA135 |year = 1832 |page = 1 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171115124102/https://books.google.com/books?id=3xdgAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA135 |archivedate = 15 November 2017 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Dutch dictionary">{{cite book |title = Grieksch leesboek voor eerstbeginnenden: ingerigt ten dienste der Hollandsche jeugd |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=e5JfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA248 |year = 1811 |publisher = H.C.A. Thieme |page = 248 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171115124102/https://books.google.com/books?id=e5JfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA248 |archivedate = 15 November 2017 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Cary1843" /><ref name="Sturz1818">{{cite book |author = Fridericus Gulielmus Sturz |title = Etymologicum graciae linguae Gudianum et alia grammaticorum scripta e codicibus manuscriptis nunc primum edita Accedunt notae ad Aymologicion magnum ineditae E. H. Barkeri, Innr. Bekkeri, Lud. Kulencampii, Amad. Peyronialiorumque |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5dAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA371 |year = 1818 |publisher = Weigel |page = 371 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161223161821/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5dAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA371 |archivedate = 23 December 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> "Olimpiade"; juga {{lang|grc|Ὀλυμπιάς}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|Olympias}},<ref name="Middle Liddell">{{LSJ|*o)lumpia/s|Ὀλυμπιάς|shortref|mLSJ}}.</ref><ref name="Dutch dictionary" /><ref name="Cary1843">{{cite book |author = Henry Cary |title = A Lexicon to Herodotus, Greek and English, Adapted to the Text of Grisford and Bachr |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=okg2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PT279 |year = 1843 |publisher = J. Vincent and |page = 279 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171115124102/https://books.google.com/books?id=okg2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PT279 |archivedate = 15 November 2017 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Sturz1818" /> "Olimpiad") adalah serangkaian kompetisi atletik di antara para perwakilan [[polis|kota-negara]] dan salah satu [[Permainan Panhallenik]] dari [[Yunani kuno]]. Acara tersebut diadakan untuk menghormati [[Zeus]]. Olimpiade pertama dikatakan diadakan pada 776 SM.<ref name="olym_Olym">{{cite web |title = History |work = Olympic Games |date =  |accessdate = 11 August 2016 |url = https://www.olympic.org/ancient-olympic-games/history |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160809210127/https://www.olympic.org/ancient-olympic-games/history |archivedate = 9 August 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Acara tersebut masih diadakan saat Yunani berada di bawah [[Kekaisaran Romawi|kekuasaan Romawi]], sampai kaisar [[Theodosius I]] menekan acara tersebut pada 393{{nbsp}}M sebagai bagian kampanye pengangkatan Kristen sebagai [[gereja negara Kekaisaran Romawi|agama negara Romawi]]. Pertandingan tersebut diadakan setiap empat tahun, atau ''[[olympiad]]'', yang menjadi unit waktu dalam kronologi sejarah.
 == Catatan ==
@@ Baris 15: / Baris 15: @@
 * {{cite book |url = https://archive.org/details/greekathleticspo00garduoft |title = Greek athletic sports and festivals |last = Gardiner |first = E. N. |publisher = London : Macmillan |year = 1910 }}
 * Gardiner, E. Norman, ''Athletics of the Ancient World'', 246 pages, 200+ illustrations, with new material, Oxford University Press, 1930
-* {{cite book |url = https://is.muni.cz/el/1451/jaro2011/bk900/um/A_Brief_History_of_the_Olympic_Games__CuPpY_.pdf |title = A Brief History of the Olympic Games |last = Young |first = David C. |publisher = Blackwell Publishing |year = 2004 |isbn = 978-1-4051-1130-0 }}
+* {{cite book |url = https://is.muni.cz/el/1451/jaro2011/bk900/um/A_Brief_History_of_the_Olympic_Games__CuPpY_.pdf |title = A Brief History of the Olympic Games |last = Young |first = David C. |publisher = Blackwell Publishing |year = 2004 |isbn = 978-1-4051-1130-0 |access-date = 2019-04-08 |archive-date = 2021-08-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210811022247/https://is.muni.cz/el/1451/jaro2011/bk900/um/A_Brief_History_of_the_Olympic_Games__CuPpY_.pdf |dead-url = yes }}
 * {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3Wdh6YGXOxMC |title = Ancient Greek Athletics |last = Miller |first = Stephen G. |publisher = Yale University Press |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-0-300-11529-1 }}
 * Golden, Mark, ''Sport and Society in Ancient Greece'', Cambridge University Press, 1998.
 * {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/?id=UwFoJTJZ1wIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=greek+city+state&cd=1#v=onepage&q= |title = Polis, an Introduction to the Ancient Greek City-State |last = Hansen |first = Mogens Herman |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-0-19-920849-4 |location = Oxford, England |accessdate = 12 February 2010 }}
 * {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/?id=pjt3ZGU61wIC&pg=PA332&dq=olympic+truce+violated&cd=2#v=onepage&q=olympic%20truce%20violated |title = The Landmark Thucydides |last2 = Strassler |first2 = Robert B. |publisher = Simon & Schuster |year = 1996 |isbn = 978-1-4165-9087-3 |location = New York |last1 = Hanson |first1 = Victor Davis |accessdate = 12 February 2010 }}
-* [http://www.geocities.com/ejkotynski/Papers.htm Kotynski, Edward J. ''The Athletics of the Ancient Olympics: A Summary and Research Tool''. 2006.] ([https://www.webcitation.org/5knHlL2xO?url=http://www.geocities.com/ejkotynski/Papers.htm Archived] 2009-10-25); [http://www.oocities.org/ejkotynski/Olympics.pdf new link]
+* [http://www.geocities.com/ejkotynski/Papers.htm Kotynski, Edward J. ''The Athletics of the Ancient Olympics: A Summary and Research Tool''. 2006.]( 2009-10-25); [http://www.oocities.org/ejkotynski/Olympics.pdf new link]
 * {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/?id=tEbcu-sDkFEC&pg=PA8&dq=greek+city+state+pride+at+the+olympics&cd=1#v=onepage&q=greek%20city%20state%20pride%20at%20the%20olympics |title = Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World |last = Kyle |first = Donald G. |publisher = Blackwell Publishing |year = 2007 |isbn = 978-0-631-22970-4 |location = Oxford, England |accessdate = 12 February 2010 }}
 * Mallowitz, Alfred. ''Cult and Competition Locations at Olympia''. Raschke 79–109.
 * Miller, Stephen. "The Date of Olympic Festivals". Mitteilungen: Des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung. Vol. 90 (1975): 215–237.
-* {{Cite book |url = https://books.google.com/?id=l582jgEACAAJ&dq=patay+The+origins+of+the+olympic+games |title = The Origins of the Olympic Games |last = Patay-Horváth |first = András |publisher = Archaeolingua Foundation |year = 2015 |isbn = 978-963-9911-72-7 |location = Budapest |pages = }}
+* {{Cite book |url = https://books.google.com/?id=l582jgEACAAJ&dq=patay+The+origins+of+the+olympic+games |title = The Origins of the Olympic Games |last = Patay-Horváth |first = András |publisher = Archaeolingua Foundation |year = 2015 |isbn = 978-963-9911-72-7 |location = Budapest |pages =  }}
 * {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/?id=DwU1IlTEhrYC&pg=PA23&dq=greek+city+state+olympics&cd=6#v=onepage&q= |title = The Archaeology of the Olympics: the Olympics and Other Festivals in Antiquity |last = Raschke |first = Wendy J. |publisher = Wisconsin University Press |year = 1988 |isbn = 978-0-299-11334-6 |location = Madison, Wisconsin |accessdate = 12 February 2010 }}
 * Remijsen, Sofie. ''The End of Greek Athletics in Late Antiquity''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
@@ Baris 34: / Baris 34: @@
 {{refend}}
-==Bacaan tambahan==
+== Bacaan tambahan ==
 * Christesen, Paul. 2007. ''Olympic Victor Lists and Ancient Greek History.'' Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
 * Lee, Hugh M. 2001. ''The Program and Schedule of the Ancient Olympic Games.'' Nikephoros Beihefte 6. Hildesheim, Germany: Weidmann.
@@ Baris 50: / Baris 50: @@
 * [http://ancientolympics.arts.kuleuven.be/ Ancient Olympics]: General and detailed information
 * [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Olympics/ The Ancient Olympics]: A special exhibit
-* [http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/olympics/olympicintro.shtml The story of the Ancient Olympic Games]
+* [http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/olympics/olympicintro.shtml The story of the Ancient Olympic Games] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501061301/http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/olympics/olympicintro.shtml |date=2008-05-01 }}
 * [http://www.onereed.com/articles/vvf/olympics.html The origin of the Olympics]
 * [http://macedonia-evidence.org/pdf/olympia-macedonia-scanlon.pdf Olympia and Macedonia: Games, Gymnasia and Politics]. Thomas F. Scanlon, professor of Classics, University of California
-* [https://archive.is/20040517160750/http://www.panmacedonia.info/olympians.html List of Macedonian Olympic winners (in Greek)]
+* [https://archive.today/20040517160750/http://www.panmacedonia.info/olympians.html List of Macedonian Olympic winners (in Greek)]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080812023304/http://histoforum.digischool.nl/olympicgames/ Webquest The ancient and modern Olympic Games]
 * [http://goddessnike.com/goddess_nike_and_the_olympic_games.php Goddess Nike and the Olympic Games: Excellence, Glory and Strife]
+{{Olimpiade Kuno}}
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+[[Kategori:Olimpiade Kuno| ]]
-[[Category:reka cipta Yunani]]
+[[Kategori:Reka cipta Yunani]]

Pengawasan otoritas
Perpustakaan nasional	Amerika Serikat
Lain-lain	SUDOC (Prancis) 1