Pemilihan umum Presiden Amerika Serikat 1960: Perbedaan antara revisi
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| map = {{United States presidential election, 1960 imagemap}} |
| map = {{United States presidential election, 1960 imagemap}} |
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| map_size = 350px |
| map_size = 350px |
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| map_caption = Presidential election results map. |
| map_caption = Presidential election results map.<span style="color:Blue;">Blue</span> denotes states won by Kennedy/Johnson, <span style="color:Red;">Red</span> denotes those won by Nixon/Lodge.<span style="color:orange;">Orange</span> denotes the electoral votes for [[Harry F. Byrd]] by [[Alabama]] and [[Mississippi]] [[unpledged elector]]s, and an [[Oklahoma]] "[[faithless elector]]". Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. |
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| title = Presiden |
| title = Presiden |
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| before_election = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] |
| before_election = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] |
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* [[Angus Campbell (psychologist)|Campbell, Angus]]; et al. (1966). ''Elections and the Political Order'', statistical studies of survey data |
* [[Angus Campbell (psychologist)|Campbell, Angus]]; et al. (1966). ''Elections and the Political Order'', statistical studies of survey data |
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* Casey, Shaun A. ''The Making of a Catholic President: Kennedy vs. Nixon, 1960'' (Oxford UP, 2009) 261 pp. |
* Casey, Shaun A. ''The Making of a Catholic President: Kennedy vs. Nixon, 1960'' (Oxford UP, 2009) 261 pp. |
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* {{Cite book|first=Robert Gold|last=Dallek|authorlink = Robert Dallek|year=1991|title=Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1908–1960|chapter=Chapter 16: The Making of a Vice President|isbn=0-19-505435-0}} |
* {{Cite book|first=Robert Gold|last=Dallek|authorlink = Robert Dallek|year=1991|title=Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1908–1960|url=https://archive.org/details/lonestarrisingly00dall_0|chapter=Chapter 16: The Making of a Vice President|isbn=0-19-505435-0}} |
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* Divine, Robert A. ''Foreign Policy and U.S. Presidential Elections, 1952–1960'' (1974). |
* Divine, Robert A. ''Foreign Policy and U.S. Presidential Elections, 1952–1960'' (1974). |
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* Donaldson, Gary A. ''The First Modern Campaign: Kennedy, Nixon, and the Election of 1960'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). 199 pp. |
* Donaldson, Gary A. ''The First Modern Campaign: Kennedy, Nixon, and the Election of 1960'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). 199 pp. |
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* Ingle, H. Larry, "Billy Graham: The Evangelical in Politics, 1960s-Style," in Peter Bien and Chuck Fager, eds. ''In Stillness there is Fullness: A Peacemaker's Harvest'', (Kimo Press, 2000) |
* Ingle, H. Larry, "Billy Graham: The Evangelical in Politics, 1960s-Style," in Peter Bien and Chuck Fager, eds. ''In Stillness there is Fullness: A Peacemaker's Harvest'', (Kimo Press, 2000) |
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* {{Cite book|first= Edmund F.|last=Kallina|year=1988|title=Courthouse Over White House: Chicago and the Presidential Election of 1960|isbn= 0-8130-0864-6}} |
* {{Cite book|first= Edmund F.|last=Kallina|year=1988|title=Courthouse Over White House: Chicago and the Presidential Election of 1960|url= https://archive.org/details/courthouseoverwh0000kall|isbn= 0-8130-0864-6}} |
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* {{Cite book|first=Sidney|last=Kraus|year=1977|title=The Great Debates: Kennedy vs. Nixon, 1960|isbn=0-253-32631-1}} |
* {{Cite book|first=Sidney|last=Kraus|year=1977|title=The Great Debates: Kennedy vs. Nixon, 1960|isbn=0-253-32631-1}} |
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* {{Cite book|first=T. David|last=Lisle|year=1988|title=John F. Kennedy: The Promise Revisited|chapter=Southern Baptists and the Issue of Catholic Autonomy in the 1960 Presidential Campaign|editor=Paul Harper and Joann P. Krieg, ed.|pages=273–285}} |
* {{Cite book|first=T. David|last=Lisle|year=1988|title=John F. Kennedy: The Promise Revisited|chapter=Southern Baptists and the Issue of Catholic Autonomy in the 1960 Presidential Campaign|editor=Paul Harper and Joann P. Krieg, ed.|pages=273–285}} |
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* {{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Michael|title=John F. Kennedy: A Biography|year=2005|at=Ch. 21–24|isbn=978-0312281298 }} |
* {{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Michael|title=John F. Kennedy: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/johnfkennedybiog00obri|year=2005|at=Ch. 21–24|isbn=978-0312281298 }} |
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* {{cite book|last=Pietrusza|first=David|authorlink = David Pietrusza|title=1960: LBJ vs. JFK vs. Nixon: The Epic Campaign That Forged Three Presidencies|publisher=Union Square Press|year=2008 }} |
* {{cite book|last=Pietrusza|first=David|authorlink = David Pietrusza|title=1960: LBJ vs. JFK vs. Nixon: The Epic Campaign That Forged Three Presidencies|publisher=Union Square Press|year=2008 }} |
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* {{cite book|last=Rorabaugh|first=W. J.|authorlink = W. J. Rorabaugh|title=The Real Making of the President: Kennedy, Nixon, and the 1960 Election|publisher=University Press of Kansas|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7006-1887-3 }} |
* {{cite book|last=Rorabaugh|first=W. J.|authorlink = W. J. Rorabaugh|title=The Real Making of the President: Kennedy, Nixon, and the 1960 Election|url=https://archive.org/details/realmakingofpres0000rora|publisher=University Press of Kansas|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7006-1887-3 }} |
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* {{Cite book|first=Theodore H.|last=White|authorlink = Theodore H. White|year=1980|origyear=1961|title=[[The Making of the President, 1960]]|location=New York|publisher=Atheneum|isbn=0-689-70600-6 }} |
* {{Cite book|first=Theodore H.|last=White|authorlink = Theodore H. White|year=1980|origyear=1961|title=[[The Making of the President, 1960]]|location=New York|publisher=Atheneum|isbn=0-689-70600-6 }} |
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* [http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/u/usa/pres/1960.txt 1960 popular vote by states] |
* [http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/u/usa/pres/1960.txt 1960 popular vote by states] |
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* [http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/datagraph.php?year=1960&fips=0&f=1&off=0&elect=0 1960 popular vote by states (with bar graphs)] |
* [http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/datagraph.php?year=1960&fips=0&f=1&off=0&elect=0 1960 popular vote by states (with bar graphs)] |
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* [http://www.singularfilms.com/singular/gallery2/jfkbuttons/default.asp Gallery of 1960 Election Posters/Buttons]{{ |
* [http://www.singularfilms.com/singular/gallery2/jfkbuttons/default.asp Gallery of 1960 Election Posters/Buttons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107192848/http://www.singularfilms.com/singular/gallery2/jfkbuttons/default.asp |date=2007-11-07 }} |
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* [http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1960 Campaign commercials from the 1960 election] |
* [http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1960 Campaign commercials from the 1960 election] |
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* [ |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825102042/http://www.mit.edu/~mi22295/elections.html#1960 How close was the 1960 election?] — Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
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* [http://www.wvculture.org/history/1960presidentialcampaign/1960presidentialcampaign.html Battleground West Virginia: Electing the President in 1960]—West Virginia Archives and History On-Line Exhibit |
* [http://www.wvculture.org/history/1960presidentialcampaign/1960presidentialcampaign.html Battleground West Virginia: Electing the President in 1960] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043052/http://www.wvculture.org/history/1960presidentialcampaign/1960presidentialcampaign.html |date=2021-06-16 }}—West Virginia Archives and History On-Line Exhibit |
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* {{Cite episode| title = JFK: The Making of Modern Politics | episodelink = | url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00w8cjq| accessdate = November 23, 2010| series = | serieslink = | credits = Andrew Marr| network = BBC 2| minutes =}} |
* {{Cite episode| title = JFK: The Making of Modern Politics | episodelink = | url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00w8cjq| accessdate = November 23, 2010| series = | serieslink = | credits = Andrew Marr| network = BBC 2| minutes =}} |
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* [http://www.countingthevotes.com/1960/ Election of 1960 in Counting the Votes] |
* [http://www.countingthevotes.com/1960/ Election of 1960 in Counting the Votes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016063716/http://www.countingthevotes.com/1960/ |date=2015-10-16 }} |
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{{Lyndon B. Johnson}} |
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{{Richard Nixon}} |
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[[Kategori:Pemilihan umum Presiden Amerika Serikat 1956| ]] |
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[[Kategori:Pemilihan umum Presiden Amerika Serikat|1956]] |
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[[Kategori:Pemilihan umum di Amerika Serikat tahun 1956|Presiden]] |
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[[Kategori:United States presidential election, 1960]] |
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[[Kategori:Anti-Catholicism in the United States]] |
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[[Kategori:John F. Kennedy]] |
[[Kategori:John F. Kennedy]] |
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[[Kategori:Richard Nixon]] |
[[Kategori:Richard Nixon]] |
Revisi terkini sejak 10 Oktober 2023 16.44
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Pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 1960 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() 8 November 1960 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
537 suara elektoral Lembaga Pemilihan 269 suara elektoral untuk menang | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kehadiran pemilih | 62.8%[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kandidat | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Peta persebaran suara
Templat:United States presidential election, 1960 imagemapPresidential election results map.Blue denotes states won by Kennedy/Johnson, Red denotes those won by Nixon/Lodge.Orange denotes the electoral votes for Harry F. Byrd by Alabama and Mississippi unpledged electors, and an Oklahoma "faithless elector". Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 1960 adalah pemilihan presiden empat tahunan ke-44, yang diselenggarakan pada hari Selasa, 8 November 1960. Partai Republik mencalonkan petahana Wakil Presiden Richard Nixon, sedangkan Partai Demokrat mencalonkan John F. Kennedy, Senator AS dari Massachusetts. Presiden petahana, Dwight D. Eisenhower dari partai Republik, tidak memenuhi syarat untuk pemilihan kembali setelah terpilih maksimum dua kali diperbolehkan oleh Amendemen ke-Dua Puluh Dua; ia adalah Presiden pertama dipengaruhi oleh perubahan itu. Ini adalah pemilihan presiden pertama di mana pemilih di Alaska dan Hawaii mampu berpartisipasi, karena mereka telah menjadi negara bagian pada tahun 1959.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Diakses tanggal October 21, 2012.
Bacaan lebih lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Alexander, Herbert E. (1962). Financing the 1960 Election. OCLC 249214383.
- Ambrose, Stephen. Nixon: The Education of a Politician, 1913–1962 (1987) ch 25–26
- Campbell, Angus; et al. (1966). Elections and the Political Order, statistical studies of survey data
- Casey, Shaun A. The Making of a Catholic President: Kennedy vs. Nixon, 1960 (Oxford UP, 2009) 261 pp.
- Dallek, Robert Gold (1991). "Chapter 16: The Making of a Vice President". Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1908–1960. ISBN 0-19-505435-0.
- Divine, Robert A. Foreign Policy and U.S. Presidential Elections, 1952–1960 (1974).
- Donaldson, Gary A. The First Modern Campaign: Kennedy, Nixon, and the Election of 1960 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). 199 pp.
- Ingle, H. Larry, "Billy Graham: The Evangelical in Politics, 1960s-Style," in Peter Bien and Chuck Fager, eds. In Stillness there is Fullness: A Peacemaker's Harvest, (Kimo Press, 2000)
- Kallina, Edmund F. (1988). Courthouse Over White House: Chicago and the Presidential Election of 1960. ISBN 0-8130-0864-6.
- Kraus, Sidney (1977). The Great Debates: Kennedy vs. Nixon, 1960. ISBN 0-253-32631-1.
- Lisle, T. David (1988). "Southern Baptists and the Issue of Catholic Autonomy in the 1960 Presidential Campaign". Dalam Paul Harper and Joann P. Krieg, ed. John F. Kennedy: The Promise Revisited. hlm. 273–285.
- O'Brien, Michael (2005). John F. Kennedy: A Biography. Ch. 21–24. ISBN 978-0312281298.
- Pietrusza, David (2008). 1960: LBJ vs. JFK vs. Nixon: The Epic Campaign That Forged Three Presidencies. Union Square Press.
- Rorabaugh, W. J. (2009). The Real Making of the President: Kennedy, Nixon, and the 1960 Election. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1887-3.
- White, Theodore H. (1980) [1961]. The Making of the President, 1960. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-70600-6.
Sumber primer
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Gallup, George H., ed. The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1971. 3 vols. Random House, 1972. poll results
- Nixon, Richard M. (1978). RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. ISBN 0-671-70741-8.
Historiografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Brands, Hal. "Burying Theodore White: Recent Accounts of the 1960 Presidential Election," Presidential Studies Quarterly 2010. Vol. 40#2 pp 364+. online edition
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- The Election Wall's 1960 Election Video Page
- 1960 popular vote by counties
- 1960 popular vote by states
- 1960 popular vote by states (with bar graphs)
- Gallery of 1960 Election Posters/Buttons Diarsipkan 2007-11-07 di Wayback Machine.
- Campaign commercials from the 1960 election
- How close was the 1960 election? — Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Battleground West Virginia: Electing the President in 1960 Diarsipkan 2021-06-16 di Wayback Machine.—West Virginia Archives and History On-Line Exhibit
- Andrew Marr. "JFK: The Making of Modern Politics". BBC 2. Diakses tanggal November 23, 2010. Tidak memiliki atau tanpa
|series=
(bantuan) - Election of 1960 in Counting the Votes Diarsipkan 2015-10-16 di Wayback Machine.