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{{Infobox Network | |
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network_name = Al Jazeera| |
network_name = Al Jazeera| |
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network_logo = [[ |
network_logo = [[Berkas:AlJazeera.png]]| |
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country = [[Qatar]]| |
country = [[Qatar]]| |
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network_type = Jaringan TV satelit| |
network_type = Jaringan TV satelit| |
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slogan = | |
slogan = | |
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owner = | |
owner = | |
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key_people = Sheikh [[Hamad bin Thamer Al Thani]], Chairman<br/>Sheikh Ahmad bin Jassim al-Thani,<ref>{{cite web|author=Listening Post|url=http://aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2011/09/20119247381|title=Aljazeera Online Magazine Page}}{{dead link|date=November 2012}}</ref>| |
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key_people = Sheikh Hamad bin Thamer al-Thani| |
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launch_date = [[1996]]| |
launch_date = [[1996]]| |
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website = [http://english.aljazeera.net english.aljazeera.net]| |
website = [http://english.aljazeera.net english.aljazeera.net]| |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Infobox TV channel| |
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|name = Al Jazeera |
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(<big><big>الجزيرة</big></big> yang berarti "pulau" atau "jazirah") adalah kanal TV ber[[bahasa Arab]] yang berbasis di [[Doha]], [[Qatar]]. Stasiun TV ini menjadi populer setelah serangan 11 September 2001, ketika stasiun ini menyiarkan rekaman pernyataan [[Osama bin Laden]] dan pimpinan [[al-Qaeda]] lainnya. |
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|logofile =AlJazeera.png |
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|logosize = 90px |
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|established = 1 November 1996 |
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|airdate = 1 November 1996 |
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|launch = 1 November 1996 |
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|owner = Al Jazeera Media Network |
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|headquarters = [[Doha]] |
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|slogan = |
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|sister names = |
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|web = |
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|country = [[Qatar]] |
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|broadcast area = |
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|network type = |
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|terr serv 1 = Nilesat (DVB-T2) |
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|terr chan 1 = Layanan UHF |
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|sat serv 1 = Arabsat |
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|sat chan 1 = 12034 H - 27500 - 3/4 (DVB-S2) |
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|cable serv 1 = [[Virgin Media]] (Britania Raya) |
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|cable chan 1 = 831 |
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|cable serv 2 = Mozaic TV |
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|cable chan 2 = 100 |
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}} |
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'''Al Jazeera''' (<big><big>الجزيرة</big></big> yang berarti "[[pulau]]" atau "[[jazirah]]") adalah [[stasiun televisi]] [[bahasa Arab|berbahasa Arab]] dan [[bahasa Inggris|Inggris]] yang berbasis di [[Doha]], [[Qatar]].<ref name=gnprivchange>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/qatar/al-jazeera-turning-into-private-media-organisation-1.837871|title=Al Jazeera turning into private media organisation|author=Habib Toumi|date=13 July 2011|newspaper=[[Gulf News]]|accessdate=8 Januari 2013}}</ref><ref name="fightboredom.net">{{cite web|title=Arabic in Graphic Design: Al Jazeera's Cartouche: "The elaborate calligraphic design spells "al-Jazeera" in Arabic, a word meaning "the island" or "the peninsula – terms used to refer to both the Arabian peninsula and the network's peninsular home state, Qatar."|work=Fight.Boredom|publisher=Cloudjammer Creative Network|date=18 February 2008|url=http://www.fightboredom.net/2008/02/arabic-in-graphic-design-al-jazeeras.html|accessdate=5 November 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220013533/http://www.fightboredom.net/2008/02/arabic-in-graphic-design-al-jazeeras.html|archivedate=2008-12-20|deadurl=no}}</ref> Stasiun TV ini menjadi populer setelah [[serangan 11 September 2001]], ketika stasiun ini menyiarkan rekaman pernyataan [[Osama bin Laden]] dan pimpinan [[al-Qaeda]] lainnya. |
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Selain kanal berita utama, Al Jazeera juga mengoperasikan beberapa kanal TV khusus lainnya, antara lain [[Al Jazeera Sports]], [[Al Jazeera Live]], dan [[Al Jazeera Children's Channel]]. Selain itu, Al Jazeera juga mengoperasikan website berita berbahasa Arab [http://www.aljazeera.net] dan Inggris [http://english.aljazeera.net/HomePage]. |
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Selain saluran berita utama, Al Jazeera juga mengoperasikan beberapa saluran TV khusus lainnya, antara lain [[Al Jazeera English]], [[Al Jazeera Sports]], [[Al Jazeera Live]], dan [[Al Jazeera Children's Channel]]. Selain itu, Al Jazeera juga mengoperasikan situs web berita berbahasa Arab [http://www.aljazeera.net] dan Inggris [http://english.aljazeera.net/HomePage]. |
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==Sejarah== |
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Al Jazeera mengklaim sebagai satu-satunya stasiun TV yang independen secara [[politik]] di [[Timur Tengah]]. Saat ini Al Jazeera menyaingi [[BBC]] dalam skala jumlah pemirsa yang diperkirakan mencapai 50 juta pemirsa. Al Jazeera berawal dengan modal dari dana raja [[Qatar]] sejumlah 150 juta dolar Amerika, dan memulai siaran pada akhir 1996. Pada bulan April tahun tersebut, siaran [[BBC World]] dalam bahasa Arab mengalami masalah dengan pemerintah [[Saudi Arabia]], dan akhirnya harus menutup operasinya. Banyak mantan staf BBC yang kemudian bergabung dengan Al Jazeera. |
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== Sejarah == |
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Al Jazeera mengklaim sebagai satu-satunya stasiun TV yang independen secara [[politik]] di [[Timur Tengah]]. Saat ini Al Jazeera menyaingi [[BBC]] dalam skala jumlah pemirsa yang diperkirakan mencapai 50 juta pemirsa. Al Jazeera berawal dengan modal dari dana raja [[Qatar]] sejumlah 150 juta dolar Amerika, dan memulai siaran pada akhir 1996. Pada bulan April tahun tersebut, siaran [[BBC World]] dalam bahasa Arab mengalami masalah dengan pemerintah [[Arab Saudi]], dan akhirnya harus menutup operasinya. Banyak mantan staf BBC yang kemudian bergabung dengan Al Jazeera. |
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In the beginning, Al Jazeera tried to increase its viewership by means of presenting controversial views regarding the governments of many Gulf states, including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar; Syria's relationship with Lebanon; and the Egyptian judiciary. Its well-presented documentary on the [[Lebanese Civil War]] in 2000-2001 gave its viewer ratings a boost. However, it wasn't until late 2001 that Al Jazeera achieved worldwide popularity when it broadcast video statements by [[al-Qaeda]] leaders. |
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Pada [[15 November]] [[2006]] saluran Al Jazeera berbahasa Inggris mulai mengudara. |
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In response to Al Jazeera, a group of Saudi investors created [[Al Arabiya]] in the first quarter of 2003. |
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== Al Jazeera dan Irak == |
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[[Image:aljazeerainternational.gif|right]] |
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Pada [[3 Maret]] [[2003]], menjelang invasi AS ke [[Irak]], [[New York Stock Exchange]] melarang Al Jazeera (dan juga beberapa organisasi berita lainnya yang tidak disebutkan) dari pemberitaan dengan menggunakan alasan resmi karena "masalah keamanan".<ref name=NYSECens>{{cite news|title=Metro Matters; Censorship Is Patriotism To Big Board|work=The New York Times|accessdate=25 Januari 2010|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/27/nyregion/metro-matters-censorship-is-patriotism-to-big-board.html?pagewanted=1|first=Joyce|last=Purnick|date=27 March 2003}}</ref> Langkah ini kemudian juga diikuti oleh para pejabat pasar bursa [[Nasdaq]]. |
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===Al Jazeera outside the Middle East=== |
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On [[July 4]], [[2005]] Al Jazeera officially announced plans to launch a new English-language satellite service called [[Al Jazeera International]].<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/07/04/aljazeera.spread.ap/</ref> Highly protested by many Americans, organized campaigns surfaced against Al Jazeera's efforts to establish the planned English language network in the United States, protests lead by groups such as the [[United American Committee]]. The controversy over Al Jazeera's establishment in North America has been dubbed "Jazeeragate" by protesting groups,<ref>http://www.unitedamericancommittee.org/jazeeragate.htm</ref> and is ironic considering the country's claims to freedom of press. Al Jazeera has announced this long-expected move in an attempt to provide news about the [[Arab world]], especially [[Israel]], from the Middle Eastern perspective. The new channel will have broadcast centers in [[Doha]] (current Al Jazeera headquarters and broadcast center), [[Athens]], [[London]], [[Kuala Lumpur]] and [[Washington D.C.]], when the station launches. The channel will be a 24-hour, 7-day-a-week news channel with 12 hours broadcasted from Doha and four hours from each of London, Kuala Lumpur, and Washington D.C. |
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== Referensi == |
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In September 2005, [[Josh Rushing]] joined Al Jazeera International. He was the press officer for the [[United States Central Command]] during the [[2003 Invasion of Iraq]], and in that role was featured in the documentary "[[Control Room]]." Rushing will be working from the Washington, DC Bureau. He commented that "In a time when American media has become so nationalized, I'm excited about joining an organization that truly wants to be a source of global information..."<ref>http://www.ameinfo.com/68321.html</ref> Former [[CNN]] and [[BBC]] news anchorwoman and award winning journalist [[Veronica Pedrosa]] and veteran UK broadcaster [[David Frost (broadcaster)|David Frost]] have also joined the team, along with [[Rizwan Khan|Riz Khan]], a former BBC reporter who most recently was host of the CNN [[talk show]] [[Q&A (television)|Q&A]], CNN producer [[James Wright]], and [[Kieran Baker]], a former editor and producer for CNN who most recently was Acting General Manager, Communications and Public Participation for [[ICANN]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ameinfo.com/72194.html| title=Veronica Pedrosa joins Al Jazeera| accessdate=2006-06-03| year=November 20, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4318284.stm| date=7 October 2005| publisher=BBC News| title=David Frost joins al-Jazeera TV}}</ref><ref name="latimes">{{cite web| title=404 error| accessdate=2006-06-03| url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-jazeera13jan13,0,6291743.story?coll=la-story-footer&track=morenews}}</ref><ref>{{ cite web| url=http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/view.php?StoryID=20060113-092034-3475r| title=404 error| accessdate=2006-06-03}}</ref> On [[2 December]] [[2005]], [[Stephen Cole]], a senior anchor on [[BBC World]] and [[Click Online]] presenter, announced he was joining Al Jazeera International.<ref>http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/story/0,7493,1656429,00.html</ref> The network announced on [[12 January]], [[2006]] that former [[Nightline]] correspondent [[Dave Marash]] would be the co-anchor from their Washington studio. He described his new position as "the most interesting job on Earth."<ref name="latimes"/> On [[6 February]] [[2006]] it was announced that the former BBC reporter [[Rageh Omaar]] would host a daily weeknights documentary series, ''Witness''.<ref>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,20029-2027561,00.html</ref> With Al Jazeera's growing global outreach and influence, some who thought of them as an "alternative media" source have changed their minds.<ref>http://www.tbsjournal.com/Iskandar.html</ref> |
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{{reflist}} |
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== Bibliografi == |
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It is widely believed internationally that inhabitants of the Arab world are given limited information by their governments and media, and that what is conveyed is [[bias|biased]] towards the governments' views. Many people see Al Jazeera as a more trustworthy source of information than government and foreign channels. Some scholars and commentators use the notion of ''[[contextual objectivity]]'',<ref name="ref1">{{cite book|author=El-Nawawy and Iskandar|title=Al-Jazeera: How the free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East|publisher=Westview|year=|id= }}</ref><ref name="tbsjournal fall02">http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall02/Iskandar.html</ref> which highlights the tension between objectivity and audience appeal, to describe the station's controversial yet popular news approach.<ref name="tbsjournal fall02"/> As a result, it is probably the most watched news channel in the [[Middle East]]. |
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Increasingly, Al Jazeera's exclusive interviews and other footage are being rebroadcast in [[United States|American]], [[United Kingdom|British]], and other western media outlets such as [[CNN]] and the [[BBC]]. In January 2003, the [[BBC]] announced that it had signed an agreement with Al Jazeera for sharing facilities and information, including news footage. Al Jazeera is now considered a fairly mainstream media network, though more controversial than most. In the United States, video footage from the network is largely limited to showing the mercy pleas of hostages. |
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Al Jazeera's programming is available worldwide through various satellite and cable systems.<ref>http://www.allied-media.com/ARABTV/aljazeera/Coverage.htm</ref> In the U.S., it is available through subscription satellite TV. Al Jazeera can be freely viewed with a [[DVB-S]] receiver in Europe, [[Northern Africa]], and the [[Middle East]] as it is broadcast on the [[SES Astra|Astra]] and [[Hot Bird]] satellites. |
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Al Jazeera's web-based service is accessible subscription-free throughout the world, though the English and Arabic sections appear to be editorially distinct, with their own selection of news and comment. |
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==Staff== |
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The Chairman of ''Al Jazeera'' is Sheikh [[Hamad bin Thamer|Hamad bin Thamer al-Thani]], a distant cousin of [[Qatar]]i Emir Sheikh [[Hamad bin Khalifa|Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani]]. |
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Al Jazeera recently restructured its operations and have formed a Network that contains all their different channels. Wadah Khanfar, the managing director of the Arabic Channel was appointed as the Director General of the AlJazeera Network. He also acts as the Managing Director of the Arabic channel. He is supported by [[Ahmed Sheikh]], Editor-in-Chief, and [[Amen Jaballah]]. |
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The managing director for the yet-to-be-launched [[Al Jazeera International]] is [[Nigel Parsons]]. |
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The Editor-in-Chief of the English-language site is [[Russell Merryman]], who took over in August 2005. He replaced Omar Bec who was caretaking the site after the departure of Managing Editor Alison Balharry. Previous incumbents include Joanne Tucker and Ahmed Sheikh. |
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The Editor-in-Chief of the Arabic website is [[Abdel Aziz Al Mahmoud]], and the editorial head is [[Mohammad Dawood]]. It has more than a hundred editorial staff. |
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==Criticism and Controversy== |
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An incorrect, but widely reported, criticism is that Al Jazeera has shown videos of masked terrorists beheading western hostages. When this is reported in the reputable media Al Jazeera presses for retractions to be made.<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/leaders/story/0,3604,1649144,00.html</ref> |
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===From Algeria=== |
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The [[Algeria]]n government froze the activities of Al Jazeera's Algerian correspondent on [[July 4]], [[2004]]. The official reason given was that a reorganization of the work of foreign correspondents was in progress. The international pressure group [[Reporters Without Borders]] says, however, that the measure was really taken in reprisal for a broadcast the previous week of a debate on the political situation in Algeria. Also, it is alleged that several Algerian cities lost power simultaneously to keep residents from watching a program that implicated the Algerian military in a series of massacres{{fact}}. |
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===From Bahrain=== |
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[[Bahrain]] Information Minister Nabeel Yacoob Al Hamer banned Al Jazeera correspondents from reporting from inside the country on [[10 May]], [[2002]], saying that the station was biased towards [[Israel]] and against [[Bahrain]].<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/1980191.stm</ref> After improvements in relations between Bahrain and Qatar in 2004, Al Jazeera correspondents returned to Bahrain. |
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===From Morocco=== |
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[[Morocco|Moroccan]] authorities in the disputed parts of [[Western Sahara]] have repeatedly targeted international media over its coverage of protests of the [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Sahrawi]] population.<ref>http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=14119</ref> Al Jazeera's correspondent Abd as-Salam Razzaq had his journalists license revoked after he broadcast interviews with [[Ali Salem Tamek]], a leader of the [[Independence Intifada|Sahrawi protests that began in May 2005]], and pitted pro-independence activists and [[Polisario]]-sympathizers against Moroccan security forces and settlers.<ref>http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/91D86765-2161-4344-BA7E-3E3642E57079.htm</ref> Earlier, Moroccan authorities had cancelled the reporting license of Al Jazeera correspondent Iqbal Ilhami. According to the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] (CPJ), Ilhami had also been the subject of harassment after she was accused of airing erroneous reports on Moroccan politics in 2003,<ref>http://www.cpj.org/cases03/mideast_cases03/morocco.html</ref> 2000<ref>http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/morocco.htm</ref> and on other occasions. |
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===From Spain=== |
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Reporter [[Taysir Allouni]] was arrested in [[Spain]] on [[5 September]], [[2003]], on a charge of having provided support for members of [[al-Qaeda]]. Judge [[Baltasar Garzón]], who had issued the arrest warrant, ordered Allouni held indefinitely without bail. He was nevertheless released several weeks later for health concerns, but was prohibited from leaving the country. |
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On [[19 September]], a Spanish court issued an arrest warrant for Al Jazeera correspondent Taysir Allouni, before the expected verdict. Allouni asked the court for permission to visit his family in [[Syria]] to attend the funeral of his mother, but authorities denied his request and ordered him back to jail. |
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Although he pleaded not guilty of all the charges against him, Allouni was sentenced on [[26 September]] to seven years in prison for being a financial courier for al-Qaeda. Allouni insisted he merely interviewed [[Osama bin Laden|bin Laden]] after the September 11th attack on the United States.<ref>http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/127CA659-BC10-4E1C-9EB2-51744C2197D7.htm</ref> |
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Many international and private organizations condemned the arrest and called on the Spanish court to free Taysir Allouni. Websites such as [http://www.freetayseer.com/ Free Taysir Allouni] and [http://www.alonysolidarity.net Alony Solidarity] were created to support Allouni. |
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===From the United States=== |
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In 1999, [[New York Times]] reporter [[Thomas L. Friedman]] called Al-Jazeera "the freest, most widely watched TV network in the Arab world."<ref name="ref2">{{cite journal|author=Friedman, Thomas L.|title=Fathers and Sons|journal=[[New York Times]]|year=12 February 1999|volume=|issue=|pages=A27|url= }}</ref> The station first gained widespread attention in the west following the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], when it broadcast videos in which [[Osama bin Laden]] and [[Sulaiman Abu Ghaith]] defended and justified the attacks. This led to criticism by the United States government that Al Jazeera was engaging in [[propaganda]] on behalf of terrorists. Al Jazeera countered that it was merely making information available without comment, and indeed several western television channels later followed suit in broadcasting portions of the tapes. Nevertheless, [[CNN]] cut its ties with Al Jazeera for several months over this controversy. |
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On [[25 March]] [[2003]], two of its reporters covering the [[New York Stock Exchange]] had their credentials revoked. NYSE spokesman Ray Pellechia claimed "security reasons" and that the exchange had decided to give access only to networks that focus "on responsible business coverage". He denied the revocation has anything to do with the network's [[Iraq]] war coverage.<ref>http://www.apfw.org/indexenglish.asp?fname=news%5Cenglish%5C12018.htm</ref> |
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====From the U.S. government==== |
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While prior to September 11th, 2001, the [[United States government]] lauded Al Jazeera for its role as an independent media outlet in the Middle East, since then US Government spokespersons have often cited their belief that Al Jazeera's news coverage has a strong anti-American bias. In 2004 the competing Arabic-language satellite TV station [[Al Hurra]] was launched, funded by the U.S. government. |
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On [[January 30]], [[2005]] the ''[[New York Times]] ''reported that the [[Qatar]]i government, under pressure from the [[George W. Bush|Bush]] administration, was speeding up plans to sell the station.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/30/international/middleeast/30jazeera.html</ref> |
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[[Image:Aljazeera-qatar.jpg|thumb|right|Al Jazeera staff in a symbolic gathering outside their offices in Doha in protest against the [[Al Jazeera bombing memo|bombing allegation memo]]]] |
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On [[November 22]], [[2005]], the UK [[tabloid]] ''[[The Daily Mirror]]'' published a story claiming that it had obtained a leaked memo from [[10 Downing Street]] saying that [[U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] had considered bombing Al Jazeera's Doha headquarters in April 2004, when [[U.S. Marines]] were conducting a contentious assault on [[Fallujah]]. |
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:''See the main article at [[Al Jazeera bombing memo]] for details.'' |
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In light of this allegation, Al Jazeera has questioned whether it has been targeted deliberately in the past — Al Jazeera's [[Kabul]] office was bombed in 2001 and a missile hit its office in [[Baghdad]] during the invasion of Iraq, killing correspondent Tariq Ayoub. Both of these attacks occurred despite Al Jazeera's provision of the locations of their offices to the United States. |
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Al Jazeera cameraman [[Sami Al Hajj]] was detained while in transit to Afghanistan as an "[[enemy combatant]]" in December 2001, and is now held without charge in [[Camp Delta]] at [[Guantánamo Bay]]. |
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===From Muslim viewers=== |
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Al Jazeera has been criticized by many of its [[Muslim]] viewers for giving air time to [[Israel]]i officials. Some have suggested the media outlet is a source of disinformation and a front for Western intelligence agencies. They have mockingly taken to calling it "Al-Khinzeera," which means "The Pig."{{fact}} |
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==Al Jazeera dan Irak== |
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Pada [[3 Maret]] [[2003]], menjelang invasi AS ke [[Irak]], [[New York Stock Exchange]] melarang Al Jazeera (dan juga beberapa organisasi berita lainnya yang tidak disebutkan) dari pemberitaan dengan menggunakan alasan resmi karena "masalah keamanan". Langkah ini kemudian juga diikuti oleh para pejabat pasar bursa [[Nasdaq]]. |
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<!-- Selama perang Irak, Al Jazeera faced the same reporting and movement restrictions as other news-gathering organizations. In addition, one of its reporters, [[Tayseer Allouni]], was banned from the country by the Iraqi Information Ministry, while another one, Diyar Al-Omari, was banned from reporting in Iraq (both decisions were later retracted). On [[April 3]], [[2003]], Al Jazeera withdrew its journalists from the country, citing unreasonable interference from Iraqi officials. |
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Also in the run-up to the war the U.S. Pentagon hired the [[Rendon Group]] to target and possibly punish Al Jazeera reporters who did not stay on message.<ref>http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/_/id/8798997</ref> |
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Pada [[8 April]] [[2003]], kantor Al Jazeera di [[Baghdad]] diserang oleh tentara AS, yang menewaskan reporter [[Tareq Ayyoub]] dan melukai seorang lainnya, meskipun sebelumnya AS telah menerima informasi tentang lokasi kantor tersebut. Hal ini juga pernah terjadi sebelumnya, yaitu pada [[13 November]] [[2001]], ketika AS meluncurkan serangan roket ke kantor Al Jazeera di [[Kabul]] pada saat invasi AS ke [[Afghanistan]], yang juga setelah AS menerima informasi tentang lokasi kantor tersebut. Awak kamera Al Jazeera, [[Sami Al-Haj]],yang berwarganegara [[Sudan]], juga ditahan oleh tentara AS pada awal tahun 2002 di [[Guantanamo Bay]], [[Kuba]]. Pada [[23 November]] [[2005]], pengacara Sami Al-Haj yang bernama [[Clive Stafford-Smith]] melaporkan bahwa dalam lebih dari seratus interogasi yang dialami Sami, petugas AS selalu menanyakan apakah Al Jazeera merupakan corong [[al-Qaeda]]. Alasan penahanan Sami hingga kini tidak diketahui, meski pernyataan dari petugas AS selalu menyebutkannya sebagai ancaman keamanan. |
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In May 2003, the [[CIA]], through the [[Iraqi National Congress]], released documents purportedly showing that Al Jazeera had been infiltrated by Iraqi [[spy|spies]], and was regarded by Iraqi officials as part of their propaganda effort. As reported by the [[Sunday Times]], the alleged spies were described by an Al Jazeera executive as having minor roles with no input on editorial decisions. |
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On [[23 September]] [[2003]], [[Iraq]] suspended Al Jazeera (and [[Al-Arabiya]]) from reporting on official government activities for two weeks for what the Council stated as supporting recent attacks on council members and Coalition occupational forces. The move came after allegations by Iraqis who stated that the channel had incited anti-occupation violence (by airing statements from [[Iraqi resistance]] leaders), increasing ethnic and sectarian tensions, and being supportive of the resistance. |
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During 2004, Al Jazeera broadcast several video tapes of various kidnapping victims which had been sent to the network. The videos were filmed by the groups after kidnapping a hostage. The hostages are shown, often blindfolded, pleading for their release. They often appear to be forced to read out prepared statements of their kidnappers. Al Jazeera has assisted authorities from the home countries of the victims in an attempt to secure the release of kidnapping victims. This included broadcasting pleas from family members and government officials. Contrary to some allegations, including the oft-reported comments of [[Donald Rumsfeld]] on [[June 4]], [[2005]], Al Jazeera has never shown [[decapitation|beheadings]] which often appear on internet websites.<ref>http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/EA0C6319-1BAA-42ED-94D0-AEF9B7B91725.htm</ref> |
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On [[August 7]] [[2004]], the Iraqi [[Iyad Allawi|Allawi]] government shut down the Iraq office of Al Jazeera, claiming that it was responsible for presenting a negative image of Iraq, and charging the network with fueling anti-Coalition hostilities. Al Jazeera vowed to continue its reporting from inside Iraq. News photographs showed United States and Iraqi military personnel working together to close the office.<ref>http://abcnews.go.com/wire/World/ap20040807_595.html</ref> Initially closed by a one-month ban, the shutdown was extended indefinitely in September 2004, and the offices sealed. |
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==On the Internet== |
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===Arabic language=== |
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The Arabic version of the site was brought offline for about 10 hours by an [[FBI]] raid on its ISP, [[InfoCom Corporation]], on [[September 5]], [[2001]]. InfoCom was later convicted of exporting to [[Libya]] and [[Syria]], of knowingly being invested in by a [[Hamas]] member (both of which are illegal in the United States), and of underpaying customs duties.<ref>http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/txn/PressRel04/elashi_conv.pdf</ref> |
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===English language=== |
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The station launched an English-language edition of its online content in March, 2003.<ref>http://english.aljazeera.net</ref> |
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====Hacker attacks==== |
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Immediately after its launch, the site was attacked by [[Security cracking|hackers]], who launched [[denial-of-service attack]]s and redirected visitors to a site featuring an [[Flag of the United States|American flag]]. In November, 2003, [[John William Racine II]], also known as 'John Buffo', was sentenced to 1000 hours of community service and a $2000 U.S. fine for the online disruption. Racine posed as an Al Jazeera employee to get a password to the network's site, then redirected visitors to a page he created that showed an American flag shaped like a U.S. map and a [[patriotic]] motto, court documents said. In June 2003, Racine pleaded guilty to [[wire fraud]] and unlawful interception of an electronic communication. |
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====Provider==== |
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The site was forced to change [[web host|internet hosting providers]] several times, due, in its opinion, to political pressure. Initially its English-language site was provided by the U.S.-based [[DataPipe]], which gave it notice, soon followed by [[Akamai Technologies]].<ref>http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/04/07/al_jazeera_and_the_net/</ref> They later shifted to the French branch of [[NavLink]], and then to (and currently) [[AT&T]] WorldNet Services. |
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==Documentaries== |
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Al Jazeera's coverage of the invasion of [[Iraq]] was the focus of an award-winning 2004 [[documentary film]], "[[Control Room]]" by Egyptian-American director [[Jehane Noujaim]]. In July 2003, PBS broadcast a documentary, called "Exclusive to al-Jazeera" on its program "[[Wide Angle (TV series)|Wide Angle]]."<ref>http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/aljazeera/</ref> Another documentary, ''Al-Jazeera, An Arab Voice for Freedom or Demagoguery? The UNC Tour''<ref>http://www.unc.edu/~kindemg/aljazeera.html</ref> was filmed two months after the [[September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack]]. |
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==Awards== |
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* In November 2005, Al Jazeera was awarded by [[Index on Censorship]] for its "courage in circumventing censorship and contributing to the free exchange of information in the Arab world."<ref>http://www.indexonline.org/en/news/articles/2003/1/free-speaking-voices-in-the-wilderness.shtml</ref> |
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* In April 2004, [[Webby Awards]] nominated Al Jazeera as one of the five best news Web sites, along with [[BBC News]], [[National Geographic]], [[RocketNews]] and [[The Smoking Gun]]. According to [[Tifanny Schlain]], the founder of the Webby Awards, this caused a controversy as [other media organisations] "felt it was a risk-taking site,".<ref>http://www.webbyawards.com/press/article.php?id=2</ref> |
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* In December 1999, [[Ibn Rushd]] (Averoes) Fund for Freedom of Thought in [[Berlin]] awarded the "Ibn Rushd Award" for media and journalism for the year to Al Jazeera.<ref>http://www.ibn-rushd.org/prize99/pr99engl.htm</ref> |
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* In 2004, Al Jazeera was voted by [http://www.brandchannel.com brandchannel.com] readers as the fifth most influential global [[brand]] behind [[Apple Computer]], [[Google]], [[Ikea]] and [[Starbucks]].<ref>http://www.brandchannel.com/features_effect.asp?pf_id=248</ref> |
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==Sumber== |
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==Bibliografi== |
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* Philip Auter, Mohamed M. Arafa, Khaled Al-Jaber. Who Is Al Jazeera's Audience? Deconstructing the Demographics and Psychographics of an Arab Satellite News Network. |
* Philip Auter, Mohamed M. Arafa, Khaled Al-Jaber. Who Is Al Jazeera's Audience? Deconstructing the Demographics and Psychographics of an Arab Satellite News Network. |
||
* Arafa, M., Auter, P.J., & Al-Jaber, K. |
* Arafa, M., Auter, P.J., & Al-Jaber, K. (2005). Hungry for news and information: Instrumental use of Al-Jazeera TV among viewers in the Arab World and Arab Diaspora. Journal of Middle East Media, 1(1), 21-50. |
||
* Al-Jaber, Khaled. The Credibility of Arab Broadcasting: The Case of Al Jazeera. Doha: National Council for Culture, Arts and Heritage, 2004. Hard cover. 118 pages. |
* Al-Jaber, Khaled. The Credibility of Arab Broadcasting: The Case of Al Jazeera. Doha: National Council for Culture, Arts and Heritage, 2004. Hard cover. 118 pages. |
||
* Auter, P. J., Arafa, M., & Al-Jaber, K. (2004, October). News credibility in the Arab World: An analysis of Arabic peoples’ usage patterns of Al-Jazeera after September 11, 2001 and before the Iraq War. Paper presented to the annual Global Fusion conference, St. Louis, MO. (http://www.globalfusion.siu.edu. |
* Auter, P. J., Arafa, M., & Al-Jaber, K. (2004, October). News credibility in the Arab World: An analysis of Arabic peoples’ usage patterns of Al-Jazeera after September 11, 2001 and before the Iraq War. Paper presented to the annual Global Fusion conference, St. Louis, MO. (http://www.globalfusion.siu.edu {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706201244/http://www.globalfusion.siu.edu/ |date=2010-07-06 }}.) |
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* Auter, P. J., Arafa, M., & Al-Jaber, K. |
* Auter, P. J., Arafa, M., & Al-Jaber, K. (2003, October). Identifying with Arabic journalists: How Al-Jazeera tapped parasocial interaction gratifications in the Arab World. Paper presented at the annual international convention of the Arab-US Association for Communication Educators (AUSACE), Dubai, United Arab Emirates. |
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* Tatham, Steve (2006), 'Losing Arab Hearts & Minds: The Coalition, Al-Jazeera & Muslim Public Opinion' Hurst & Co (London) Published 1 Jan 06 [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850658110] |
* Tatham, Steve (2006), 'Losing Arab Hearts & Minds: The Coalition, Al-Jazeera & Muslim Public Opinion' Hurst & Co (London) Published 1 Jan 06 [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850658110] |
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* Mohamed Zayani (2005), ''The Al Jazeera Phenomenon: Critical Perspectives On New Arab Media'', Paradigm Publishers |
* Mohamed Zayani (2005), ''The Al Jazeera Phenomenon: Critical Perspectives On New Arab Media'', Paradigm Publishers |
||
| Baris 160: | Baris 62: | ||
* Hugh Miles (2004), ''Al Jazeera: how Arab TV news challenged the world'', Abacus |
* Hugh Miles (2004), ''Al Jazeera: how Arab TV news challenged the world'', Abacus |
||
* Mohammed El-Nawawy and Adel Iskandar (2003), ''Al Jazeera: The story of the network that is rattling governments and redefining modern journalism'', Basic Books |
* Mohammed El-Nawawy and Adel Iskandar (2003), ''Al Jazeera: The story of the network that is rattling governments and redefining modern journalism'', Basic Books |
||
* Naomi Sakr (2002), ''Satellite Realms |
* Naomi Sakr (2002), ''Satellite Realms: Transnational Television, Globalization and the Middle East'', [[I.B. Tauris]] |
||
* Mohammed El-Nawawy and Adel Iskandar (2002), ''Al Jazeera: How the Free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East'', Westview Press |
* Mohammed El-Nawawy and Adel Iskandar (2002), ''Al Jazeera: How the Free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East'', Westview Press |
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==Pranala |
== Pranala luar == |
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** {{en icon}} [http://english.aljazeera.net Al Jazeera - versi bahasa Inggris] |
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===Resmi=== |
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* {{ar icon}} [http://www.aljazeerasport.com Al Jazeera - stasiun olahraga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720070823/http://aljazeerasport.com/ |date=2006-07-20 }} |
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* [http://english.aljazeera.net Al Jazeera (English)] |
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* {{ar icon}} [http://www.jcctv.net Al Jazeera - stasiun anak-anak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510135810/http://www.jcctv.net/ |date=2011-05-10 }} |
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* [http://www.aljazeera.net Al Jazeera (Arabic)] |
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* [http://cnnvsaljazeera.googlepages.com CNN vs AlJazeera | Agregasi berita terkini dalam satu halaman] |
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* [http://www.aljazeerasport.com Al Jazeera Sports (Arabic)] |
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* [http://www.jcctv.net Al Jazeera Children (Arabic)] |
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* [http://www.jumptv.com www.jumptv.com] [[JumpTV]]: Official Internet Distributor untuk Acara Langsung |
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Untuk dicatat bahwa website [[aljazeera.com]] dan [[aljazeerah.info]] tidak ada hubungannya dengan Al Jazeera. |
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Catatan: Situs web ''aljazeera.com'' dan ''aljazeerah.info'' tidak ada hubungannya dengan Al Jazeera. |
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===Informasi dan Catatan=== |
===Informasi dan Catatan=== |
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* [http://www.allied-media.com/aljazeera/JAZprograms.html Aljazeera - Popular programs] |
* [http://www.allied-media.com/aljazeera/JAZprograms.html Aljazeera - Popular programs] |
||
* [http://dinarstandard.com/current/AlJazeera010306.htm Aljazeera - Website Domain Name Dispute] |
* [http://dinarstandard.com/current/AlJazeera010306.htm Aljazeera - Website Domain Name Dispute] |
||
* Latar Belakang Al-Jazeera [http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/viewMedia.php/prmTemplateID/8/prmID/133?PHPSESSID=0ec555adc589b1da1f4161d792e8f904 ''Carnegie Council on Ethics & International Affairs''] |
* Latar Belakang Al-Jazeera [http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/viewMedia.php/prmTemplateID/8/prmID/133?PHPSESSID=0ec555adc589b1da1f4161d792e8f904 ''Carnegie Council on Ethics & International Affairs''] |
||
* [http://dontbomb.blogspot.com "Don't Bomb Us" |
* [http://dontbomb.blogspot.com "Don't Bomb Us" – A blog by Al Jazeera Staffers]: Blog salah satu staf Al Jazeera mengenai "Al Jazeera Memo" yang menyatakan bahwa [[George Bush]] pernah memerintahkan untuk menyerang kantor pusat Al Jazeera di [[Qatar]] |
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* [http://www.friendsofaljazeera.org Friends of Al Jazeera]: Berita, informasi dan analisa mengenai AlJazeera dan kebebasan berbicara di Timur Tengah |
* [http://www.friendsofaljazeera.org Friends of Al Jazeera]: Berita, informasi dan analisa mengenai AlJazeera dan kebebasan berbicara di Timur Tengah |
||
* [http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Spring02/talkshows.html Boxing Rings: Al-Jazeera's Talk Shows]: Mohammed El-Nawawy dan Adel Iskandar |
* [http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Spring02/talkshows.html Boxing Rings: Al-Jazeera's Talk Shows]: Mohammed El-Nawawy dan Adel Iskandar |
||
* Allied Media [http://www.allied-media.com/aljazeera/ Al-Jazeera] |
* Allied Media [http://www.allied-media.com/aljazeera/ Al-Jazeera] – [http://www.allied-media.com/aljazeera/Coverage.htm Broadcast Coverage] |
||
* Cursor [http://www.cursor.org/aljazeera.htm Al-Jazeera archive] |
* Cursor [http://www.cursor.org/aljazeera.htm Al-Jazeera archive] |
||
* NewsTrove [http://aljazeera.newstrove.com/ Al-Jazeera] |
* NewsTrove [http://aljazeera.newstrove.com/ Al-Jazeera] |
||
* [http://ambassadors.net/archives/issue11/opinions3.htm Al-Jazeera: The Opinion and the other Opinion |
* [http://ambassadors.net/archives/issue11/opinions3.htm Al-Jazeera: The Opinion and the other Opinion – Rebuttal of Fouad Ajami] oleh [[Adel Iskandar]] |
||
* CBC News [http://www.cbc.ca/passionateeyesunday/controlroom/ ''The Passionate Eye Showcase: Control Room''] |
* CBC News [http://www.cbc.ca/passionateeyesunday/controlroom/ ''The Passionate Eye Showcase: Control Room''] |
||
*[http://www.2themovie.com/controlroom_t2.html 'Control Room' documentary on Al-Jazeera: International Trailer] |
*[http://www.2themovie.com/controlroom_t2.html 'Control Room' documentary on Al-Jazeera: International Trailer] |
||
* Al-Jazeera: Transforming the Middle East |
* Al-Jazeera: Transforming the Middle East – [http://www.fpa.org/topics_info2414/topics_info_show.htm?doc_id=107982 ''Interview''] |
||
* Jaringan Film Dokumenter [http://www.documentary-film.net/search/video-listings.php?e=6 Watch Control Room Free Online Now!] |
* Jaringan Film Dokumenter [http://www.documentary-film.net/search/video-listings.php?e=6 Watch Control Room Free Online Now!] |
||
* [http://www.stanhopecentre.org/blogs/iraqmedia/ Iraq Media Developments] Blog tentang Al-Jazeera |
* [http://www.stanhopecentre.org/blogs/iraqmedia/ Iraq Media Developments] Blog tentang Al-Jazeera |
||
* [http://www.tbsjournal.com/Iskandar.html Is Al-Jazeera Alternative?] Transnational Broadcasting Studies Journal. |
* [http://www.tbsjournal.com/Iskandar.html Is Al-Jazeera Alternative?] Transnational Broadcasting Studies Journal. |
||
* [http://arabworld.nitle.org/texts.php?module_id=13&reading_id=1029&sequence=5 News or Nuisance?] Catatan Naomi Sakr tentang sejarah Al-Jazeera |
* [http://arabworld.nitle.org/texts.php?module_id=13&reading_id=1029&sequence=5 News or Nuisance?] Catatan Naomi Sakr tentang sejarah Al-Jazeera |
||
* [http://wiki.uscpublicdiplomacy.com/mediawiki/index.php/Al_Jazeera USC Center on Public Diplomacy] - Profil Al-Jazeera oleh Shawn Powers |
* [http://wiki.uscpublicdiplomacy.com/mediawiki/index.php/Al_Jazeera USC Center on Public Diplomacy] - Profil Al-Jazeera oleh Shawn Powers |
||
*''Al Jazeera |
*''Al Jazeera: How Arab TV News Challenges America'' (2005) oleh Hugh Miles ISBN 0-8021-1789-9 |
||
*''Al-Jazeera'' (2004) oleh N. Miladi ISBN |
*''Al-Jazeera'' (2004) oleh N. Miladi ISBN 1-86020-593-3 |
||
*''Al-Jazeera: The Story of the Network That Is Rattling Governments and Redefining Modern Journalism'' (2003) oleh Mohammed El-Nawawy, [[Adel Iskandar]] ISBN |
*''Al-Jazeera: The Story of the Network That Is Rattling Governments and Redefining Modern Journalism'' (2003) oleh Mohammed El-Nawawy, [[Adel Iskandar]] ISBN 0-8133-4149-3 |
||
*''Al-Jazeera: Ambassador of the Arab World'' (2003) oleh Mohammed el-Nawawy, [[Adel Iskandar]] ISBN |
*''Al-Jazeera: Ambassador of the Arab World'' (2003) oleh Mohammed el-Nawawy, [[Adel Iskandar]] ISBN 0-8133-4149-3 |
||
*''Al Jazeera: How the Free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East'' (2002) oleh Mohammed El-Nawawy, Adel Iskandar, Adel Iskander, [[Adel Iskandar]] Farag ISBN |
*''Al Jazeera: How the Free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East'' (2002) oleh Mohammed El-Nawawy, Adel Iskandar, Adel Iskander, [[Adel Iskandar]] Farag ISBN 0-8133-4017-9 |
||
* [http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/2002_10_23.htm Just Before Midnight at Al-Jazeera] oleh [[Martin Kramer]] |
* [http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/2002_10_23.htm Just Before Midnight at Al-Jazeera] oleh [[Martin Kramer]] |
||
* [http://www.brandchannel.com/features_profile.asp?pr_id=122 profile of Al Jazeera brand] di [[brandchannel]]. |
* [http://www.brandchannel.com/features_profile.asp?pr_id=122 profile of Al Jazeera brand] di [[brandchannel]]. |
||
| Baris 203: | Baris 103: | ||
*[http://www.allied-media.com/aljazeera/JAZdemog.html Who Watches Al Jazeera? Audience Facts] |
*[http://www.allied-media.com/aljazeera/JAZdemog.html Who Watches Al Jazeera? Audience Facts] |
||
*[http://www.tbsjournal.com/auter.htm Who Is Al Jazeera's Audience? Deconstructing the Demographics and Psychographics of an Arab Satellite News Network] |
*[http://www.tbsjournal.com/auter.htm Who Is Al Jazeera's Audience? Deconstructing the Demographics and Psychographics of an Arab Satellite News Network] |
||
| Baris 211: | Baris 110: | ||
* [[The Nation (U.S. periodical)|The Nation]]: [http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20040329&s=parenti Al Jazeera Goes to Jail] ([[11 March]] [[2004]]) |
* [[The Nation (U.S. periodical)|The Nation]]: [http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20040329&s=parenti Al Jazeera Goes to Jail] ([[11 March]] [[2004]]) |
||
* [[CNN]].com: [http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/09/23/sprj.nitop.iraq.networks/ Iraq puts sanctions on Arabic-language networks] - Governing Council: Al-Jazeera promotes violence ([[2003-09-23]]) |
* [[CNN]].com: [http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/09/23/sprj.nitop.iraq.networks/ Iraq puts sanctions on Arabic-language networks] - Governing Council: Al-Jazeera promotes violence ([[2003-09-23]]) |
||
* ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' |
* ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'': [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/09/12/1063341769979.html Al-Jazeera star accused of terrorist links] ([[13 September]] [[2003]]) |
||
* CNN.com |
* CNN.com: [http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/09/05/spain.alqaeda/index.html Spain arrests Al-Jazeera reporter] ([[2003-09-05]]) |
||
* [[BBC]] |
* [[BBC]]: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2893689.stm Al Jazeera: News channel in the news] ([[29 March]] [[2003]]) |
||
* CNN Money |
* CNN Money: [http://money.cnn.com/2003/03/25/news/nyse_aljazeera/ Al Jazeera ousted from New York Stock Exchange] ([[25 March]] [[2003]]) |
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* BBC |
* BBC: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2668007.stm BBC in news deal with Arabic TV] ([[17 Januari]] [[2003]]) |
||
* MSNBC |
* MSNBC: [http://www.msnbc.com/news/643471.asp?cp1=1 In defense of Al Jazeera] ([[18 October]] [[2001]]) |
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*BBC |
*BBC: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/not_in_website/syndication/monitoring/250461.stm Qatar's Al Jazeera livens up Arab TV scene] ([[7 Januari]] [[1999]]) |
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* Washington Post |
* Washington Post: [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45555-2005May8.html Al-Jazeera Puts Focus on Reform Mideast Coverage by Network Reviled in Washington Is Boon for Bush] [[May 8, 2005]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 21 November 2023 08.54
| Al Jazeera | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Jenis | Jaringan TV satelit |
| Negara | Qatar |
| Ketersediaan | internasional |
| Tanggal peluncuran | 1996 |
| Tokoh kunci | Sheikh Hamad bin Thamer Al Thani, Chairman Sheikh Ahmad bin Jassim al-Thani,[1] |
| Situs web | english.aljazeera.net |
| Al Jazeera | |
|---|---|
| |
| Diluncurkan | 1 November 1996 |
| Pemilik | Al Jazeera Media Network |
| Negara | Qatar |
| Kantor pusat | Doha |
Al Jazeera (الجزيرة yang berarti "pulau" atau "jazirah") adalah stasiun televisi berbahasa Arab dan Inggris yang berbasis di Doha, Qatar.[2][3] Stasiun TV ini menjadi populer setelah serangan 11 September 2001, ketika stasiun ini menyiarkan rekaman pernyataan Osama bin Laden dan pimpinan al-Qaeda lainnya.
Selain saluran berita utama, Al Jazeera juga mengoperasikan beberapa saluran TV khusus lainnya, antara lain Al Jazeera English, Al Jazeera Sports, Al Jazeera Live, dan Al Jazeera Children's Channel. Selain itu, Al Jazeera juga mengoperasikan situs web berita berbahasa Arab [1] dan Inggris [2].
Sejarah[sunting | sunting sumber]
Al Jazeera mengklaim sebagai satu-satunya stasiun TV yang independen secara politik di Timur Tengah. Saat ini Al Jazeera menyaingi BBC dalam skala jumlah pemirsa yang diperkirakan mencapai 50 juta pemirsa. Al Jazeera berawal dengan modal dari dana raja Qatar sejumlah 150 juta dolar Amerika, dan memulai siaran pada akhir 1996. Pada bulan April tahun tersebut, siaran BBC World dalam bahasa Arab mengalami masalah dengan pemerintah Arab Saudi, dan akhirnya harus menutup operasinya. Banyak mantan staf BBC yang kemudian bergabung dengan Al Jazeera.
Pada 15 November 2006 saluran Al Jazeera berbahasa Inggris mulai mengudara.
Al Jazeera dan Irak[sunting | sunting sumber]
Pada 3 Maret 2003, menjelang invasi AS ke Irak, New York Stock Exchange melarang Al Jazeera (dan juga beberapa organisasi berita lainnya yang tidak disebutkan) dari pemberitaan dengan menggunakan alasan resmi karena "masalah keamanan".[4] Langkah ini kemudian juga diikuti oleh para pejabat pasar bursa Nasdaq.
Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ Listening Post. "Aljazeera Online Magazine Page".[pranala nonaktif]
- ^ Habib Toumi (13 July 2011). "Al Jazeera turning into private media organisation". Gulf News. Diakses tanggal 8 Januari 2013.
- ^ "Arabic in Graphic Design: Al Jazeera's Cartouche: "The elaborate calligraphic design spells "al-Jazeera" in Arabic, a word meaning "the island" or "the peninsula – terms used to refer to both the Arabian peninsula and the network's peninsular home state, Qatar."". Fight.Boredom. Cloudjammer Creative Network. 18 February 2008. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-12-20. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2008.
- ^ Purnick, Joyce (27 March 2003). "Metro Matters; Censorship Is Patriotism To Big Board". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 25 Januari 2010.
Bibliografi[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Philip Auter, Mohamed M. Arafa, Khaled Al-Jaber. Who Is Al Jazeera's Audience? Deconstructing the Demographics and Psychographics of an Arab Satellite News Network.
- Arafa, M., Auter, P.J., & Al-Jaber, K. (2005). Hungry for news and information: Instrumental use of Al-Jazeera TV among viewers in the Arab World and Arab Diaspora. Journal of Middle East Media, 1(1), 21-50.
- Al-Jaber, Khaled. The Credibility of Arab Broadcasting: The Case of Al Jazeera. Doha: National Council for Culture, Arts and Heritage, 2004. Hard cover. 118 pages.
- Auter, P. J., Arafa, M., & Al-Jaber, K. (2004, October). News credibility in the Arab World: An analysis of Arabic peoples’ usage patterns of Al-Jazeera after September 11, 2001 and before the Iraq War. Paper presented to the annual Global Fusion conference, St. Louis, MO. (http://www.globalfusion.siu.edu Diarsipkan 2010-07-06 di Wayback Machine..)
- Auter, P. J., Arafa, M., & Al-Jaber, K. (2003, October). Identifying with Arabic journalists: How Al-Jazeera tapped parasocial interaction gratifications in the Arab World. Paper presented at the annual international convention of the Arab-US Association for Communication Educators (AUSACE), Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
- Tatham, Steve (2006), 'Losing Arab Hearts & Minds: The Coalition, Al-Jazeera & Muslim Public Opinion' Hurst & Co (London) Published 1 Jan 06 [3]
- Mohamed Zayani (2005), The Al Jazeera Phenomenon: Critical Perspectives On New Arab Media, Paradigm Publishers
- Marc Lynch (2005), Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, al-Jazeera, and Middle East Politics Today, Columbia University Press
- Hugh Miles (2004), Al Jazeera: how Arab TV news challenged the world, Abacus
- Mohammed El-Nawawy and Adel Iskandar (2003), Al Jazeera: The story of the network that is rattling governments and redefining modern journalism, Basic Books
- Naomi Sakr (2002), Satellite Realms: Transnational Television, Globalization and the Middle East, I.B. Tauris
- Mohammed El-Nawawy and Adel Iskandar (2002), Al Jazeera: How the Free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East, Westview Press
Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]
- (Inggris) Al Jazeera - versi bahasa Inggris
- (Arab) Al Jazeera - stasiun olahraga Diarsipkan 2006-07-20 di Wayback Machine.
- (Arab) Al Jazeera - stasiun anak-anak Diarsipkan 2011-05-10 di Wayback Machine.
- CNN vs AlJazeera | Agregasi berita terkini dalam satu halaman
Catatan: Situs web aljazeera.com dan aljazeerah.info tidak ada hubungannya dengan Al Jazeera.