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(7 revisi perantara oleh 3 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
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{{akan dikerjakan|Hanamanteo}}
{{penjelasan singkat|Penulis, profesor, feminis, dan aktivis Amerika Serikat}}
{{penjelasan singkat|Penulis, profesor, feminis, dan aktivis Amerika Serikat}}
{{untuk|mixtape|Bell Hooks (mixtape)}}
{{untuk|mixtape|Bell Hooks (mixtape)}}
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'''Gloria Jean Watkins''' ({{lahirmati||25|9|1952||15|12|2021}}), yang lebih dikenal lewat [[nama pena]]nya '''bell hooks''',<ref name="pen-name">{{cite news |author=Dinitia Smith |title=Tough arbiter on the web has guidance for writers |work=The New York Times |date=September 28, 2006 |page=E3 |quote=But the Chicago Manual says it is not all right to capitalize the name of the writer bell hooks because she insists that it be lower case. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/28/books/28chic.html}}</ref> adalah penulis, profesor, [[feminisme|feminis]], dan aktivis sosial [[Amerika Serikat]]. Nama "bell hooks" berasal dari nama nenek buyutnya, Bell Blair Hooks.<ref>hooks, bell, "Inspired Eccentricity: Sarah and Gus Oldham" in Sharon Sloan Fiffer and Steve Fiffer (eds), ''Family: American Writers Remember Their Own'', New York: Vintage Books, 1996, p.&nbsp;152.{{pb}} hooks, bell, ''Talking Back'', Routledge, 2014 [1989], p.&nbsp;161.</ref>
'''Gloria Jean Watkins''' ({{lahirmati||25|9|1952||15|12|2021}}), yang lebih dikenal lewat [[nama pena]]nya '''bell hooks''',<ref name="pen-name">{{cite news |author=Dinitia Smith |title=Tough arbiter on the web has guidance for writers |work=The New York Times |date=September 28, 2006 |page=E3 |quote=But the Chicago Manual says it is not all right to capitalize the name of the writer bell hooks because she insists that it be lower case. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/28/books/28chic.html}}</ref> adalah penulis, profesor, [[feminisme|feminis]], dan aktivis sosial [[Amerika Serikat]]. Nama "bell hooks" berasal dari nama nenek buyutnya, Bell Blair Hooks.<ref>hooks, bell, "Inspired Eccentricity: Sarah and Gus Oldham" in Sharon Sloan Fiffer and Steve Fiffer (eds), ''Family: American Writers Remember Their Own'', New York: Vintage Books, 1996, p.&nbsp;152.{{pb}} hooks, bell, ''Talking Back'', Routledge, 2014 [1989], p.&nbsp;161.</ref>


Fokus tulisan bell adalah [[interseksionalitas]] ras, [[kapitalisme]], gender, dan apa yang dia gambarkan sebagai kemampuan mereka untuk memproduksi dan melanggengkan sistem [[penindasan]] dan [[diskriminasi kelas|dominasi kelas]]. Ia menerbitkan lebih dari 30 buku dan banyak artikel ilmiah, tampil dalam film dokumenter, dan ikut serta dalam kuliah umum. Karyanya membahas ras, kelas, gender, seni, sejarah, seksualitas, media massa, dan feminisme.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Hsu|first=Hua|date=December 15, 2021|title=The Revolutionary Writing of bell hooks|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/the-revolutionary-writing-of-bell-hooks|url-status=live|access-date=December 16, 2021|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US}}</ref> Pada tahun 2014, ia mendirikan bell hooks Institute di [[Berea College]], [[Berea]], [[Kentucky]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellhooksinstitute.com|title=About the bell hooks institute|website=bell hooks institute|access-date=April 23, 2016|archive-date=April 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425052138/http://www.bellhooksinstitute.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Fokus tulisan bell adalah [[interseksionalitas]] ras, [[kapitalisme]], gender, dan apa yang dia gambarkan sebagai kemampuan mereka untuk memproduksi dan melanggengkan sistem [[penindasan]] dan [[diskriminasi kelas|dominasi kelas]]. Ia menerbitkan lebih dari 30 buku dan banyak artikel ilmiah, tampil dalam film dokumenter, dan ikut serta dalam kuliah umum. Karyanya membahas ras, kelas, gender, seni, sejarah, seksualitas, media massa, dan feminisme.<ref name=":1"/> Pada tahun 2014, ia mendirikan bell hooks Institute di [[Berea College]], [[Berea]], [[Kentucky]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellhooksinstitute.com|title=About the bell hooks institute|website=bell hooks institute|access-date=April 23, 2016|archive-date=April 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425052138/http://www.bellhooksinstitute.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>


== Biografi ==
== Biografi ==
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Ia mendeskripsikan identitas seksualnya sebagai "queer-pas-gay".<ref>{{cite news|last=Ring|first=Trudy|title=Queer Black Feminist Writer bell hooks Dies at 69|work=The Advocate|date=December 15, 2021|accessdate=December 15, 2021|url=https://www.advocate.com/people/2021/12/15/queer-black-feminist-writer-bell-hooks-dies-69}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nast |first1=Condé |title=How bell hooks Paved the Way for Intersectional Feminism |url=https://www.them.us/story/bell-hooks |access-date=16 December 2021 |work=them. |date=12 March 2019}}</ref>
Ia mendeskripsikan identitas seksualnya sebagai "queer-pas-gay".<ref>{{cite news|last=Ring|first=Trudy|title=Queer Black Feminist Writer bell hooks Dies at 69|work=The Advocate|date=December 15, 2021|accessdate=December 15, 2021|url=https://www.advocate.com/people/2021/12/15/queer-black-feminist-writer-bell-hooks-dies-69}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nast |first1=Condé |title=How bell hooks Paved the Way for Intersectional Feminism |url=https://www.them.us/story/bell-hooks |access-date=16 December 2021 |work=them. |date=12 March 2019}}</ref>


Pada 15 Desember 2021, bell meninggal akibat [[gagal ginjal]] di rumahnya di [[Berea]], Kentucky pada usia 69 tahun.<ref name="Guardian obit">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/dec/15/bell-hooks-author-and-activist-dies-aged-69|title=bell hooks, author and activist, dies aged 69|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=Knight|first=Lucy|date=December 15, 2021|accessdate=December 15, 2021}}</ref><ref name="nytobit"/> Ia dikelilingi oleh keluarga dan kawan-kawannya ketika meninggal.<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 15, 2021|title=bell hooks: Author and feminist dies aged 69|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-59672683|access-date=December 16, 2021}}</ref>
Pada 15 Desember 2021, bell meninggal akibat [[gagal ginjal]] di rumahnya di [[Berea]], Kentucky pada usia 69 tahun.<ref name="nytobit"/><ref name="Guardian obit">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/dec/15/bell-hooks-author-and-activist-dies-aged-69|title=bell hooks, author and activist, dies aged 69|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=Knight|first=Lucy|date=December 15, 2021|accessdate=December 15, 2021}}</ref> Ia dikelilingi oleh keluarga dan kawan-kawannya ketika meninggal.<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 15, 2021|title=bell hooks: Author and feminist dies aged 69|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-59672683|access-date=December 16, 2021}}</ref>


== Pengajaran dan penulisan ==
== Pengajaran dan penulisan ==
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bell juga pemikir politik dan [[pengkritik budaya]] berhaluan kiri dan [[filsafat pascamodern|pascamodern]] yang signifikan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 1, 1995|title=bell hooks|url=https://www.utne.com/arts/bell-hooks-postmodernism-racism-sexism/|url-status=live|access-date=December 16, 2021|website=Utne|language=en-US}}</ref> Ia menerbitkan lebih dari 30 buku,<ref name="Guardian obit" /> mulai dari topik pria berkulit hitam, [[patriarki]], dan [[maskulinitas]] hingga swadaya; terlibat [[pedagogi]] untuk memoar pribadi; dan seksualitas (berkaitan dengan feminisme dan politik estetika dan [[budaya visual]]. ''Reel to Real: race, sex, and class at the movies'' (1996) mengumpulkan esai film, ulasan, dan wawancara dengan sutradara film.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Winchester|first=James|year=1999|title=Reel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class at the Movies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-aesthetics-and-art-criticism_summer-1999_57_3/page/388|journal=[[The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism]]|volume=57|issue=3|pages=388|doi=10.2307/432214|jstor=432214}}</ref> Di ''[[The New Yorker]]'', Hua Hsu mengatakan bahwa wawancara ini menunjukkan aspek pekerjaan bell yang ingin tahu, empati, dan mencari rekan.<ref name=":1" />
bell juga pemikir politik dan [[pengkritik budaya]] berhaluan kiri dan [[filsafat pascamodern|pascamodern]] yang signifikan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 1, 1995|title=bell hooks|url=https://www.utne.com/arts/bell-hooks-postmodernism-racism-sexism/|url-status=live|access-date=December 16, 2021|website=Utne|language=en-US}}</ref> Ia menerbitkan lebih dari 30 buku,<ref name="Guardian obit" /> mulai dari topik pria berkulit hitam, [[patriarki]], dan [[maskulinitas]] hingga swadaya; terlibat [[pedagogi]] untuk memoar pribadi; dan seksualitas (berkaitan dengan feminisme dan politik estetika dan [[budaya visual]]. ''Reel to Real: race, sex, and class at the movies'' (1996) mengumpulkan esai film, ulasan, dan wawancara dengan sutradara film.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Winchester|first=James|year=1999|title=Reel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class at the Movies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-aesthetics-and-art-criticism_summer-1999_57_3/page/388|journal=[[The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism]]|volume=57|issue=3|pages=388|doi=10.2307/432214|jstor=432214}}</ref> Di ''[[The New Yorker]]'', Hua Hsu mengatakan bahwa wawancara ini menunjukkan aspek pekerjaan bell yang ingin tahu, empati, dan mencari rekan.<ref name=":1" />


Dalam ''[[Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center]]'' (1984), bell menulis kritik terhadap rasisme feminis kulit putih dalam [[feminisme gelombang kedua]] yang menurutnya merusak kemungkinan kesetiakawanan feminis lintas ras.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Isoke|first=Zenzele|date=December 2019|title=bell hooks: 35 Years from Margin to Center – Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. By bell hooks. New York: Routledge, [1984] 2015. 180 pp. 23.96 (paperback).|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-gender/article/bell-hooks-35-years-from-margin-to-center-feminist-theory-from-margin-to-center-by-bell-hooks-new-york-routledge-1984-2015-180-pp-13600-hardcover-2396-paperback/E9F9D383EB7C5790E4A343F1F82B6254|journal=Politics & Gender|language=en|volume=15|issue=4|doi=10.1017/S1743923X19000643|s2cid=216525770|issn=1743-923X}}</ref>
Dalam ''[[Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center]]'' (1984), bell menulis kritik terhadap rasisme feminis kulit putih dalam [[feminisme gelombang kedua]] yang menurutnya merusak kemungkinan kesetiakawanan feminis lintas ras.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Isoke|first=Zenzele|date=December 2019|title=bell hooks: 35 Years from Margin to Center – Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. By bell hooks. New York: Routledge, [1984] 2015. 180 pp. 23.96 (paperback).|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-gender/article/bell-hooks-35-years-from-margin-to-center-feminist-theory-from-margin-to-center-by-bell-hooks-new-york-routledge-1984-2015-180-pp-13600-hardcover-2396-paperback/E9F9D383EB7C5790E4A343F1F82B6254|journal=Politics & Gender|language=en|volume=15|issue=4|doi=10.1017/S1743923X19000643|s2cid=216525770|issn=1743-923X}}</ref>


bell berpendapat bahwa komunikasi dan literasi (kemampuan membaca, menulis, dan berpikir kritis) diperlukan bagi gerakan feminis karena tanpa itu, orang mungkin tidak akan tumbuh untuk mengenali ketidaksetaraan gender dalam masyarakat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Olson|first=Gary A.|date=1994|title=bell hooks and the Politics of Literacy: A Conversation|journal=Journal of Advanced Composition|volume=14|issue=1|pages=1–19|issn=0731-6755|jstor=20865945}}</ref>
bell berpendapat bahwa komunikasi dan literasi (kemampuan membaca, menulis, dan berpikir kritis) diperlukan bagi gerakan feminis karena tanpa itu, orang mungkin tidak akan tumbuh untuk mengenali ketidaksetaraan gender dalam masyarakat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Olson|first=Gary A.|date=1994|title=bell hooks and the Politics of Literacy: A Conversation|journal=Journal of Advanced Composition|volume=14|issue=1|pages=1–19|issn=0731-6755|jstor=20865945}}</ref>
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Pada tahun 2002, bell memberikan pidato pembukaan di [[Universitas Southwestern]]. Menghindari modus ucapan selamat dari pidato permulaan tradisional, ia berbicara menentang apa yang ia lihat sebagai kekerasan dan penindasan yang disetujui pemerintah dan menegur siswa yang dia yakini mengikuti praktik semacam itu.<ref name="chronicle">{{cite web | title=bell hooks Digs In | url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2002-05-24/93217/ | first=Lauri |last=Apple | website=The Austin Chronicle |date=May 24, 2002 | access-date =December 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Postmarks – Southwestern Graduation Debacle | url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/columns/2002-05-24/93184/ | website=The Austin Chronicle |date=May 24, 2002 | access-date =December 11, 2013}}</ref> ''[[The Austin Chronicle]]'' melaporkan bahwa banyak penonton mencemooh pidato tersebut meskipun beberapa lulusan melewati rektor untuk menjabat tangannya atau memeluknya.<ref name="chronicle" />
Pada tahun 2002, bell memberikan pidato pembukaan di [[Universitas Southwestern]]. Menghindari modus ucapan selamat dari pidato permulaan tradisional, ia berbicara menentang apa yang ia lihat sebagai kekerasan dan penindasan yang disetujui pemerintah dan menegur siswa yang dia yakini mengikuti praktik semacam itu.<ref name="chronicle">{{cite web | title=bell hooks Digs In | url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2002-05-24/93217/ | first=Lauri |last=Apple | website=The Austin Chronicle |date=May 24, 2002 | access-date =December 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Postmarks – Southwestern Graduation Debacle | url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/columns/2002-05-24/93184/ | website=The Austin Chronicle |date=May 24, 2002 | access-date =December 11, 2013}}</ref> ''[[The Austin Chronicle]]'' melaporkan bahwa banyak penonton mencemooh pidato tersebut meskipun beberapa lulusan melewati rektor untuk menjabat tangannya atau memeluknya.<ref name="chronicle" />


In 2004, she joined [[Berea College]] as Distinguished Professor in Residence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berea.edu/appalachiancenter/people/default.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528042644/http://www.berea.edu/appalachiancenter/people/default.asp |url-status=dead |title=Faculty and Staff |archive-date=May 28, 2010 |publisher=[[Berea College]] |access-date=December 15, 2021}}</ref> Her 2008 book, ''belonging: a culture of place'', includes an interview with author [[Wendell Berry]] as well as a discussion of her move back to [[Kentucky]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Belonging: a culture of place|last=Hooks|first=bell|date=January 1, 2009|isbn=9780415968157|language=en|oclc = 228676700}}</ref> She was a scholar in residence at [[The New School]] on three occasions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 18, 2014|title=bell hooks returns for Third Residency at The New School|url=https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2014/bell_hook_oct.htm|access-date=December 16, 2021|publisher=[[The New School]]}}</ref>
In 2004, she joined [[Berea College]] as Distinguished Professor in Residence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berea.edu/appalachiancenter/people/default.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528042644/http://www.berea.edu/appalachiancenter/people/default.asp |url-status=dead |title=Faculty and Staff |archive-date=May 28, 2010 |publisher=[[Berea College]] |access-date=December 15, 2021}}</ref> Her 2008 book, ''belonging: a culture of place'', includes an interview with author [[Wendell Berry]] as well as a discussion of her move back to [[Kentucky]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Belonging: a culture of place|url=https://archive.org/details/belongingculture0000hook|last=Hooks|first=bell|date=January 1, 2009|isbn=9780415968157|language=en|oclc = 228676700}}</ref> She was a scholar in residence at [[The New School]] on three occasions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 18, 2014|title=bell hooks returns for Third Residency at The New School|url=https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2014/bell_hook_oct.htm|access-date=December 16, 2021|publisher=[[The New School]]}}</ref>


She was inducted into the Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame in 2018.<ref name="Guardian obit"/>
She was inducted into the Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame in 2018.<ref name="Guardian obit"/>
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* {{cite book|title=Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center|year=1984|isbn=978-0-89608-613-5|location=|pages=|publisher=South End Press|title-link=Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center|last1=|first1=|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|title=Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center|year=1984|isbn=978-0-89608-613-5|location=|pages=|publisher=South End Press|title-link=Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center|last1=|first1=|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|title=Talking Back: Thinking feminist, thinking Black|year=1989|isbn=978-0-921284-09-3|location=|publisher=Between the Lines|pages=|last1=|first1=|ref=none}} Excerpted in {{cite book |title=Daughters of Africa |title-link=Daughters of Africa |editor-first=Margaret |editor-last=Busby |editor-link=Margaret Busby |date=1992 |location=New York |publisher=Pantheon Books |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|title=Talking Back: Thinking feminist, thinking Black|year=1989|isbn=978-0-921284-09-3|location=|publisher=Between the Lines|pages=|last1=|first1=|ref=none}} Excerpted in {{cite book |title=Daughters of Africa |title-link=Daughters of Africa |editor-first=Margaret |editor-last=Busby |editor-link=Margaret Busby |date=1992 |location=New York |publisher=Pantheon Books |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|title=Yearning: race, gender, and cultural politics|publisher=South End Press|year=1990|isbn=978-1-1-38821-75-0|location=Boston, Massachusetts|pages=|last1=|first1=|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|title=Yearning: race, gender, and cultural politics|url=https://archive.org/details/yearningracegend00hook|publisher=South End Press|year=1990|isbn=978-1-1-38821-75-0|location=Boston, Massachusetts|pages=|last1=|first1=|ref=none}}
* With Cornel West, {{cite book|title=Breaking bread: insurgent Black intellectual life|url=https://archive.org/details/breakingbreadins00hook|url-access=registration|year=1991|isbn=978-0-89608-414-8|location=Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=South End Press|pages=|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|ref=none}}
* With Cornel West, {{cite book|title=Breaking bread: insurgent Black intellectual life|url=https://archive.org/details/breakingbreadins00hook|url-access=registration|year=1991|isbn=978-0-89608-414-8|location=Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=South End Press|pages=|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=Black Looks: Race and representation | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-89608-434-6|ref=none| last1 = Hooks | first1 = Bell }}
* {{cite book |title=Black Looks: Race and representation |url=https://archive.org/details/blacklooksracere00hook | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-89608-434-6|ref=none| last1 = Hooks | first1 = Bell }}
* {{cite book|title=Sisters of the yam: Black women and self-recovery|url=https://archive.org/details/sistersofyamblac0000hook|publisher=South End Press|year=1993|isbn=978-1138821682|location=Boston, Massachusetts|pages=|last1=|first1=|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|title=Sisters of the yam: Black women and self-recovery|url=https://archive.org/details/sistersofyamblac0000hook|publisher=South End Press|year=1993|isbn=978-1138821682|location=Boston, Massachusetts|pages=|last1=|first1=|ref=none}}
* {{cite book| title = Teaching to transgress: education as the practice of freedom| year = 1994| isbn = 978-0-415-90808-5| url = https://archive.org/details/teachingtotransg0000hook|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|ref=none}}
* {{cite book| title = Teaching to transgress: education as the practice of freedom| year = 1994| isbn = 978-0-415-90808-5| url = https://archive.org/details/teachingtotransg0000hook|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|ref=none}}
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* {{cite book| title = Rock my soul: Black people and self-esteem| publisher = Atria Books| location = New York| year = 2003| isbn = 978-0-7434-5605-0| url = https://archive.org/details/rockmysoulblackp00hook|ref=none}}
* {{cite book| title = Rock my soul: Black people and self-esteem| publisher = Atria Books| location = New York| year = 2003| isbn = 978-0-7434-5605-0| url = https://archive.org/details/rockmysoulblackp00hook|ref=none}}
* {{cite book| title = The will to change: men, masculinity, and love| publisher = Atria Books| location = New York| year = 2004| isbn = 978-0-7434-5607-4| url = https://archive.org/details/willtochangemenm00hook|ref=none}}
* {{cite book| title = The will to change: men, masculinity, and love| publisher = Atria Books| location = New York| year = 2004| isbn = 978-0-7434-5607-4| url = https://archive.org/details/willtochangemenm00hook|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title= Space | year = 2004|ref=none}}<ref name="Berea biography">{{cite web|title=bell hooks|url=https://www.berea.edu/appalachian-center/home/faculty-and-staff/bell-hooks/|publisher=Loyal Jones Appalachian Center}}</ref>{{efn |name=workingtitle |This may be a [[working title]]. See [[Talk:Bell hooks#Unable to verify "Space" and "Witness" by bell hooks|talk page]].}}
* {{cite book |title= Space | year = 2004|ref=none}}<ref name="Berea biography">{{cite web|title=bell hooks|url=https://www.berea.edu/appalachian-center/home/faculty-and-staff/bell-hooks/|publisher=Loyal Jones Appalachian Center|access-date=2021-12-16|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101846/https://www.berea.edu/appalachian-center/home/faculty-and-staff/bell-hooks/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>{{efn |name=workingtitle |This may be a [[working title]]. See [[Talk:Bell hooks#Unable to verify "Space" and "Witness" by bell hooks|talk page]].}}
* {{cite book |title= We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-203-64220-7| title-link = We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title= We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-203-64220-7| title-link = We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title= Soul sister: women, friendship, and fulfillment | publisher = South End Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-89608-735-4|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title= Soul sister: women, friendship, and fulfillment | publisher = South End Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-89608-735-4|ref=none}}
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* {{cite book |title= Belonging: a culture of place |url= https://archive.org/details/belongingculture0000hook | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-203-88801-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title= Belonging: a culture of place |url= https://archive.org/details/belongingculture0000hook | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-203-88801-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title= Teaching critical thinking: practical wisdom |url= https://archive.org/details/teachingcritical0000hook | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-415-96820-1 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title= Teaching critical thinking: practical wisdom |url= https://archive.org/details/teachingcritical0000hook | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-415-96820-1 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title= Appalachian elegy: poetry and place | publisher = University Press of Kentucky | location = Lexington | series = Kentucky Voices Series | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-8131-3669-1 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title= Appalachian elegy: poetry and place |url= https://archive.org/details/appalachianelegy0000hook | publisher = University Press of Kentucky | location = Lexington | series = Kentucky Voices Series | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-8131-3669-1 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title= Writing beyond race: living theory and practice |url= https://archive.org/details/writingbeyondrac0000hook | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-0-415-53914-2 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title= Writing beyond race: living theory and practice |url= https://archive.org/details/writingbeyondrac0000hook | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-0-415-53914-2 |ref=none}}
* ''Uncut Funk: A Contemplative Dialogue''. New York: Routledge. 2018. ISBN 978-2-238-10210-1.
* ''Uncut Funk: A Contemplative Dialogue''. New York: Routledge. 2018. ISBN 978-2-238-10210-1.
Baris 161: Baris 160:
{{refbegin|50em}}
{{refbegin|50em}}
* {{citation | last1 = hooks | first1 = bell | last2 = Trend | first2 = David | contribution = Representation and democracy an interview | editor-last = Trend | editor-first = David | title = Radical democracy: identity, citizenship, and the state | pages = 228–236 | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 1996 | isbn = 978-0415912471 |ref=none}}
* {{citation | last1 = hooks | first1 = bell | last2 = Trend | first2 = David | contribution = Representation and democracy an interview | editor-last = Trend | editor-first = David | title = Radical democracy: identity, citizenship, and the state | pages = 228–236 | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 1996 | isbn = 978-0415912471 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|title=bell hooks' Engaged Pedagogy|oclc=38239473|last = Florence|first = Namulundah|isbn = 978-0-89789-564-4|publisher = Bergin & Garvey|year = 1998|location = Westport, CT |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|title=bell hooks' Engaged Pedagogy|url=https://archive.org/details/bellhooksengaged0000flor|oclc=38239473|last = Florence|first = Namulundah|isbn = 978-0-89789-564-4|publisher = Bergin & Garvey|year = 1998|location = Westport, CT |ref=none}}
* Leitch et al., eds. "bell hooks". ''The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism''. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001. pp.&nbsp;2475–2484. {{ISBN|0-393-97429-4}}
* Leitch et al., eds. "bell hooks". ''The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism''. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001. pp.&nbsp;2475–2484. {{ISBN|0-393-97429-4}}
* {{cite book|title = Talking About a Revolution|oclc = 38566253|publisher = South End Press|editor-last = South End Press Collective|year = 1998|location = Cambridge|pages = [https://archive.org/details/talkingaboutrevo00sout/page/39 39–52]|chapter = Critical Consciousness for Political Resistance|isbn = 978-0-89608-587-9|chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/talkingaboutrevo00sout/page/39 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|title = Talking About a Revolution|oclc = 38566253|publisher = South End Press|editor-last = South End Press Collective|year = 1998|location = Cambridge|pages = [https://archive.org/details/talkingaboutrevo00sout/page/39 39–52]|chapter = Critical Consciousness for Political Resistance|isbn = 978-0-89608-587-9|chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/talkingaboutrevo00sout/page/39 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|title=Other Sisterhoods: Literary Theory and U.S. Women of Color|oclc=36446785|publisher = University of Illinois Press|isbn = 978-0-252-02361-3|editor-last = Stanley|editor-first = Sandra Kumamoto|year = 1998|location = Chicago |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|title=Other Sisterhoods: Literary Theory and U.S. Women of Color|oclc=36446785|publisher = University of Illinois Press|isbn = 978-0-252-02361-3|editor-last = Stanley|editor-first = Sandra Kumamoto|year = 1998|location = Chicago |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|title=Black Popular Culture|oclc=40548914|last = Wallace|first = Michele|publisher = The New Press|year = 1998|location = New York|isbn = 978-1-56584-459-9 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|title=Black Popular Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/blackpopularcult0000unse|oclc=40548914|last = Wallace|first = Michele|publisher = The New Press|year = 1998|location = New York|isbn = 978-1-56584-459-9 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitson
* {{cite book|last=Whitson
|first=Kathy J.
|first=Kathy J.

Revisi terkini sejak 14 Agustus 2024 22.35

bell hooks
bell hooks pada Oktober 2014
LahirGloria Jean Watkins
(1952-09-25)25 September 1952
Hopkinsville, Kentucky, Amerika Serikat
Meninggal15 Desember 2021(2021-12-15) (umur 69)
Berea, Kentucky, Amerika Serikat
Pendidikan
Pekerjaan
  • Author
  • academic
  • activist
Tahun aktif1978–2018
Dikenal atasOppositional gaze
Karya terkenal
Situs webbellhooksinstitute.com
IMDB: nm0393654 X: bellhooks Modifica els identificadors a Wikidata

Gloria Jean Watkins (25 September 1952 – 15 Desember 2021), yang lebih dikenal lewat nama penanya bell hooks,[1] adalah penulis, profesor, feminis, dan aktivis sosial Amerika Serikat. Nama "bell hooks" berasal dari nama nenek buyutnya, Bell Blair Hooks.[2]

Fokus tulisan bell adalah interseksionalitas ras, kapitalisme, gender, dan apa yang dia gambarkan sebagai kemampuan mereka untuk memproduksi dan melanggengkan sistem penindasan dan dominasi kelas. Ia menerbitkan lebih dari 30 buku dan banyak artikel ilmiah, tampil dalam film dokumenter, dan ikut serta dalam kuliah umum. Karyanya membahas ras, kelas, gender, seni, sejarah, seksualitas, media massa, dan feminisme.[3] Pada tahun 2014, ia mendirikan bell hooks Institute di Berea College, Berea, Kentucky.[4]

Gloria Jean Watkins lahir pada 25 September 1952 di Hopkinsville,[5] sebuah kota kecil yang terpisah di Kentucky,[6] dari pasangan pekerja berketurunan Afrika-Amerika. Gloria adalah satu di antara enam bersaudara yang lahir dari Rosa Bell Watkins (née Oldham) dan Veodis Watkins. Ayahnya bekerja sebagai petugas kebersihan dan ibunya bekerja sebagai pembantu di rumah keluarga Kaukasia.[3]

Gloria bersekolah di sekolah neegri yang dipisahkan secara rasial dan kemudian pindah ke sekolah terpadu pada akhir dasawarsa 1960-an.[7] Ia lulus dari Sekolah Menengah Atas Hopkinsville sebelum memperoleh gelar BA di bidang bahasa Inggris dari Universitas Stanford pada tahun 1973,[8] dan gelar MA di bidang bahasa Inggris dari Universitas Wisconsin–Madison pada tahun 1976.[9] Pada saat itu, Watkins yang berusia 24 tahun sedang menulis bukunya berjudul Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1981.[10]

Setelah beberapa tahun mengajar dan menulis, ia menyelesaikan gelar doktor di bidang bahasa Inggris di Universitas California, Santa Cruz pada tahun 1983. Ia menulis disertasi tentang penulis Toni Morrison pada tahun 1987.[8][11][12]

Ia mendeskripsikan identitas seksualnya sebagai "queer-pas-gay".[13][14]

Pada 15 Desember 2021, bell meninggal akibat gagal ginjal di rumahnya di Berea, Kentucky pada usia 69 tahun.[5][15] Ia dikelilingi oleh keluarga dan kawan-kawannya ketika meninggal.[16]

Pengajaran dan penulisan

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Karier akademik bell dimulai pada tahun 1976 sebagai profesor dan dosen senior bahasa Inggris di bidang kajian etnis di Universitas California Selatan.[17] Selama tiga tahun bekerja di sana, penerbit asal Los Angeles Golemics menerbitkan karya pertama bell yaitu chapbook puisi berjudul And There We Wept (1978),[18] yang ditulis dengan nama "bell hooks". Ia menggunakan nama nenek buyut dari pihak ibu sebagai nama pena karena nenek buyut dianggapnya dikenal karena lidahnya yang tajam dan berani, yang ia kagumi. Ia menulis nama itu dalam huruf kecil untuk membedakan dirinya dari nenek buyutnya. Ia mengatakan bahwa huruf kecil yang tidak biasa dari namanya menandakan bahwa yang paling penting untuk difokuskan adalah karyanya, bukan kehidupan pribadinya.[19]

Ia mengajar di beberapa institusi pendidikan tinggi pada awal dasawarsa 1980-an dan 1990-an, termasuk Universitas California, Santa Cruz, Universitas Negara Bagian San Francisco, Universitas Yale (1985 hingga 1988, sebagai asisten profesor studi Afrika dan Afrika-Amerika dan Inggris), Oberlin College (1988 hingga 1994, sebagai profesor sastra Amerika dan studi wanita), dan mulai tahun 1994, sebagai profesor bahasa Inggris terkemuka di City College of New York.[20][21]

Pada tahun 1981, South End Press menerbitkan karya besar pertamanya berjudul Ain't I a Woman? Black Women and Feminism, meskipun ditulis bertahun-tahun sebelumnya ketika dia masih menjadi mahasiswa sarjana.[7] Dalam beberapa dasawarsa sejak diterbitkan, Ain't I a Woman? telah diakui atas sumbangsihnya terhadap pemikiran feminis, dengan Publishers Weekly pada tahun 1992 menamakan buku itu sebagai salah satu dari dua puluh buku bertopik wanita paling berpengaruh dalam 20 tahun terakhir.[22] Min Jin Lee yang menulis di The New York Times pada tahun 2019 mengatakan bahwa Ain't I a Woman? "tetap menjadi karya teori politik yang radikal dan relevan. hooks meletakkan dasar teori feminisnya dengan memberikan bukti historis tentang seksisme spesifik yang dialami budak perempuan kulit hitam dan bagaimana warisan itu memengaruhi kewanitaan kulit hitam hari ini".[11] Ain't I a Woman? meneliti tema-tema termasuk dampak historis seksisme dan rasisme pada perempuan kulit hitam, devaluasi perempuan kulit hitam,[23] peran dan penggambaran media, sistem pendidikan, gagasan tentang supremasi kulit putih-kapitalis-patriarki dan marginalisasi perempuan kulit hitam.[24]

bell hooks in 2009

bell juga pemikir politik dan pengkritik budaya berhaluan kiri dan pascamodern yang signifikan.[25] Ia menerbitkan lebih dari 30 buku,[15] mulai dari topik pria berkulit hitam, patriarki, dan maskulinitas hingga swadaya; terlibat pedagogi untuk memoar pribadi; dan seksualitas (berkaitan dengan feminisme dan politik estetika dan budaya visual. Reel to Real: race, sex, and class at the movies (1996) mengumpulkan esai film, ulasan, dan wawancara dengan sutradara film.[26] Di The New Yorker, Hua Hsu mengatakan bahwa wawancara ini menunjukkan aspek pekerjaan bell yang ingin tahu, empati, dan mencari rekan.[3]

Dalam Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984), bell menulis kritik terhadap rasisme feminis kulit putih dalam feminisme gelombang kedua yang menurutnya merusak kemungkinan kesetiakawanan feminis lintas ras.[27]

bell berpendapat bahwa komunikasi dan literasi (kemampuan membaca, menulis, dan berpikir kritis) diperlukan bagi gerakan feminis karena tanpa itu, orang mungkin tidak akan tumbuh untuk mengenali ketidaksetaraan gender dalam masyarakat.[28]

Pada tahun 2002, bell memberikan pidato pembukaan di Universitas Southwestern. Menghindari modus ucapan selamat dari pidato permulaan tradisional, ia berbicara menentang apa yang ia lihat sebagai kekerasan dan penindasan yang disetujui pemerintah dan menegur siswa yang dia yakini mengikuti praktik semacam itu.[29][30] The Austin Chronicle melaporkan bahwa banyak penonton mencemooh pidato tersebut meskipun beberapa lulusan melewati rektor untuk menjabat tangannya atau memeluknya.[29]

In 2004, she joined Berea College as Distinguished Professor in Residence.[31] Her 2008 book, belonging: a culture of place, includes an interview with author Wendell Berry as well as a discussion of her move back to Kentucky.[32] She was a scholar in residence at The New School on three occasions.[33]

She was inducted into the Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame in 2018.[15]

Filmografi

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Penghargaan dan nominasi

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Kepustakaan terpilih

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Buku anak-anak

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  1. ^ a b This may be a working title. See talk page.

Referensi

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  1. ^ Dinitia Smith (September 28, 2006). "Tough arbiter on the web has guidance for writers". The New York Times. hlm. E3. But the Chicago Manual says it is not all right to capitalize the name of the writer bell hooks because she insists that it be lower case. 
  2. ^ hooks, bell, "Inspired Eccentricity: Sarah and Gus Oldham" in Sharon Sloan Fiffer and Steve Fiffer (eds), Family: American Writers Remember Their Own, New York: Vintage Books, 1996, p. 152.
    hooks, bell, Talking Back, Routledge, 2014 [1989], p. 161.
  3. ^ a b c Hsu, Hua (December 15, 2021). "The Revolutionary Writing of bell hooks". The New Yorker (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 16, 2021. 
  4. ^ "About the bell hooks institute". bell hooks institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 25, 2016. Diakses tanggal April 23, 2016. 
  5. ^ a b Risen, Clay (December 15, 2021). "bell hooks, Pathbreaking Black Feminist, Dies at 69"Perlu langganan berbayar. The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021. 
  6. ^ Medea, Andra (1997). "hooks, bell (1952–)". Dalam Hine, Darlene Clark. Facts on File Encyclopedia of Black Women in America. New York: Facts on File. hlm. 100–101. ISBN 0-8160-3425-7. OCLC 35209436. 
  7. ^ a b Le Blanc, Ondine E. (1997). "bell hooks 1952–". Dalam Bigelow, Barbara Carlisle. Contemporary Black Biography. 5. Gale. hlm. 125–129. ISBN 978-1-4144-3543-5. ISSN 1058-1316. OCLC 527366247. 
  8. ^ a b c Kumar, Lisa, ed. (2007). "hooks, bell 1952–". Something about the Author. 170. Gale. hlm. 112–116. ISBN 978-1-4144-1071-5. ISSN 0276-816X. OCLC 507358041. 
  9. ^ Scanlon, Jennifer (1999). Significant Contemporary American Feminists: A Biographical Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. hlm. 125–132. ISBN 978-0313301254. 
  10. ^ "bell hooks | Biography, Books, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal October 4, 2021. 
  11. ^ a b Lee, Min Jin (February 28, 2019). "In Praise of bell hooks". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021. 
  12. ^ Hooks, Bell (1983) (dalam bahasa English). Keeping a hold on life: reading Toni Morrison's fiction (Tesis). OCLC 9514473. https://www.worldcat.org/title/keeping-a-hold-on-life-reading-toni-morrisons-fiction/oclc/9514473.  WorldCat.
  13. ^ Ring, Trudy (December 15, 2021). "Queer Black Feminist Writer bell hooks Dies at 69". The Advocate. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021. 
  14. ^ Nast, Condé (12 March 2019). "How bell hooks Paved the Way for Intersectional Feminism". them. Diakses tanggal 16 December 2021. 
  15. ^ a b c Knight, Lucy (December 15, 2021). "bell hooks, author and activist, dies aged 69". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021. 
  16. ^ "bell hooks: Author and feminist dies aged 69". BBC News (dalam bahasa Inggris). December 15, 2021. Diakses tanggal December 16, 2021. 
  17. ^ Hampton, Bonita (2007). "Hooks, Bell (1952–)". Dalam Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. 2. SAGE Publishing. hlm. 704–706. doi:10.4135/9781412956215.n418. ISBN 978-1-4129-1812-1. 
  18. ^ Glikin, Ronda (1989). Black American Women in Literature: A Bibliography, 1976 through 1987. McFarland & Company. hlm. 73. ISBN 0-89950-372-1. OCLC 18986103. 
  19. ^ Heather Williams (March 26, 2013). "bell hooks Speaks Up". The Sandspur – via Issuu. 
  20. ^ Leatherman, Courtney (May 19, 1995). "The Real bell hooks". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Diakses tanggal December 16, 2021. 
  21. ^ "bell hooks." Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2010. Literature Resource Center. Accessed June 12, 2018.
  22. ^ Smith, Gerald L.; McDaniel, Karen Cotton; Hardin, John A. (August 28, 2015). The Kentucky African American Encyclopedia (dalam bahasa Inggris). University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-6067-2. 
  23. ^ Guy-Sheftall, Beverly; Ikerionwu, Maria K. Mootry; Hooks, Bell (1983). "Black Women and Feminism: Two Reviews". Phylon. 44 (1): 84. doi:10.2307/274371. JSTOR 274371. 
  24. ^ Wake, Paul; Malpas, Simon, ed. (June 19, 2013). The Routledge Companion to Critical and Cultural Theory (PDF). Routledge. hlm. 241–242. doi:10.4324/9780203520796. ISBN 978-1-134-12327-8. 
  25. ^ "bell hooks". Utne (dalam bahasa Inggris). January 1, 1995. Diakses tanggal December 16, 2021. 
  26. ^ Winchester, James (1999). "Reel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class at the Movies". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 57 (3): 388. doi:10.2307/432214. JSTOR 432214. 
  27. ^ Isoke, Zenzele (December 2019). "bell hooks: 35 Years from Margin to Center – Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. By bell hooks. New York: Routledge, [1984] 2015. 180 pp. 23.96 (paperback)". Politics & Gender (dalam bahasa Inggris). 15 (4). doi:10.1017/S1743923X19000643. ISSN 1743-923X. 
  28. ^ Olson, Gary A. (1994). "bell hooks and the Politics of Literacy: A Conversation". Journal of Advanced Composition. 14 (1): 1–19. ISSN 0731-6755. JSTOR 20865945. 
  29. ^ a b Apple, Lauri (May 24, 2002). "bell hooks Digs In". The Austin Chronicle. Diakses tanggal December 11, 2013. 
  30. ^ "Postmarks – Southwestern Graduation Debacle". The Austin Chronicle. May 24, 2002. Diakses tanggal December 11, 2013. 
  31. ^ "Faculty and Staff". Berea College. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 28, 2010. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021. 
  32. ^ Hooks, bell (January 1, 2009). Belonging: a culture of place (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISBN 9780415968157. OCLC 228676700. 
  33. ^ "bell hooks returns for Third Residency at The New School". The New School. September 18, 2014. Diakses tanggal December 16, 2021. 
  34. ^ Guthmann, Edward (May 5, 1995). "Riggs' Eloquent Last Plea for Tolerance". SFGATE. Hearst. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021. 
  35. ^ McCluskey 2007, hlm. 301–302.
  36. ^ "FeMiNAtions: Despite the pleas and its promotional tone, My Feminism makes a valid point". The Globe and Mail. May 23, 1998. hlm. 18. ProQuest 1143520117. 
  37. ^ "Voices of Power: African-American Women. Series Title: I Am Woman". The Pennsylvania State University. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021. 
  38. ^ McCluskey 2007, hlm. 57.
  39. ^ McCluskey 2007, hlm. 355.
  40. ^ "Happy to Be Nappy and Other Stories of Me". Turner Classic Movies. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021. 
  41. ^ "Is Feminism Dead?". Films Media Group. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021. 
  42. ^ "Best Bets". Daytona Beach News. December 3, 2010. hlm. E6. ProQuest 856086736. 
  43. ^ "Occupying your heart: Documentary looks at roots behind global activism movement". The Cairns Post. April 10, 2013. hlm. 31. ProQuest 1324698794. 
  44. ^ Crust, Kevin (October 3, 2018). "Review: Documentary 'Hillbilly' takes on media stereotypes of Appalachia". Los Angeles Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021. 
  45. ^ "The American Book Awards / Before Columbus Foundation". American Booksellers Association. 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 13, 2013. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021 – via Internet Archive. 
  46. ^ "10 Writers Win Grants". The New York Times. December 22, 1994. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021. 
  47. ^ "Happy to Be Nappy". Alkebu-Lan Image. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021. 
  48. ^ "bell hooks". The Carnegie Center for Literacy and Learning. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021. 
  49. ^ "Footlights". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). August 21, 2002. ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021. 
  50. ^ a b Rappaport, Scott (April 25, 2007). "May 10 bell hooks event postponed". UC Santa Cruz, Regents of the University of California. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021. 
  51. ^ "Get to Know bell hooks". The bell hooks center (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021. 
  52. ^ hampton, dream (March 5, 2020). "bell hooks: 100 Women of the Year". Time (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 16 December 2021. 
  53. ^ a b "bell hooks". Loyal Jones Appalachian Center. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2021-12-16. 

Daftar pustaka

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Bacaan lebih lanjut

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Pranala luar

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