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===Bibliografi===
===Bibliografi===
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* {{cite book|last=Bruce|first=Anthony|title=The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War|year=2002|publisher=John Murray Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-0-7195-5432-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Bruce|first=Anthony|title=The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War|url=https://archive.org/details/lastcrusadepales0000bruc|year=2002|publisher=John Murray Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-0-7195-5432-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Caddell |first=Joseph |date=December 2004 |title=Deception 101 – Primer |url=https://publications.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/1694.pdf |location=Carlisle, PA |publisher= Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College}}
* {{cite book |last=Caddell |first=Joseph |date=December 2004 |title=Deception 101 – Primer |url=https://publications.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/1694.pdf |location=Carlisle, PA |publisher= Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College}}
* {{cite book |last=Cave Brown |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Cave Brown |date=1975 |title=Bodyguard of Lies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuOEAAAAIAAJ |location=New York, NY |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-0601-0551-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Cave Brown |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Cave Brown |date=1975 |title=Bodyguard of Lies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuOEAAAAIAAJ |location=New York, NY |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-0601-0551-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Delmer|first=Sefton|title=The Counterfeit Spy: The Untold Story of the Phantom Army That Deceived Hitler|publisher=Hutchinson & Co.|year=1973|isbn=978-0-0910-9700-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Delmer|first=Sefton|title=The Counterfeit Spy: The Untold Story of the Phantom Army That Deceived Hitler|publisher=Hutchinson & Co.|year=1973|isbn=978-0-0910-9700-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Dwyer |first=John B. |date=1992 |title=Seaborne Deception: The History of U.S. Navy Beach Jumpers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sk2r8JkjwLMC |location=New York |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-2759-3800-0 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Dwyer |first=John B. |date=1992 |title=Seaborne Deception: The History of U.S. Navy Beach Jumpers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sk2r8JkjwLMC |location=New York |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-2759-3800-0 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Erickson|first=Edward J.|title=Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A Comparative Study|series=No. 26 of Cass series: military history and policy|editor1=John Gooch|editor2=Brian Holden Reid|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-0-203-96456-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Erickson|first=Edward J.|title=Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A Comparative Study|url=https://archive.org/details/ottomanarmyeffec0000eric|series=No. 26 of Cass series: military history and policy|editor1=John Gooch|editor2=Brian Holden Reid|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-0-203-96456-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Falls|first=Cyril|title=Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War|series=Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence|others=A. F. Becke (maps)|year=1930|volume=2 Part II|publisher=HM Stationery Office|location=London|oclc=256950972}}
* {{cite book|last=Falls|first=Cyril|title=Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War|series=Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence|others=A. F. Becke (maps)|year=1930|volume=2 Part II|publisher=HM Stationery Office|location=London|oclc=256950972}}
* {{cite book |last=Fisher |first=David |date=1983 |title=The War Magician |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELhbzgEACAAJ |location=New York, NY |publisher=Berkley Books (Coward-McCann) |isbn=978-0-6981-1140-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Fisher |first=David |date=1983 |title=The War Magician |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELhbzgEACAAJ |location=New York, NY |publisher=Berkley Books (Coward-McCann) |isbn=978-0-6981-1140-0}}
Baris 27: Baris 27:
* {{cite book|last=Hesketh|first=Roger Fleetwood|title=Fortitude: The D-Day Deception Campaign|publisher=The Overlook Press|year=2002|isbn=978-1-58567-075-8|url=https://archive.org/details/fortitudeddaydec00hesk}}
* {{cite book|last=Hesketh|first=Roger Fleetwood|title=Fortitude: The D-Day Deception Campaign|publisher=The Overlook Press|year=2002|isbn=978-1-58567-075-8|url=https://archive.org/details/fortitudeddaydec00hesk}}
* {{cite book|last=Holt|first=Thaddeus|title=The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War|publisher=Scribner|location=New York|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7432-5042-9|url=https://archive.org/details/deceiversalliedm00holt/page/1168}}
* {{cite book|last=Holt|first=Thaddeus|title=The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War|publisher=Scribner|location=New York|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7432-5042-9|url=https://archive.org/details/deceiversalliedm00holt/page/1168}}
* {{cite book|last=Howard|first=Michael|title=Strategic Deception in the Second World War: British Intelligence Operations Against the German High Command|publisher=W. W. Norton & Co.|year=1995|isbn=978-0-393-31293-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Howard|first=Michael|title=Strategic Deception in the Second World War: British Intelligence Operations Against the German High Command|url=https://archive.org/details/strategicdecepti0000mich|publisher=W. W. Norton & Co.|year=1995|isbn=978-0-393-31293-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Lanning|first=Col. Michael Lee |title=Inside the LRRPs: Rangers in Vietnam|year=1988|publisher=Presido Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8041-0166-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Lanning|first=Col. Michael Lee |title=Inside the LRRPs: Rangers in Vietnam|url=https://archive.org/details/insidelrrpsrange0000lann|year=1988|publisher=Presido Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8041-0166-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Latimer|first=Jon|author-link=Jon Latimer|title=Deception in War|publisher=New York: Overlook Press|year=2001|isbn=978-1-58567-381-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Latimer|first=Jon|author-link=Jon Latimer|title=Deception in War|url=https://archive.org/details/deceptioninwar0000lati_n1t1|publisher=New York: Overlook Press|year=2001|isbn=978-1-58567-381-0}}
* {{cite book|title=Strategy, the Indirect Approach|last=Liddell Hart|first=Basil Henry|publisher=Faber & Faber|date=1954}}
* {{cite book|title=Strategy, the Indirect Approach|last=Liddell Hart|first=Basil Henry|publisher=Faber & Faber|date=1954}}
* {{cite book|last=Liddell Hart|first=Basil Henry|author-link=Basil Liddell Hart|title=History of the First World War|year=1972|publisher=Pan Books|location=London|isbn=978-0-330-23354-5|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffirstwo00lidd}}
* {{cite book|last=Liddell Hart|first=Basil Henry|author-link=Basil Liddell Hart|title=History of the First World War|year=1972|publisher=Pan Books|location=London|isbn=978-0-330-23354-5|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffirstwo00lidd}}
Baris 39: Baris 39:
* {{cite book|last=Murphey|first=Edward F.|title=Semper Fi: Vietnam: From Da Nang to the DMZ, Marine Corps Campaigns, 1965–1975|year=2007|publisher=Presidio Press|location=New York|asin=B000XUBG6E}}
* {{cite book|last=Murphey|first=Edward F.|title=Semper Fi: Vietnam: From Da Nang to the DMZ, Marine Corps Campaigns, 1965–1975|year=2007|publisher=Presidio Press|location=New York|asin=B000XUBG6E}}
* {{cite book |last=O'Dea |first=Brian |date=2006 |title=High: Confessions of an International Drug Smuggler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7b5vDwAAQBAJ |location=New York, NY |publisher=Other Press |isbn=978-1-5905-1310-1}}
* {{cite book |last=O'Dea |first=Brian |date=2006 |title=High: Confessions of an International Drug Smuggler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7b5vDwAAQBAJ |location=New York, NY |publisher=Other Press |isbn=978-1-5905-1310-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Paget|first=G.C.H.V Marquess of Anglesey|title=Egypt, Palestine and Syria 1914 to 1919|series=A History of the British Cavalry 1816–1919 Volume 5|year=1994|publisher=Leo Cooper|location=London|isbn=978-0-85052-395-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Paget|first=G.C.H.V Marquess of Anglesey|title=Egypt, Palestine and Syria 1914 to 1919|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbritish0000angl_f1m1|series=A History of the British Cavalry 1816–1919 Volume 5|year=1994|publisher=Leo Cooper|location=London|isbn=978-0-85052-395-9}}
* {{cite book|last1=Powles|first1=C. Guy|first2=A.|last2=Wilkie|title=The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine|series=Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War, Volume III|year=1922|publisher=Whitcombe & Tombs Ltd|location=Auckland|oclc=2959465}}
* {{cite book|last1=Powles|first1=C. Guy|first2=A.|last2=Wilkie|title=The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine|series=Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War, Volume III|year=1922|publisher=Whitcombe & Tombs Ltd|location=Auckland|oclc=2959465}}
* {{cite book|last=Rankin|first=Nicholas|title=Churchill's Wizards: The British Genius for Deception, 1914–1945|author-link=Nicholas Rankin|date=1 October 2008|publisher=[[Faber and Faber]]|isbn=978-0-571-22195-0|page=466}}
* {{cite book|last=Rankin|first=Nicholas|title=Churchill's Wizards: The British Genius for Deception, 1914–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/churchillswizard0000rank_b8j9|author-link=Nicholas Rankin|date=1 October 2008|publisher=[[Faber and Faber]]|isbn=978-0-571-22195-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/churchillswizard0000rank_b8j9/page/466 466]}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Rothstein |editor1-first=Hy |editor2-last=Whaley |editor2-first=Barton |date=2013 |title=The Art and Science of Military Deception |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwMgAgAAQBAJ |location=Norwood, MA |publisher=Artech House |isbn=978-1-6080-7551-5 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Rothstein |editor1-first=Hy |editor2-last=Whaley |editor2-first=Barton |date=2013 |title=The Art and Science of Military Deception |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwMgAgAAQBAJ |location=Norwood, MA |publisher=Artech House |isbn=978-1-6080-7551-5 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Charles L.|title=Soviet Maskirovka|journal=[[Air & Space Power Journal|Airpower Journal]]|date=Spring 1988}}
* {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Charles L.|title=Soviet Maskirovka|journal=[[Air & Space Power Journal|Airpower Journal]]|date=Spring 1988}}
* {{cite book|title=The Phantom Army of Alamein: How the Camouflage Unit and Operation Bertram Hoodwinked Rommel|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2012|last=Stroud|first=Rick}}
* {{cite book|title=The Phantom Army of Alamein: How the Camouflage Unit and Operation Bertram Hoodwinked Rommel|url=https://archive.org/details/phantomarmyofala0000stro_u2a5|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2012|last=Stroud|first=Rick}}
* {{cite book |last=Titterton |first=James |year=2022 |title=Deception in Medieval Warfare: Trickery and Cunning in the Central Middle Ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlaazgEACAAJ |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk, England |isbn=978-1-7832-7678-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Titterton |first=James |year=2022 |title=Deception in Medieval Warfare: Trickery and Cunning in the Central Middle Ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlaazgEACAAJ |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk, England |isbn=978-1-7832-7678-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Whaley |first=Barton |date=2007 |title=Stratagem: Deception and Surprise in War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJdZGQAACAAJ |location=Norwood, MA |publisher=Artech House |isbn=978-1-5969-3198-5 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Whaley |first=Barton |date=2007 |title=Stratagem: Deception and Surprise in War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJdZGQAACAAJ |location=Norwood, MA |publisher=Artech House |isbn=978-1-5969-3198-5 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
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* {{cite book |last=Whaley |first=Barton |date=2016 |title=Turnabout and Deception: Crafting the Double-Cross and the Theory of Outs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2FxDAAAQBAJ |location=Annapolis, MD |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-6824-7029-9 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Whaley |first=Barton |date=2016 |title=Turnabout and Deception: Crafting the Double-Cross and the Theory of Outs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2FxDAAAQBAJ |location=Annapolis, MD |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-6824-7029-9 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Wheatley|first=Dennis|title=The Deception Planners|publisher=Hutchinson & Co.|year=1980|isbn=978-0-0914-1830-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Wheatley|first=Dennis|title=The Deception Planners|publisher=Hutchinson & Co.|year=1980|isbn=978-0-0914-1830-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Woodward|first=David R.|title=Hell in the Holy Land World War I in the Middle East|year=2006|publisher=The University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington|isbn=978-0-8131-2383-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Woodward|first=David R.|title=Hell in the Holy Land World War I in the Middle East|url=https://archive.org/details/hellinholylandwo0000wood|year=2006|publisher=The University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington|isbn=978-0-8131-2383-7}}
{{refend}}
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[[Kategori:Muslihat militer| ]]
[[Kategori:Tipu daya militer| ]]
[[Kategori:Operasi militer menurut jenis|muslihat]]
[[Kategori:Operasi militer menurut jenis|muslihat]]



Revisi terkini sejak 10 Desember 2023 12.26

Spektrum tipe-tipe muslihat, termasuk: disinformasi, penyembunyian, kamuflase, demonstrasi, dan tipuan.

Muslihat militer adalah upaya unit militer untuk mendapatkan keuntungan selama peperangan dengan menyesatkan pengambil keputusan musuh agar mengambil tindakan atau tidak melakukan tindakan yang menciptakan kondisi menguntungkan bagi kekuatan yang menipu.[1][2] Hal ini biasanya dicapai dengan menciptakan atau memperkuat kekeliruan perang buatan melalui operasi psikologis, peperangan informasi, penipuan visual, atau metode lainnya.[3] Sebagai bentuk disinformasi, hal ini tumpang tindih dengan peperangan psikologis.[4] Muslihat militer juga terkait erat dengan keamanan operasi di mana keamanan operasi bertujuan untuk menyembunyikan informasi penting dari musuh tentang kemampuan, kegiatan, keterbatasan, dan niat organisasi, atau memberikan penjelasan alternatif yang masuk akal mengenai rincian yang dapat diamati oleh musuh, sementara muslihat mengungkapkan informasi palsu dalam upaya menyesatkan musuh.[5]

Muslihat dalam peperangan sudah ada sejak awal sejarah.[6] Seni Berperang, sebuah risalah militer Tiongkok kuno, menekankan pentingnya muslihat sebagai cara bagi kekuatan yang kalah jumlah untuk mengalahkan musuh yang lebih besar.[7] Contoh muslihat dalam peperangan dapat ditemukan di Mesir Kuno,[8] Yunani Kuno,[9] dan Romawi Kuno,[10] Abad Pertengahan,[11] Renaisans,[12] serta Era Kolonial Eropa.[13] Muslihat digunakan selama Perang Dunia I dan menjadi lebih menonjol lagi selama Perang Dunia II.[14] Di zaman modern, militer beberapa negara telah mengembangkan taktik, teknik, dan prosedur muslihat menjadi doktrin yang lengkap.[15][16][17]

Referensi

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  1. ^ Caddell 2004, hlm. 1.
  2. ^ Friedman, Herb. "Deception and Disinformation". Psy Warrior.com. Mechanicsburg, PA: Ed Rouse. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2020. 
  3. ^ Caddell 2004, hlm. 2–3.
  4. ^ Friedman.
  5. ^ U.S. Army Combined Arms Center (26 February 2019). FM 3–13.4: Army Support to Military Deception (PDF). Washington, DC: U.S. Army Publishing Directorate. hlm. 2–8. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 10 October 2020. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2020. 
  6. ^ Baker, Richard (17 November 2011). "The lost and found art of deception". Army.mil. Washington, DC. 
  7. ^ Petraeus, David (26 March 2018). "'The Art of War': As relevant now as when it was written". The Irish Times. Dublin, Ireland. 
  8. ^ Malin, Cameron H.; Gudaitis, Terry; Holt, Thomas J.; Kilger, Max (2017). Deception in the Digital Age. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. hlm. xix. ISBN 978-0-1241-1639-9 – via Google Books. 
  9. ^ Krentz, Peter (2009). Van Wees, Hans, ed. War and Violence in Ancient Greece: Deception in Archaic and Classical Greek Warfare. Swansea, Wales: Classical Press of Wales. hlm. 169. ISBN 978-1-9105-8929-8 – via Google Books. 
  10. ^ Sheldon, Rose Mary (2005). Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome. New York: Routledge. hlm. 129. ISBN 978-0-2030-0556-9 – via Google Books. 
  11. ^ Titterton, James William (27 June 2019). Abstract: Trickery and Deception in Medieval Warfare, c. 1000 – c. 1330 (Tesis phd). Leeds, England: University of Leeds. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/24194/. 
  12. ^ Greenspan, Stephen (2009). Annals of Gullibility. Westport, CT: Praeger. hlm. 51. ISBN 978-0-313-36216-3 – via Google Books. 
  13. ^ Macknik, Stephen L.; Martinez-Conde, Susana (1 March 2017). "Deploying Deception on the Battlefield". Scientific American. London: Springer Nature America, Inc. 
  14. ^ Ragucci, Jason (30 November 2015). "Good luck, Charlie". Army.mil. Washington, DC. 
  15. ^ Combined Arms Center, hlm. iii.
  16. ^ Director Joint Force Development (26 January 2012). Joint Publication 3–13.4: Military Deception (PDF). Washington, DC: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. hlm. xiii. 
  17. ^ Hamilton, David L. (1986). Deception in Soviet military doctrine and operations (PDF). Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School. hlm. 3. 

Bibliografi

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Pranala luar

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