Bell hooks: Perbedaan antara revisi

bell hooks
bell hooks
	bell hooks pada Oktober 2014
Lahir	Gloria Jean Watkins; 25 September 1952; Hopkinsville, Kentucky, Amerika Serikat
Meninggal	15 Desember 2021 (umur 69); Berea, Kentucky, Amerika Serikat
Pendidikan	Universitas Stanford (BA); Universitas Wisconsin–Madison (MA); Universitas California, Santa Cruz (PhD);
Pekerjaan	Author; academic; activist;
Tahun aktif	1978–2018
Dikenal atas	Oppositional gaze
Karya terkenal	Ain't I a Woman? (1981); Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984); All About Love: New Visions (2000); We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity (2004);
Situs web	bellhooksinstitute.com
	(1991) Penghargaan Buku Nasional ;

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Gloria Jean Watkins (25 September 1952 – 15 Desember 2021), yang lebih dikenal lewat nama penanya bell hooks,^[1] adalah penulis, profesor, feminis, dan aktivis sosial Amerika Serikat. Nama "bell hooks" berasal dari nama nenek buyutnya, Bell Blair Hooks.^[2]

Fokus tulisan bell adalah interseksionalitas ras, kapitalisme, gender, dan apa yang dia gambarkan sebagai kemampuan mereka untuk memproduksi dan melanggengkan sistem penindasan dan dominasi kelas. Ia menerbitkan lebih dari 30 buku dan banyak artikel ilmiah, tampil dalam film dokumenter, dan ikut serta dalam kuliah umum. Karyanya membahas ras, kelas, gender, seni, sejarah, seksualitas, media massa, dan feminisme.^[3] Pada tahun 2014, ia mendirikan bell hooks Institute di Berea College, Berea, Kentucky.^[4]

Biografi

Gloria Jean Watkins lahir pada 25 September 1952 di Hopkinsville,^[5] sebuah kota kecil yang terpisah di Kentucky,^[6] dari pasangan pekerja berketurunan Afrika-Amerika. Gloria adalah satu di antara enam bersaudara yang lahir dari Rosa Bell Watkins (née Oldham) dan Veodis Watkins. Ayahnya bekerja sebagai petugas kebersihan dan ibunya bekerja sebagai pembantu di rumah keluarga Kaukasia.^[3]

Gloria bersekolah di sekolah neegri yang dipisahkan secara rasial dan kemudian pindah ke sekolah terpadu pada akhir dasawarsa 1960-an.^[7] Ia lulus dari Sekolah Menengah Atas Hopkinsville sebelum memperoleh gelar BA di bidang bahasa Inggris dari Universitas Stanford pada tahun 1973,^[8] dan gelar MA di bidang bahasa Inggris dari Universitas Wisconsin–Madison pada tahun 1976.^[9] Pada saat itu, Watkins yang berusia 24 tahun sedang menulis bukunya berjudul Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1981.^[10]

Setelah beberapa tahun mengajar dan menulis, ia menyelesaikan gelar doktor di bidang bahasa Inggris di Universitas California, Santa Cruz pada tahun 1983. Ia menulis disertasi tentang penulis Toni Morrison pada tahun 1987.^[8]^[11]^[12]

Ia mendeskripsikan identitas seksualnya sebagai "queer-pas-gay".^[13]^[14]

Pada 15 Desember 2021, bell meninggal akibat gagal ginjal di rumahnya di Berea, Kentucky pada usia 69 tahun.^[5]^[15] Ia dikelilingi oleh keluarga dan kawan-kawannya ketika meninggal.^[16]

Pengajaran dan penulisan

Karier akademik bell dimulai pada tahun 1976 sebagai profesor dan dosen senior bahasa Inggris di bidang kajian etnis di Universitas California Selatan.^[17] Selama tiga tahun bekerja di sana, penerbit asal Los Angeles Golemics menerbitkan karya pertama bell yaitu chapbook puisi berjudul And There We Wept (1978),^[18] yang ditulis dengan nama "bell hooks". Ia menggunakan nama nenek buyut dari pihak ibu sebagai nama pena karena nenek buyut dianggapnya dikenal karena lidahnya yang tajam dan berani, yang ia kagumi. Ia menulis nama itu dalam huruf kecil untuk membedakan dirinya dari nenek buyutnya. Ia mengatakan bahwa huruf kecil yang tidak biasa dari namanya menandakan bahwa yang paling penting untuk difokuskan adalah karyanya, bukan kehidupan pribadinya.^[19]

Ia mengajar di beberapa institusi pendidikan tinggi pada awal dasawarsa 1980-an dan 1990-an, termasuk Universitas California, Santa Cruz, Universitas Negara Bagian San Francisco, Universitas Yale (1985 hingga 1988, sebagai asisten profesor studi Afrika dan Afrika-Amerika dan Inggris), Oberlin College (1988 hingga 1994, sebagai profesor sastra Amerika dan studi wanita), dan mulai tahun 1994, sebagai profesor bahasa Inggris terkemuka di City College of New York.^[20]^[21]

Pada tahun 1981, South End Press menerbitkan karya besar pertamanya berjudul Ain't I a Woman? Black Women and Feminism, meskipun ditulis bertahun-tahun sebelumnya ketika dia masih menjadi mahasiswa sarjana.^[7] Dalam beberapa dasawarsa sejak diterbitkan, Ain't I a Woman? telah diakui atas sumbangsihnya terhadap pemikiran feminis, dengan Publishers Weekly pada tahun 1992 menamakan buku itu sebagai salah satu dari dua puluh buku bertopik wanita paling berpengaruh dalam 20 tahun terakhir.^[22] Min Jin Lee yang menulis di The New York Times pada tahun 2019 mengatakan bahwa Ain't I a Woman? "tetap menjadi karya teori politik yang radikal dan relevan. hooks meletakkan dasar teori feminisnya dengan memberikan bukti historis tentang seksisme spesifik yang dialami budak perempuan kulit hitam dan bagaimana warisan itu memengaruhi kewanitaan kulit hitam hari ini".^[11] Ain't I a Woman? meneliti tema-tema termasuk dampak historis seksisme dan rasisme pada perempuan kulit hitam, devaluasi perempuan kulit hitam,^[23] peran dan penggambaran media, sistem pendidikan, gagasan tentang supremasi kulit putih-kapitalis-patriarki dan marginalisasi perempuan kulit hitam.^[24]

bell juga pemikir politik dan pengkritik budaya berhaluan kiri dan pascamodern yang signifikan.^[25] Ia menerbitkan lebih dari 30 buku,^[15] mulai dari topik pria berkulit hitam, patriarki, dan maskulinitas hingga swadaya; terlibat pedagogi untuk memoar pribadi; dan seksualitas (berkaitan dengan feminisme dan politik estetika dan budaya visual. Reel to Real: race, sex, and class at the movies (1996) mengumpulkan esai film, ulasan, dan wawancara dengan sutradara film.^[26] Di The New Yorker, Hua Hsu mengatakan bahwa wawancara ini menunjukkan aspek pekerjaan bell yang ingin tahu, empati, dan mencari rekan.^[3]

Dalam Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984), bell menulis kritik terhadap rasisme feminis kulit putih dalam feminisme gelombang kedua yang menurutnya merusak kemungkinan kesetiakawanan feminis lintas ras.^[27]

bell berpendapat bahwa komunikasi dan literasi (kemampuan membaca, menulis, dan berpikir kritis) diperlukan bagi gerakan feminis karena tanpa itu, orang mungkin tidak akan tumbuh untuk mengenali ketidaksetaraan gender dalam masyarakat.^[28]

Pada tahun 2002, bell memberikan pidato pembukaan di Universitas Southwestern. Menghindari modus ucapan selamat dari pidato permulaan tradisional, ia berbicara menentang apa yang ia lihat sebagai kekerasan dan penindasan yang disetujui pemerintah dan menegur siswa yang dia yakini mengikuti praktik semacam itu.^[29]^[30] The Austin Chronicle melaporkan bahwa banyak penonton mencemooh pidato tersebut meskipun beberapa lulusan melewati rektor untuk menjabat tangannya atau memeluknya.^[29]

In 2004, she joined Berea College as Distinguished Professor in Residence.^[31] Her 2008 book, belonging: a culture of place, includes an interview with author Wendell Berry as well as a discussion of her move back to Kentucky.^[32] She was a scholar in residence at The New School on three occasions.^[33]

She was inducted into the Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame in 2018.^[15]

Filmografi

Black Is... Black Ain't (1994)^[34]
Give a Damn Again (1995)^[35]
Cultural Criticism and Transformation (1997)^[8]
My Feminism (1997)^[36]
Voices of Power (1999)^[37]
BaadAsssss Cinema (2002)^[38]
I Am a Man: Black Masculinity in America (2004)^[39]
Happy to Be Nappy and Other Stories of Me (2004)^[40]
Is Feminism Dead? (2004)^[41]
Fierce Light: When Spirit Meets Action (2008)^[42]
Occupy Love (2012)^[43]
Hillbilly (2018)^[44]

Penghargaan dan nominasi

Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics: The American Book Awards/ Before Columbus Foundation Award (1991)^[45]
bell hooks: The Writer's Award from the Lila Wallace–Reader's Digest Fund (1994)^[46]
Happy to Be Nappy: NAACP Image Award nominee (2001)^[47]
Homemade Love: The Bank Street College Children's Book of the Year (2002)^[48]
Salvation: Black People and Love: Hurston/Wright Legacy Award nominee (2002)^[49]
bell hooks: Utne Reader's "100 Visionaries Who Could Change Your Life"^[50]^[51]
bell hooks: The Atlantic Monthly's "One of our nation's leading public intellectuals"^[50]
bell hooks: TIME 100 Women of the Year, 2020^[52]

Kepustakaan terpilih

Buku

And there we wept: poems. 1978. OCLC 6230231.
Ain't I a Woman?: Black women and feminism. Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. 1981. ISBN 978-0-89608-129-1.
Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. South End Press. 1984. ISBN 978-0-89608-613-5.
Talking Back: Thinking feminist, thinking Black. Between the Lines. 1989. ISBN 978-0-921284-09-3. Excerpted in Busby, Margaret, ed. (1992). Daughters of Africa. New York: Pantheon Books.
Yearning: race, gender, and cultural politics. Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. 1990. ISBN 978-1-1-38821-75-0.
With Cornel West, Breaking bread: insurgent Black intellectual life. Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-89608-414-8.
Hooks, Bell (1992). Black Looks: Race and representation. ISBN 978-0-89608-434-6.
Sisters of the yam: Black women and self-recovery. Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. 1993. ISBN 978-1138821682.
Teaching to transgress: education as the practice of freedom. New York: Routledge. 1994. ISBN 978-0-415-90808-5.
Outlaw culture: resisting representations. New York: Routledge. 1994. ISBN 978-0-415-90811-5.
Killing rage: ending racism. New York: Henry Holt and Co. 1995. ISBN 978-0-8050-5027-1.
Art on my mind: visual politics. The New Press. 1995. ISBN 978-1-56584-263-2.
Reel to real: race, sex, and class at the movies. 1996. ISBN 978-0-415-91824-4.
Bone Black: Memories of Girlhood. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1996. ISBN 978-0-8050-4146-0.
Wounds of passion: a writing life. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1997. ISBN 978-0-8050-5722-5.
Remembered rapture: the writer at work. Henry Holt and Co. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8050-5910-6.
hooks, bell (2000). Justice: childhood love lessons. ISBN 978-0-688-16844-5.
All About Love: New Visions. New York: William Morrow. 2000. ISBN 978-0-06-095947-0.
Feminism is for everybody: passionate politics. Cambridge, MA: South End Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-89608-628-9.
Where we stand: class matters (PDF). Routledge. 2000. ISBN 978-0-415-92913-4.
Salvation: Black people and love. New York: Perennial. 2001. ISBN 978-0-06-095949-4.
Communion: the female search for love. New York, NY: Perennial. 2002. ISBN 978-0-06-093829-1.
Teaching community: a pedagogy of hope. New York: Routledge. 2003. ISBN 978-0-415-96818-8.
Rock my soul: Black people and self-esteem. New York: Atria Books. 2003. ISBN 978-0-7434-5605-0.
The will to change: men, masculinity, and love. New York: Atria Books. 2004. ISBN 978-0-7434-5607-4.
Space. 2004. ^[53]^[a]
We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity. New York: Routledge. 2004. ISBN 978-0-203-64220-7.
Soul sister: women, friendship, and fulfillment. Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-89608-735-4.
Witness. 2006. ^[53]^[a]
With Amalia Mesa-Bains, Homegrown: engaged cultural criticism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-89608-759-0.
Belonging: a culture of place. New York: Routledge. 2009. ISBN 978-0-203-88801-8.
Teaching critical thinking: practical wisdom. New York: Routledge. 2010. ISBN 978-0-415-96820-1.
Appalachian elegy: poetry and place. Kentucky Voices Series. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 2012. ISBN 978-0-8131-3669-1.
Writing beyond race: living theory and practice. New York: Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-0-415-53914-2.
Uncut Funk: A Contemplative Dialogue. New York: Routledge. 2018. ISBN 978-2-238-10210-1.

Buku anak-anak

Happy to be Nappy. Chris Raschka (illustrator). 1999. ISBN 978-0-7868-2377-2.
Homemade Love. New York: Hyperion Books for Children. 2002. ISBN 978-0786825530.
Be boy buzz. New York: Hyperion Books for Children. 2002. ISBN 978-0786816439.
Skin again. Chris Raschka (illustrator). New York: Hyperion Books for Children. 2004. ISBN 9780786808250.
Grump groan growl. Chris Raschka (illustrator). New York: Hyperion Books for Children. 2008. ISBN 978-0786808168.

Bab buku

hooks, bell (1993), "Black women and feminism", dalam Richardson, Laurel; Taylor, Verta A., Feminist frontiers III, New York: McGraw-Hill, hlm. 444–449, ISBN 978-0075570011.
hooks, bell (1996), "Continued devaluation of Black womanhood", dalam Jackson, Stevi; Scott, Sue, Feminism and sexuality: a reader, New York: Columbia University Press, hlm. 216–223, ISBN 978-0231107082.
hooks, bell (1997), "Sisterhood: political solidarity between women", dalam McClintock, Anne; Mufti, Aamir; Shohat, Ella, Dangerous liaisons: gender, nation, and postcolonial perspectives, Minnesota, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, hlm. 396–414, ISBN 978-0816626496.
hooks, bell (2004), "Selling hot pussy: representations of Black female sexuality in the cultural marketplace", dalam Richardson, Laurel; Taylor, Verta A.; Whittier, Nancy, Feminist frontiers (edisi ke-5th), Boston: McGraw-Hill, hlm. 119–127, ISBN 978-0072824230. Pdf.
hooks, bell (2005), "Black women: shaping feminist theory", dalam Cudd, Ann E.; Andreasen, Robin O., Feminist theory: a philosophical anthology, Oxford, UK; Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, hlm. 60–68, ISBN 978-1405116619.

Catatan

^ ^a ^b This may be a working title. See talk page.

Referensi

^ Dinitia Smith (September 28, 2006). "Tough arbiter on the web has guidance for writers". The New York Times. hlm. E3. But the Chicago Manual says it is not all right to capitalize the name of the writer bell hooks because she insists that it be lower case.
^ hooks, bell, "Inspired Eccentricity: Sarah and Gus Oldham" in Sharon Sloan Fiffer and Steve Fiffer (eds), Family: American Writers Remember Their Own, New York: Vintage Books, 1996, p. 152.
hooks, bell, Talking Back, Routledge, 2014 [1989], p. 161.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hsu, Hua (December 15, 2021). "The Revolutionary Writing of bell hooks". The New Yorker (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 16, 2021.
^ "About the bell hooks institute". bell hooks institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 25, 2016. Diakses tanggal April 23, 2016.
^ ^a ^b Risen, Clay (December 15, 2021). "bell hooks, Pathbreaking Black Feminist, Dies at 69". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ Medea, Andra (1997). "hooks, bell (1952–)". Dalam Hine, Darlene Clark. Facts on File Encyclopedia of Black Women in America. New York: Facts on File. hlm. 100–101. ISBN 0-8160-3425-7. OCLC 35209436.
^ ^a ^b Le Blanc, Ondine E. (1997). "bell hooks 1952–". Dalam Bigelow, Barbara Carlisle. Contemporary Black Biography. 5. Gale. hlm. 125–129. ISBN 978-1-4144-3543-5. ISSN 1058-1316. OCLC 527366247.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kumar, Lisa, ed. (2007). "hooks, bell 1952–". Something about the Author. 170. Gale. hlm. 112–116. ISBN 978-1-4144-1071-5. ISSN 0276-816X. OCLC 507358041.
^ Scanlon, Jennifer (1999). Significant Contemporary American Feminists: A Biographical Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. hlm. 125–132. ISBN 978-0313301254.
^ "bell hooks | Biography, Books, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal October 4, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Lee, Min Jin (February 28, 2019). "In Praise of bell hooks". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ Hooks, Bell (1983) (dalam bahasa English). Keeping a hold on life: reading Toni Morrison's fiction (Tesis). OCLC 9514473. https://www.worldcat.org/title/keeping-a-hold-on-life-reading-toni-morrisons-fiction/oclc/9514473. WorldCat.
^ Ring, Trudy (December 15, 2021). "Queer Black Feminist Writer bell hooks Dies at 69". The Advocate. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ Nast, Condé (12 March 2019). "How bell hooks Paved the Way for Intersectional Feminism". them. Diakses tanggal 16 December 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c Knight, Lucy (December 15, 2021). "bell hooks, author and activist, dies aged 69". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ "bell hooks: Author and feminist dies aged 69". BBC News (dalam bahasa Inggris). December 15, 2021. Diakses tanggal December 16, 2021.
^ Hampton, Bonita (2007). "Hooks, Bell (1952–)". Dalam Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. 2. SAGE Publishing. hlm. 704–706. doi:10.4135/9781412956215.n418. ISBN 978-1-4129-1812-1.
^ Glikin, Ronda (1989). Black American Women in Literature: A Bibliography, 1976 through 1987. McFarland & Company. hlm. 73. ISBN 0-89950-372-1. OCLC 18986103.
^ Heather Williams (March 26, 2013). "bell hooks Speaks Up". The Sandspur – via Issuu.
^ Leatherman, Courtney (May 19, 1995). "The Real bell hooks". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Diakses tanggal December 16, 2021.
^ "bell hooks." Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2010. Literature Resource Center. Accessed June 12, 2018.
^ Smith, Gerald L.; McDaniel, Karen Cotton; Hardin, John A. (August 28, 2015). The Kentucky African American Encyclopedia (dalam bahasa Inggris). University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-6067-2.
^ Guy-Sheftall, Beverly; Ikerionwu, Maria K. Mootry; Hooks, Bell (1983). "Black Women and Feminism: Two Reviews". Phylon. 44 (1): 84. doi:10.2307/274371. JSTOR 274371.
^ Wake, Paul; Malpas, Simon, ed. (June 19, 2013). The Routledge Companion to Critical and Cultural Theory (PDF). Routledge. hlm. 241–242. doi:10.4324/9780203520796. ISBN 978-1-134-12327-8.
^ "bell hooks". Utne (dalam bahasa Inggris). January 1, 1995. Diakses tanggal December 16, 2021.
^ Winchester, James (1999). "Reel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class at the Movies". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 57 (3): 388. doi:10.2307/432214. JSTOR 432214.
^ Isoke, Zenzele (December 2019). "bell hooks: 35 Years from Margin to Center – Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. By bell hooks. New York: Routledge, [1984] 2015. 180 pp. 23.96 (paperback)". Politics & Gender (dalam bahasa Inggris). 15 (4). doi:10.1017/S1743923X19000643. ISSN 1743-923X.
^ Olson, Gary A. (1994). "bell hooks and the Politics of Literacy: A Conversation". Journal of Advanced Composition. 14 (1): 1–19. ISSN 0731-6755. JSTOR 20865945.
^ ^a ^b Apple, Lauri (May 24, 2002). "bell hooks Digs In". The Austin Chronicle. Diakses tanggal December 11, 2013.
^ "Postmarks – Southwestern Graduation Debacle". The Austin Chronicle. May 24, 2002. Diakses tanggal December 11, 2013.
^ "Faculty and Staff". Berea College. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 28, 2010. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ Hooks, bell (January 1, 2009). Belonging: a culture of place (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISBN 9780415968157. OCLC 228676700.
^ "bell hooks returns for Third Residency at The New School". The New School. September 18, 2014. Diakses tanggal December 16, 2021.
^ Guthmann, Edward (May 5, 1995). "Riggs' Eloquent Last Plea for Tolerance". SFGATE. Hearst. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ McCluskey 2007, hlm. 301–302.
^ "FeMiNAtions: Despite the pleas and its promotional tone, My Feminism makes a valid point". The Globe and Mail. May 23, 1998. hlm. 18. ProQuest 1143520117.
^ "Voices of Power: African-American Women. Series Title: I Am Woman". The Pennsylvania State University. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ McCluskey 2007, hlm. 57.
^ McCluskey 2007, hlm. 355.
^ "Happy to Be Nappy and Other Stories of Me". Turner Classic Movies. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ "Is Feminism Dead?". Films Media Group. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ "Best Bets". Daytona Beach News. December 3, 2010. hlm. E6. ProQuest 856086736.
^ "Occupying your heart: Documentary looks at roots behind global activism movement". The Cairns Post. April 10, 2013. hlm. 31. ProQuest 1324698794.
^ Crust, Kevin (October 3, 2018). "Review: Documentary 'Hillbilly' takes on media stereotypes of Appalachia". Los Angeles Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ "The American Book Awards / Before Columbus Foundation". American Booksellers Association. 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 13, 2013. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021 – via Internet Archive.
^ "10 Writers Win Grants". The New York Times. December 22, 1994. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ "Happy to Be Nappy". Alkebu-Lan Image. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ "bell hooks". The Carnegie Center for Literacy and Learning. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ "Footlights". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). August 21, 2002. ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Rappaport, Scott (April 25, 2007). "May 10 bell hooks event postponed". UC Santa Cruz, Regents of the University of California. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ "Get to Know bell hooks". The bell hooks center (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ hampton, dream (March 5, 2020). "bell hooks: 100 Women of the Year". Time (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 16 December 2021.
^ ^a ^b "bell hooks". Loyal Jones Appalachian Center. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2021-12-16.

Daftar pustaka

hooks, bell (2005). "Black women: shaping feminist theory". Dalam Cudd, Ann E.; Andreasen, Robin O. Feminist theory: a philosophical anthology. Oxford, UK; Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. hlm. 60–68. ISBN 978-1405116619.
hooks, bell (1992). Black Looks: Race and Representation. Boston: South End Press.
hooks, bell (1996). Reel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class at the Movies. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-91824-4.
McCluskey, Audrey Thomas (2007). Frame by Frame III: A Filmography of the African Diasporan Image, 1994–2004 (dalam bahasa Inggris). Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34829-6.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

hooks, bell; Trend, David (1996), "Representation and democracy an interview", dalam Trend, David, Radical democracy: identity, citizenship, and the state, New York: Routledge, hlm. 228–236, ISBN 978-0415912471
Florence, Namulundah (1998). bell hooks' Engaged Pedagogy. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey. ISBN 978-0-89789-564-4. OCLC 38239473.
Leitch et al., eds. "bell hooks". The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001. pp. 2475–2484. ISBN 0-393-97429-4
South End Press Collective, ed. (1998). "Critical Consciousness for Political Resistance". Talking About a Revolution. Cambridge: South End Press. hlm. 39–52. ISBN 978-0-89608-587-9. OCLC 38566253.
Stanley, Sandra Kumamoto, ed. (1998). Other Sisterhoods: Literary Theory and U.S. Women of Color. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02361-3. OCLC 36446785.
Wallace, Michele (1998). Black Popular Culture. New York: The New Press. ISBN 978-1-56584-459-9. OCLC 40548914.
Whitson, Kathy J. (2004). Encyclopedia of Feminist Literature. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32731-5. OCLC 54529420.

Pranala luar

Cari tahu mengenai bell hooks pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya:
	Gambar dan media dari Commons
	Kutipan dari Wikiquote
	Entri basisdata #Q259507 di Wikidata

bell hooks articles published in Lion's Roar magazine.
South End Press (books by hooks published by South End Press)
University of California, Santa Barbara (biographical sketch of hooks)
"Postmodern Blackness" (article by hooks)
Whole Terrain (articles by hooks published in Whole Terrain)
Challenging Capitalism & Patriarchy (interviews with hooks by Third World Viewpoint)
Ingredients of Love (an interview with Ascent magazine)
bell hooks di IMDb (dalam bahasa Inggris)
Kemunculan di C-SPAN
- In Depth interview with hooks, May 5, 2002
Interview in BOMB magazine

[workingtitle-54] This may be a working title. See talk page.

[pen-name-1] Dinitia Smith (September 28, 2006). "Tough arbiter on the web has guidance for writers". The New York Times. hlm. E3. But the Chicago Manual says it is not all right to capitalize the name of the writer bell hooks because she insists that it be lower case.

[2] s, bell, "Inspired Eccentricity: Sarah and Gus Oldham" in Sharon Sloan Fiffer and Steve Fiffer (eds), Family: American Writers Remember Their Own, New York: Vintage Books, 1996, p. 152.
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[nytobit-5] Risen, Clay (December 15, 2021). "bell hooks, Pathbreaking Black Feminist, Dies at 69". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[medea1997-6] Medea, Andra (1997). "hooks, bell (1952–)". Dalam Hine, Darlene Clark. Facts on File Encyclopedia of Black Women in America. New York: Facts on File. hlm. 100–101. ISBN 0-8160-3425-7. OCLC 35209436.

[leblanc1997-7] Le Blanc, Ondine E. (1997). "bell hooks 1952–". Dalam Bigelow, Barbara Carlisle. Contemporary Black Biography. 5. Gale. hlm. 125–129. ISBN 978-1-4144-3543-5. ISSN 1058-1316. OCLC 527366247.

[kumar2007-8] Kumar, Lisa, ed. (2007). "hooks, bell 1952–". Something about the Author. 170. Gale. hlm. 112–116. ISBN 978-1-4144-1071-5. ISSN 0276-816X. OCLC 507358041.

[9] Scanlon, Jennifer (1999). Significant Contemporary American Feminists: A Biographical Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. hlm. 125–132. ISBN 978-0313301254.

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[:0-11] Lee, Min Jin (February 28, 2019). "In Praise of bell hooks". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[12] Hooks, Bell (1983) (dalam bahasa English). Keeping a hold on life: reading Toni Morrison's fiction (Tesis). OCLC 9514473. https://www.worldcat.org/title/keeping-a-hold-on-life-reading-toni-morrisons-fiction/oclc/9514473. WorldCat.

[13] Ring, Trudy (December 15, 2021). "Queer Black Feminist Writer bell hooks Dies at 69". The Advocate. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[14] Nast, Condé (12 March 2019). "How bell hooks Paved the Way for Intersectional Feminism". them. Diakses tanggal 16 December 2021.

[Guardian_obit-15] Knight, Lucy (December 15, 2021). "bell hooks, author and activist, dies aged 69". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[16] "bell hooks: Author and feminist dies aged 69". BBC News (dalam bahasa Inggris). December 15, 2021. Diakses tanggal December 16, 2021.

[hampton2007-17] Hampton, Bonita (2007). "Hooks, Bell (1952–)". Dalam Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. 2. SAGE Publishing. hlm. 704–706. doi:10.4135/9781412956215.n418. ISBN 978-1-4129-1812-1.

[glikin1989-18] Glikin, Ronda (1989). Black American Women in Literature: A Bibliography, 1976 through 1987. McFarland & Company. hlm. 73. ISBN 0-89950-372-1. OCLC 18986103.

[19] Heather Williams (March 26, 2013). "bell hooks Speaks Up". The Sandspur – via Issuu.

[20] Leatherman, Courtney (May 19, 1995). "The Real bell hooks". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Diakses tanggal December 16, 2021.

[gale-21] "bell hooks." Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2010. Literature Resource Center. Accessed June 12, 2018.

[22] Smith, Gerald L.; McDaniel, Karen Cotton; Hardin, John A. (August 28, 2015). The Kentucky African American Encyclopedia (dalam bahasa Inggris). University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-6067-2.

[23] Guy-Sheftall, Beverly; Ikerionwu, Maria K. Mootry; Hooks, Bell (1983). "Black Women and Feminism: Two Reviews". Phylon. 44 (1): 84. doi:10.2307/274371. JSTOR 274371.

[wakemalpas2913-24] Wake, Paul; Malpas, Simon, ed. (June 19, 2013). The Routledge Companion to Critical and Cultural Theory (PDF). Routledge. hlm. 241–242. doi:10.4324/9780203520796. ISBN 978-1-134-12327-8.

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[26] Winchester, James (1999). "Reel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class at the Movies". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 57 (3): 388. doi:10.2307/432214. JSTOR 432214.

[27] Isoke, Zenzele (December 2019). "bell hooks: 35 Years from Margin to Center – Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. By bell hooks. New York: Routledge, [1984] 2015. 180 pp. 23.96 (paperback)". Politics & Gender (dalam bahasa Inggris). 15 (4). doi:10.1017/S1743923X19000643. ISSN 1743-923X.

[28] Olson, Gary A. (1994). "bell hooks and the Politics of Literacy: A Conversation". Journal of Advanced Composition. 14 (1): 1–19. ISSN 0731-6755. JSTOR 20865945.

[chronicle-29] Apple, Lauri (May 24, 2002). "bell hooks Digs In". The Austin Chronicle. Diakses tanggal December 11, 2013.

[30] "Postmarks – Southwestern Graduation Debacle". The Austin Chronicle. May 24, 2002. Diakses tanggal December 11, 2013.

[31] "Faculty and Staff". Berea College. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 28, 2010. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[32] Hooks, bell (January 1, 2009). Belonging: a culture of place (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISBN 9780415968157. OCLC 228676700.

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[34] Guthmann, Edward (May 5, 1995). "Riggs' Eloquent Last Plea for Tolerance". SFGATE. Hearst. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[FOOTNOTEMcCluskey2007301–302-35] McCluskey 2007, hlm. 301–302.

[36] "FeMiNAtions: Despite the pleas and its promotional tone, My Feminism makes a valid point". The Globe and Mail. May 23, 1998. hlm. 18. ProQuest 1143520117.

[37] "Voices of Power: African-American Women. Series Title: I Am Woman". The Pennsylvania State University. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[FOOTNOTEMcCluskey200757-38] McCluskey 2007, hlm. 57.

[FOOTNOTEMcCluskey2007355-39] McCluskey 2007, hlm. 355.

[40] "Happy to Be Nappy and Other Stories of Me". Turner Classic Movies. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[41] "Is Feminism Dead?". Films Media Group. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[42] "Best Bets". Daytona Beach News. December 3, 2010. hlm. E6. ProQuest 856086736.

[43] "Occupying your heart: Documentary looks at roots behind global activism movement". The Cairns Post. April 10, 2013. hlm. 31. ProQuest 1324698794.

[44] Crust, Kevin (October 3, 2018). "Review: Documentary 'Hillbilly' takes on media stereotypes of Appalachia". Los Angeles Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[45] "The American Book Awards / Before Columbus Foundation". American Booksellers Association. 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 13, 2013. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021 – via Internet Archive.

[46] "10 Writers Win Grants". The New York Times. December 22, 1994. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[47] "Happy to Be Nappy". Alkebu-Lan Image. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[48] "bell hooks". The Carnegie Center for Literacy and Learning. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[49] "Footlights". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). August 21, 2002. ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[UCSantaCruz-50] Rappaport, Scott (April 25, 2007). "May 10 bell hooks event postponed". UC Santa Cruz, Regents of the University of California. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[51] "Get to Know bell hooks". The bell hooks center (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[52] ton, dream (March 5, 2020). "bell hooks: 100 Women of the Year". Time (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 16 December 2021.

[Berea_biography-53] "bell hooks". Loyal Jones Appalachian Center. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2021-12-16.

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