Galerius: Perbedaan antara revisi

Nama lengkap
	Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus

Galerius
Galerius
	Patung dada Porfiri Galerius
Kaisar ke-53 Bersama Kekaisaran Romawi
Berkuasa	1 Maret atau 21 Mei 293:4, 38:288:146:64–5 – 1 May 305 (as Caesar, under Diocletian); 1 May 305 – late April or early May 311 (as Augustus alongside Constantius (until July 25, 306) then Severus (until spring 307) then Constantine (from ca. September 307; unrecognized by Galerius' coinage from ca. September 307 to November 308) then Licinius (from 11 November 308)):4–6
Pendahulu	Maximian dan Diokletianus
Penerus	Maximinus, Konstantinus, dan Licinius:7
Kelahiran	ca. 260:37, 46; Serdica (Sofia, Bulgaria)
Kematian	Akhir April atau awal Mei 311 (usia 51); Serdica (Sofia), Bulgaria
Pemakaman	Serdica atau Felix Romuliana (Gamzigrad)
Pasangan	Galeria Valeria:38
Keturunan	Candidianus; Valeria Maximilla, Maharani Romawi
Nama lengkap
Nama lengkap
	Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus
Ibu	Romula (dituduh):37–8

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Revisi terkini sejak 12 Oktober 2024 04.21

Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus (sekitar 250 – April atau Mei 311) adalah Kaisar Romawi yang memerintah sebagai kaisar dari 305 hingga 311 M. Galerius adalah salah satu tokoh kunci dalam sistem Tetrarki, pemerintahan yang didirikan oleh Diokletianus untuk mengatur Kekaisaran Romawi. Ia dikenal karena perannya dalam melanjutkan penganiayaan terhadap umat Kristen, namun di akhir hidupnya, ia mengeluarkan edik yang mengakhiri penganiayaan dan memperbolehkan kebebasan beragama di kekaisaran.

Kehidupan Awal

Galerius lahir di Serdica (sekarang Sofia, Bulgaria) atau dekat Naissus (sekarang Niš, Serbia), di wilayah Illyricum sekitar tahun 250. Ia berasal dari keluarga petani sederhana. Nama ayahnya tidak diketahui, tetapi ibunya, Romula, adalah seorang penyembah dewa-dewa tradisional Romawi. Galerius menghabiskan masa mudanya bekerja sebagai penggembala sapi, yang membuatnya dijuluki "Armentarius" (peternak sapi) di masa kemudian.

Karier Militer

Galerius masuk ke dalam angkatan darat Romawi dan naik pangkat karena keterampilan militernya. Ia menjadi salah satu orang kepercayaan Diokletianus, yang mengangkatnya sebagai Caesar (pemimpin junior) pada tahun 293. Sebagai Caesar, ia bertanggung jawab atas provinsi-provinsi di Balkan dan Timur. Selama masa ini, ia memimpin beberapa kampanye militer yang sukses, termasuk melawan Persia, yang memperkuat posisinya di dalam Tetrarki.

Tetrarki dan Kekaisaran

Pada tahun 305, Diokletianus dan Maximianus, yang memerintah bersama sebagai kaisar senior, mengundurkan diri dari jabatan mereka. Galerius naik pangkat menjadi Augustus (kaisar senior) bersama Konstantius Klorus. Sebagai Augustus, Galerius mengendalikan provinsi di bagian timur kekaisaran. Meskipun Konstantius Klorus wafat pada tahun 306, dan anaknya, Konstantinus I, dinyatakan sebagai kaisar oleh pasukan di Britannia, Galerius tetap berusaha mempertahankan kontrol atas sistem Tetrarki. Ia mengangkat Severus dan Maximinus Daia sebagai Caesar untuk menjaga stabilitas pemerintahan.

Penganiayaan Terhadap Umat Kristen

Galerius dikenal karena perannya dalam melanjutkan penganiayaan terhadap umat Kristen, yang diprakarsai oleh Diokletianus. Penganiayaan ini dimulai pada tahun 303 dengan serangkaian dekret yang melarang praktik Kristen, menghancurkan gereja-gereja, dan memenjarakan para uskup serta penganut Kristen. Galerius, sebagai salah satu pendukung utama paganisme, diyakini sebagai pendorong utama di balik tindakan keras ini.

Edik Toleransi

Pada akhir hidupnya, Galerius jatuh sakit parah. Penyakit yang dideritanya dianggap sebagai hukuman ilahi oleh beberapa penulis Kristen. Pada tahun 311, beberapa hari sebelum kematiannya, Galerius mengeluarkan Edik Toleransi yang mengakhiri penganiayaan terhadap umat Kristen. Edik tersebut mengizinkan umat Kristen untuk beribadah secara bebas, asalkan mereka mendoakan kebaikan kekaisaran. Hal ini menandai titik balik dalam sejarah hubungan Kekaisaran Romawi dengan Kristen, yang akan terus berkembang di bawah pemerintahan Konstantinus I.

Keluarga

Galerius menikah dengan Valeria, putri angkat Diokletianus, dan bersama-sama mereka memiliki seorang anak. Namun, kehidupan pribadi Galerius kurang dikenal dan detail keluarganya sangat sedikit terdokumentasi.

Kematian dan Warisan

Galerius meninggal pada bulan April atau Mei tahun 311, kemungkinan di Serdica atau dekat Nikomedia. Setelah kematiannya, kekaisaran dilanda konflik antara para Tetrark lainnya dan calon kaisar yang bersaing untuk memperebutkan kekuasaan. Meskipun masa pemerintahannya terkenal karena penganiayaan terhadap umat Kristen, keputusannya untuk mengakhiri penganiayaan tersebut meninggalkan warisan penting dalam sejarah Kristen di Kekaisaran Romawi.

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, pp. 8–9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Barnes, New Empire .
^ Potter, The Roman Empire at Bay .
^ Southern, Severus to Constantine .
^ Williams, Diocletian .
^ The earlier dates for Galerius' appointment have been argued for based on the suggestion that the appointments of Constantius and Galerius were timed to coincide (Barnes 1981, 8–9; Southern 1999, 146). Barnes (1982, 62) argues against a dating of 21 May 293 in Nicomedia originating in Seston, Dioclétien, 88ff., stating that the evidence adduced (the Paschal Chronicle 521 = Chronica Minora 1.229 and Lactantius, DMP 19.2) is invalid and confused. Lactantius is commenting on Diocletian and the place where Diocletian was acclaimed, and that the "Maximianus" in the text is therefore a later gloss; the Paschal Chronicle is not authoritative for this period for events outside Egypt, and may simply be commenting on the day when the laureled image of the new emperors arrived in Alexandria. Potter (2004, 650) agrees that locating the acclamation to Nicomedia is false, but believes that Seston's other evidence makes a strong case for a temporal lag between the two Caesars' acclamations.
^ ^a ^b ^c Barnes, New Empire, p. 4.
^ Eutropius. Breviarivm historiae romanae, IX, 22 Diarsipkan 2017-09-10 di Wayback Machine. Templat:Ref-la
^ Lactantius, DMP 35.4. The exact date is lost in a lacuna (Barnes 1982, 6).
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Barnes, New Empire, p. 37

Southern, Pat (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3.
Odahl, Charles Matson (2004). Constantine and the Christian Empire. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-17485-6.

Sumber kuno

Codex Theodosianus.

Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes² (in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, [1905] 1954. Complied by Nicholas Palmer, revised by Tony Honoré for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at University College London Diarsipkan 2009-08-26 di Wayback Machine. and the University of Grenoble Diarsipkan 2010-06-18 di Wayback Machine.. Accessed 25 August 2009.
Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at AncientRome.ru Diarsipkan 2011-07-16 di Wayback Machine.. Accessed 15 August 2009.

Epitome de Caesaribus.

Banchich, Thomas M., trans. A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores. Canisius College Translated Texts 1. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2009. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis Diarsipkan 2020-11-08 di Wayback Machine.. Accessed 15 August 2009.

Eusebius of Caesarea.

Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History).

McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Church History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent Diarsipkan 2014-06-23 di Wayback Machine.. Accessed 25 August 2009.

Vita Constantini (Life of Constantine).

Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent Diarsipkan 2021-01-15 di Wayback Machine.. Accessed 25 August 2009.

Festus. Breviarium.

Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People. Canisius College Translated Texts 2. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2001. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis Diarsipkan 2022-04-07 di Wayback Machine.. Accessed 15 August 2009.

Lactantius. De Mortibus Persecutorum (On the Deaths of the Persecutors).

Fletcher, William, trans. Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent Diarsipkan 2021-01-15 di Wayback Machine.. Accessed 25 August 2009.

XII Panegyrici Latini (Twelve Latin Panegyrics).

Nixon, C.E.V., and Barbara Saylor Rodgers, ed. and trans. In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.

Zosimus. Historia Nova (New History).

Unknown, trans. The History of Count Zosimus. London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at Tertullian Diarsipkan 2022-10-13 di Wayback Machine.. Accessed 15 August 2009.^{[notes 1]}

Sumber modern

Banchich, Thomas M. "Iulianus (c. 286–293 AD) Diarsipkan 2015-03-15 di Wayback Machine.." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997). Accessed March 8, 2008.
Barnes, Timothy D. "Lactantius and Constantine." The Journal of Roman Studies 63 (1973): 29–46.
Barnes, Timothy D. Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1
Barnes, Timothy D. The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-7837-2221-4
Bleckmann, Bruno. "Diocletianus." In Brill's New Pauly, Volume 4, edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmut Schneider, 429–38. Leiden: Brill, 2002. ISBN 90-04-12259-1
Bowman, Alan K., Peter Garnsey, and Averil Cameron. The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-30199-8
Brown, Peter. The Rise of Western Christendom. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-631-22138-7
Burgess, R.W. "The Date of the Persecution of Christians in the Army". Journal of Theological Studies 47:1 (1996): 157–158.
Canduci, Alexander. Triumph and Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors. Pier 9, 2010. ISBN 978-1-74196-598-8
Corcoran, Simon. The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, AD 284–324. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-815304-X
Corcoran, "Before Constantine", Simon. "Before Constantine." In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, edited by Noel Lenski, 35–58. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-81838-9 Paperback ISBN 0-521-52157-2
DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "Constantius I Chlorus (305–306 AD) Diarsipkan 2012-02-04 di Wayback Machine.." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1996a). Accessed March 8, 2008.
DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "Galerius (305–311 AD) Diarsipkan 2012-01-26 di Wayback Machine.." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1996b). Accessed March 8, 2008.
DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "Maximianus Herculius (286–305 AD) Diarsipkan 2012-08-25 di Wayback Machine.." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997). Accessed March 8, 2008.
Elliott, T. G. The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 1996. ISBN 0-940866-59-5
Gibbon, Edward, ‘Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire’, Chapter 14
Harries, Jill. Law and Empire in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-41087-8 Paperback ISBN 0-521-42273-6
Helgeland, John. "Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173–337." Church History 43:2 (1974): 149–163, 200.
Jones, A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1986.
Leadbetter, Bill. "Galerius and the Will of Diocletian", London and New York, Routledge, 2010. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-40488-6 Paperback ISBN 978-0-415-85971-4
Lenski, Noel. "The Reign of Constantine." In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, edited by Noel Lenski, 59–90. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006b. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-81838-9 Paperback ISBN 0-521-52157-2
Mackay, Christopher S. "Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian." Classical Philology 94:2 (1999): 198–209.
Mathisen, Ralph W. "Diocletian (284–305 AD.) Diarsipkan 2017-09-24 di Wayback Machine.." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997). Accessed February 16, 2008.
Odahl, Charles Matson. Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge, 2004. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-17485-6 Paperback ISBN 0-415-38655-1
Pohlsander, Hans. The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge, 2004a. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-31937-4 Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2
Pohlsander, Hans. "Constantine I (306 – 337 AD) Diarsipkan 2017-09-29 di Wayback Machine.." De Imperatoribus Romanis (2004b). Accessed December 16, 2007.
Potter, David S. The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge, 2005. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-10057-7 Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5
Rees, Roger. Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6
Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge, 2001. ISBN 0-415-23944-3
Rostovtzeff, Michael. The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966. ISBN 978-0-19-814231-7
Treadgold, Warren. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2
Williams, Stephen. Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. New York: Routledge, 1997. ISBN 0-415-91827-8

Catatan

^ This edition and translation is not very good. The pagination is broken in several places, there are many typographical errors (including several replacements of "Julian" with "Jovian" and "Constantine" with "Constantius"). It is nonetheless the only translation of the Historia Nova in the public domain.^[1]

Kutipan

^ Roger Pearse, "Preface to the online edition of Zosimus' New History Diarsipkan 2022-10-13 di Wayback Machine.". 19 November 2003, rev. 20 August 2003. Accessed 15 August 2009.

Pranala luar

Medieval Sourcebook Diarsipkan 2014-08-14 di Wayback Machine.: Edict of Toleration by Galerius, 311.
Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Diarsipkan 2007-06-30 di Wayback Machine.
Lactantius about Galerius in his "De Mortibus Persecutorum" chapter XXIII & XXVII Diarsipkan 2009-08-13 di Wayback Machine.
Catholic Encyclopedia Diarsipkan 2021-04-17 di Wayback Machine.

[1] Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, pp. 8–9.

[Barnes_Empire-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Barnes, New Empire .

[Potter_Empire-3] Potter, The Roman Empire at Bay .

[Southern_Severus-4] Southern, Severus to Constantine .

[Williams_Diocletian-5] Williams, Diocletian .

[6] The earlier dates for Galerius' appointment have been argued for based on the suggestion that the appointments of Constantius and Galerius were timed to coincide (Barnes 1981, 8–9; Southern 1999, 146). Barnes (1982, 62) argues against a dating of 21 May 293 in Nicomedia originating in Seston, Dioclétien, 88ff., stating that the evidence adduced (the Paschal Chronicle 521 = Chronica Minora 1.229 and Lactantius, DMP 19.2) is invalid and confused. Lactantius is commenting on Diocletian and the place where Diocletian was acclaimed, and that the "Maximianus" in the text is therefore a later gloss; the Paschal Chronicle is not authoritative for this period for events outside Egypt, and may simply be commenting on the day when the laureled image of the new emperors arrived in Alexandria. Potter (2004, 650) agrees that locating the acclamation to Nicomedia is false, but believes that Seston's other evidence makes a strong case for a temporal lag between the two Caesars' acclamations.

[Barnes,_New_Empire,_p._4-7] Barnes, New Empire, p. 4.

[8] Eutropius. Breviarivm historiae romanae, IX, 22 Diarsipkan 2017-09-10 di Wayback Machine. Templat:Ref-la

[9] Lactantius, DMP 35.4. The exact date is lost in a lacuna (Barnes 1982, 6).

[Barnes,_New_Empire,_p._37-10] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Barnes, New Empire, p. 37

[12] This edition and translation is not very good. The pagination is broken in several places, there are many typographical errors (including several replacements of "Julian" with "Jovian" and "Constantine" with "Constantius"). It is nonetheless the only translation of the Historia Nova in the public domain.^[1]

[11] Roger Pearse, "Preface to the online edition of Zosimus' New History Diarsipkan 2022-10-13 di Wayback Machine.". 19 November 2003, rev. 20 August 2003. Accessed 15 August 2009.

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[notes 1]

[1]

@@ Baris 15: / Baris 15: @@
 | mother          =Romula (dituduh)<ref name = "Barnes Empire" />{{rp |37–8}}
 | birth_date   =''ca''. 260<ref name = "Barnes Empire" />{{rp |37, 46}}
-| birth_place  = [[Sofia|Serdica]]<ref>[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/eutropius/eutropius9.shtml#22 Eutropius. Breviarivm historiae romanae, IX, 22] {{ref-la}}</ref>  ([[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]])
+| birth_place  = [[Sofia|Serdica]]<ref>[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/eutropius/eutropius9.shtml#22 Eutropius. Breviarivm historiae romanae, IX, 22] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910113513/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/eutropius/eutropius9.shtml#22 |date=2017-09-10 }} {{ref-la}}</ref>  ([[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]])
 | death_date   =Akhir April atau awal Mei 311 (usia 51)<ref>Lactantius, ''DMP'' 35.4. The exact date is lost in a lacuna (Barnes 1982, 6).</ref>
 | death_place  = [[Sofia|Serdica]] ([[Sofia]]), [[Bulgaria]]
@@ Baris 21: / Baris 21: @@
 |}}
+'''Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus''' (sekitar 250 – April atau Mei 311) adalah [[Kaisar Romawi]] yang memerintah sebagai kaisar dari 305 hingga 311 M. Galerius adalah salah satu tokoh kunci dalam sistem [[Tetrarki]], pemerintahan yang didirikan oleh [[Diokletianus]] untuk mengatur [[Kekaisaran Romawi]]. Ia dikenal karena perannya dalam melanjutkan penganiayaan terhadap [[umat Kristen]], namun di akhir hidupnya, ia mengeluarkan edik yang mengakhiri penganiayaan dan memperbolehkan kebebasan beragama di kekaisaran.
-'''Galerius''' ({{lang-la|Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus}};<ref>Dalam [[bahasa Latin Klasik]], nama Galerius ditulis menjadi GAIVS GALERIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS AVGVSTVS.</ref> sekitar 260 – April atau Mei 311) adalah [[Kaisar Romawi]] dari 305 sampai 311.<ref name = "Canduci Triumph">{{citation | last = Canduci | title = Triumph & Tragedy}}.{{rp |119}}</ref> Pada masa pemerintahannya, ia berkampanye, bersama dengan [[Diokletianus]], melawan [[Kekaisaran Sassaniyah]], merebut ibu kota mereka [[Ctesiphon]] pada 299. Ia juga berkampanye menyeberangi [[Danube]] melawan [[Carpi (tokoh)|Carpi]], mengalahkan mereka pada 297 dan 300. Meskipun ia awalnya merupakan musuh dari [[Kekristenan]], Galerius mengakhiri [[Penganiayaan Diokletianikus]] ketika ia mengeluarkan sebuah [[Maklumat Tolerasi buatan Galerius|maklumat tolerasi]] pada 311.
+==Kehidupan Awal==
+Galerius lahir di '''Serdica''' (sekarang [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]) atau dekat '''Naissus''' (sekarang [[Niš]], [[Serbia]]), di wilayah '''Illyricum''' sekitar tahun 250. Ia berasal dari keluarga petani sederhana. Nama ayahnya tidak diketahui, tetapi ibunya, '''Romula''', adalah seorang penyembah dewa-dewa tradisional Romawi. Galerius menghabiskan masa mudanya bekerja sebagai penggembala sapi, yang membuatnya dijuluki "'''Armentarius'''" (peternak sapi) di masa kemudian.
+==Karier Militer==
+Galerius masuk ke dalam [[angkatan darat Romawi]] dan naik pangkat karena keterampilan militernya. Ia menjadi salah satu orang kepercayaan [[Diokletianus]], yang mengangkatnya sebagai ''Caesar'' (pemimpin junior) pada tahun 293. Sebagai ''Caesar'', ia bertanggung jawab atas provinsi-provinsi di [[Balkan]] dan Timur. Selama masa ini, ia memimpin beberapa kampanye militer yang sukses, termasuk melawan Persia, yang memperkuat posisinya di dalam [[Tetrarki]].
+==Tetrarki dan Kekaisaran==
+Pada tahun 305, [[Diokletianus]] dan [[Maximianus]], yang memerintah bersama sebagai kaisar senior, mengundurkan diri dari jabatan mereka. Galerius naik pangkat menjadi ''Augustus'' (kaisar senior) bersama [[Konstantius Klorus]]. Sebagai ''Augustus'', Galerius mengendalikan provinsi di bagian timur kekaisaran. Meskipun [[Konstantius Klorus]] wafat pada tahun 306, dan anaknya, [[Konstantinus I]], dinyatakan sebagai kaisar oleh pasukan di [[Britannia]], Galerius tetap berusaha mempertahankan kontrol atas sistem [[Tetrarki]]. Ia mengangkat '''Severus''' dan '''Maximinus Daia''' sebagai ''Caesar'' untuk menjaga stabilitas pemerintahan.
+==Penganiayaan Terhadap Umat Kristen==
+Galerius dikenal karena perannya dalam melanjutkan penganiayaan terhadap [[umat Kristen]], yang diprakarsai oleh [[Diokletianus]]. Penganiayaan ini dimulai pada tahun 303 dengan serangkaian [[dekret]] yang melarang praktik [[Kristen]], menghancurkan gereja-gereja, dan memenjarakan para uskup serta penganut [[Kristen]]. Galerius, sebagai salah satu pendukung utama [[paganisme]], diyakini sebagai pendorong utama di balik tindakan keras ini.
+==Edik Toleransi==
+Pada akhir hidupnya, Galerius jatuh sakit parah. Penyakit yang dideritanya dianggap sebagai hukuman ilahi oleh beberapa penulis [[Kristen]]. Pada tahun 311, beberapa hari sebelum kematiannya, Galerius mengeluarkan '''Edik Toleransi''' yang mengakhiri [[penganiayaan]] terhadap [[umat Kristen]]. Edik tersebut mengizinkan [[umat Kristen]] untuk beribadah secara bebas, asalkan mereka mendoakan kebaikan kekaisaran. Hal ini menandai titik balik dalam sejarah hubungan [[Kekaisaran Romawi]] dengan [[Kristen]], yang akan terus berkembang di bawah pemerintahan [[Konstantinus I]].
+==Keluarga==
+Galerius menikah dengan '''Valeria''', putri angkat [[Diokletianus]], dan bersama-sama mereka memiliki seorang anak. Namun, kehidupan pribadi Galerius kurang dikenal dan detail keluarganya sangat sedikit terdokumentasi.
+==Kematian dan Warisan==
+Galerius meninggal pada bulan April atau Mei tahun 311, kemungkinan di '''Serdica''' atau dekat [[Nikomedia]]. Setelah kematiannya, kekaisaran dilanda konflik antara para Tetrark lainnya dan calon kaisar yang bersaing untuk memperebutkan kekuasaan. Meskipun masa pemerintahannya terkenal karena penganiayaan terhadap [[umat Kristen]], keputusannya untuk mengakhiri penganiayaan tersebut meninggalkan warisan penting dalam [[sejarah Kristen]] di [[Kekaisaran Romawi]].
 == Lihat pula ==
 * [[Makam Galerius]]
 * [[Peperangan Saudara Tetrarki (306–324)]]
+* [[Tetrarki]]
+* [[Diokletianus]]
+* [[Konstantius I]]
 == Referensi ==
+{{reflist}}
+# Southern, Pat (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3.
+# Odahl, Charles Matson (2004). Constantine and the Christian Empire. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-17485-6.
 === Sumber kuno ===
@@ Baris 33: / Baris 60: @@
 * ''Codex Theodosianus''.
 :* Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. ''Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes''<sup>2</sup> (in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, [1905] 1954. Complied by Nicholas Palmer, revised by Tony Honoré for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history2/volterra/texts/cthinfo.htm University College London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826174516/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history2/volterra/texts/cthinfo.htm |date=2009-08-26 }} and the [http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/codtheod.html University of Grenoble] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618051844/http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/codtheod.html |date=2010-06-18 }}. Accessed 25 August 2009.
-:* Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at [http://ancientrome.ru/ius/library/codex/theod/ AncientRome.ru]. Accessed 15 August 2009.
+:* Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at [http://ancientrome.ru/ius/library/codex/theod/ AncientRome.ru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716205910/http://ancientrome.ru/ius/library/codex/theod/ |date=2011-07-16 }}. Accessed 15 August 2009.
 * ''Epitome de Caesaribus''.
-:* Banchich, Thomas M., trans. ''A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores''. ''Canisius College Translated Texts'' 1. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2009. Online at [http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm De Imperatoribus Romanis]. Accessed 15 August 2009.
+:* Banchich, Thomas M., trans. ''A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores''. ''Canisius College Translated Texts'' 1. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2009. Online at [http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm De Imperatoribus Romanis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108100827/http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm |date=2020-11-08 }}. Accessed 15 August 2009.
 * Eusebius of Caesarea.
 :* ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (''Church History'').
-::* McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. ''Church History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2501.htm New Advent]. Accessed 25 August 2009.
+::* McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. ''Church History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2501.htm New Advent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623222642/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2501.htm |date=2014-06-23 }}. Accessed 25 August 2009.
 :* ''Vita Constantini'' (''Life of Constantine'').
-::* Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. ''Life of Constantine''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2502.htm New Advent]. Accessed 25 August 2009.
+::* Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. ''Life of Constantine''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2502.htm New Advent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115010904/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2502.htm |date=2021-01-15 }}. Accessed 25 August 2009.
 * Festus. ''Breviarium''.
-:* Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. ''Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People''. ''Canisius College Translated Texts'' 2. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2001. Online at [http://www.roman-emperors.org/festus.htm De Imperatoribus Romanis]. Accessed 15 August 2009.
+:* Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. ''Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People''. ''Canisius College Translated Texts'' 2. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2001. Online at [http://www.roman-emperors.org/festus.htm De Imperatoribus Romanis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407024037/http://www.roman-emperors.org/festus.htm |date=2022-04-07 }}. Accessed 15 August 2009.
 * Lactantius. ''De Mortibus Persecutorum'' (''On the Deaths of the Persecutors'').
-:* Fletcher, William, trans. ''Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0705.htm New Advent]. Accessed 25 August 2009.
+:* Fletcher, William, trans. ''Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0705.htm New Advent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115010922/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0705.htm |date=2021-01-15 }}. Accessed 25 August 2009.
 * ''XII Panegyrici Latini'' (''Twelve Latin Panegyrics'').
 :* Nixon, C.E.V., and Barbara Saylor Rodgers, ed. and trans. ''In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
 * Zosimus. ''Historia Nova'' (''New History'').
-:* Unknown, trans. ''The History of Count Zosimus''. London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus00_intro.htm Tertullian]. Accessed 15 August 2009.{{refn|This edition and translation is not very good. The pagination is broken in several places, there are many typographical errors (including several replacements of "Julian" with "Jovian" and "Constantine" with "Constantius"). It is nonetheless the only translation of the ''Historia Nova'' in the public domain.<ref>Roger Pearse, "[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus00_intro.htm Preface to the online edition of Zosimus' ''New History'']". 19 November 2003, rev. 20 August 2003. Accessed 15 August 2009.
+:* Unknown, trans. ''The History of Count Zosimus''. London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus00_intro.htm Tertullian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013194408/https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus00_intro.htm |date=2022-10-13 }}. Accessed 15 August 2009.{{refn|This edition and translation is not very good. The pagination is broken in several places, there are many typographical errors (including several replacements of "Julian" with "Jovian" and "Constantine" with "Constantius"). It is nonetheless the only translation of the ''Historia Nova'' in the public domain.<ref>Roger Pearse, "[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus00_intro.htm Preface to the online edition of Zosimus' ''New History''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013194408/https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus00_intro.htm |date=2022-10-13 }}". 19 November 2003, rev. 20 August 2003. Accessed 15 August 2009.
 </ref>|group=notes}}
 {{Refend}}
@@ Baris 54: / Baris 81: @@
 === Sumber modern ===
 {{Refbegin|2}}
-* Banchich, Thomas M. "[http://www.roman-emperors.org/iulian.htm Iulianus (c. 286–293 AD)]." ''De Imperatoribus Romanis'' (1997). Accessed March 8, 2008.
+* Banchich, Thomas M. "[http://www.roman-emperors.org/iulian.htm Iulianus (c. 286–293 AD)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315020219/http://www.roman-emperors.org/iulian.htm |date=2015-03-15 }}." ''De Imperatoribus Romanis'' (1997). Accessed March 8, 2008.
 * Barnes, Timothy D. "Lactantius and Constantine." ''The Journal of Roman Studies'' 63 (1973): 29–46.
 * Barnes, Timothy D. ''Constantine and Eusebius''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1
@@ Baris 66: / Baris 93: @@
 * Corcoran, "Before Constantine", Simon. "Before Constantine." In ''The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine'', edited by Noel Lenski, 35–58. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-81838-9 Paperback ISBN 0-521-52157-2
 * DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "[http://www.roman-emperors.org/chlorus.htm Constantius I Chlorus (305–306 AD)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204044223/http://www.roman-emperors.org/chlorus.htm |date=2012-02-04 }}." ''De Imperatoribus Romanis'' (1996a). Accessed March 8, 2008.
-* DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "[http://www.roman-emperors.org/galerius.htm Galerius (305–311 AD)]." ''De Imperatoribus Romanis'' (1996b). Accessed March 8, 2008.
+* DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "[http://www.roman-emperors.org/galerius.htm Galerius (305–311 AD)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126233141/http://www.roman-emperors.org/galerius.htm |date=2012-01-26 }}." ''De Imperatoribus Romanis'' (1996b). Accessed March 8, 2008.
-* DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "[http://www.roman-emperors.org/maxherc.htm Maximianus Herculius (286–305 AD)]." ''De Imperatoribus Romanis'' (1997). Accessed March 8, 2008.
+* DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "[http://www.roman-emperors.org/maxherc.htm Maximianus Herculius (286–305 AD)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825094303/http://www.roman-emperors.org/maxherc.htm |date=2012-08-25 }}." ''De Imperatoribus Romanis'' (1997). Accessed March 8, 2008.
 * Elliott, T. G. ''The Christianity of Constantine the Great''. Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 1996. ISBN 0-940866-59-5
 * Gibbon, Edward, ‘Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire’, Chapter 14
@@ Baris 76: / Baris 103: @@
 * Lenski, Noel. "The Reign of Constantine." In ''The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine'', edited by Noel Lenski, 59–90. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006b. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-81838-9 Paperback ISBN 0-521-52157-2
 * Mackay, Christopher S. "Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian." ''Classical Philology'' 94:2 (1999): 198–209.
-* Mathisen, Ralph W. "[http://www.roman-emperors.org/dioclet.htm Diocletian (284–305 AD.)]." ''De Imperatoribus Romanis'' (1997). Accessed February 16, 2008.
+* Mathisen, Ralph W. "[http://www.roman-emperors.org/dioclet.htm Diocletian (284–305 AD.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924025506/http://www.roman-emperors.org/dioclet.htm |date=2017-09-24 }}." ''De Imperatoribus Romanis'' (1997). Accessed February 16, 2008.
 * Odahl, Charles Matson. ''Constantine and the Christian Empire''. New York: Routledge, 2004. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-17485-6 Paperback ISBN 0-415-38655-1
 * Pohlsander, Hans. ''The Emperor Constantine''. London & New York: Routledge, 2004a. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-31937-4 Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2
-* Pohlsander, Hans. "[http://www.roman-emperors.org/conniei.htm Constantine I (306 – 337 AD)]." ''De Imperatoribus Romanis'' (2004b). Accessed December 16, 2007.
+* Pohlsander, Hans. "[http://www.roman-emperors.org/conniei.htm Constantine I (306 – 337 AD)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929190410/http://www.roman-emperors.org/conniei.htm |date=2017-09-29 }}." ''De Imperatoribus Romanis'' (2004b). Accessed December 16, 2007.
 * Potter, David S. ''The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395''. New York: Routledge, 2005. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-10057-7 Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5
 * Rees, Roger. ''Diocletian and the Tetrarchy''. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6
@@ Baris 96: / Baris 123: @@
 == Pranala luar ==
 {{Commons|Galerius}}
-* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/edict-milan.html Medieval Sourcebook]: Edict of Toleration by Galerius, 311.
+* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/edict-milan.html Medieval Sourcebook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814182534/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/edict-milan.html |date=2014-08-14 }}: Edict of Toleration by Galerius, 311.
-* [http://www.roman-empire.net/decline/galerius.html Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus]
+* [http://www.roman-empire.net/decline/galerius.html Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630063722/http://www.roman-empire.net/decline/galerius.html |date=2007-06-30 }}
-* [http://www.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/lactant/lactpers.html Lactantius about Galerius in his "''De Mortibus Persecutorum''" chapter XXIII & XXVII]
+* [http://www.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/lactant/lactpers.html Lactantius about Galerius in his "''De Mortibus Persecutorum''" chapter XXIII & XXVII] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813082852/http://www.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/lactant/lactpers.html |date=2009-08-13 }}
-* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06341a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia]
+* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06341a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417165841/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06341a.htm |date=2021-04-17 }}
 {{Kaisar Romawi}}

l b s Daftar kaisar Romawi bersatu, Barat, dan Timur
Kaisar Romawi Raja Romawi
Principatus 27 SM – 235 M	Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasianus Titus Domitianus Nerva Trajanus Hadrianus Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius dan Lucius Verus Commodus Pertinax Didius Julianus (Pescennius Niger) (Clodius Albinus) Septimius Severus Caracalla dgn Geta Macrinus dgn Diadumenian Elagabalus Alexander Severus
Krisis 235–284	Maximinus Thrax Gordian I dan Gordian II Pupienus dan Balbinus Gordian III Filipus si Arab dan Philippus II Decius dgn Herennius Etruscus Hostilian Trebonianus Gallus dgn Volusianus Aemilianus Valerian Gallienus dgn Saloninus dan Valerianus II Klaudius Gothikus Kuintillus Aurelianus Tacitus Florianus Probus Carus Carinus dan Numerianus Kaisar-kaisar Galia: Postumus (Laelianus) Marius Victorinus (Domitianus II) Tetricus I dgn Tetricus II sbg Caesar
Dominatus 284–395	Diokletianus (seluruh kekaisaran) Diokletianus (Timur) dan Maximianus (Barat) Diokletianus (Timur) dan Maximianus (Barat) dgn Galerius (Timur) dan Konstantius Klorus (Barat) sbg Caesar Galerius (Timur) dan Konstantius Klorus (Barat) dgn Severus (Barat) dan Maximinus II (Timur) sbg Caesar Galerius (Timur) Severus (Barat) dgn Konstantinus Agung (Barat) dan Maximinus II (Timur) sbg Caesar Galerius (Timur) dan Maxentius (Barat) dgn Konstantinus Agung (Barat) dan Maximinus II (Timur) sbg Caesar Galerius (Timur) dan Licinius (Barat) dgn Konstantinus Agung (Barat) dan Maximinus II (Timur) sbg Caesar Maxentius (sendiri) Licinius (Barat) dan Maximinus II (Timur) dgn Konstantinus Agung (proklamasi sendiri sbg Augustus) dan Valerius Valens Licinius (Timur) dan Konstantinus Agung (Barat) dgn Lisinius II, Konstantinus II dan Krispus sbg Caesar Martinianus Konstantinus Agung (seluruh kekaisaran) dgn putra Krispus sbg Caesar Konstantinus II Konstans Magnentius Decentius sbg Caesar Konstantius II dgn Vetranio Flavius Claudius Julianus Yovianus Valentinianus I Valens Gratianus Valentinianus II Magnus Maximus dgn Victor Theodosius I Flavius Eugenius
Romawi Barat 395–480	Honorius Konstantinus III dgn putra Konstans II Priskus Attalus Konstantius III Ioannes Valentinianus III Petronius Maximus dgn Palladius Avitus Majorianus Libius Severus Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustus
Romawi Timur Bizantium 395–1204	Arcadius Theodosius II Marcianus Leo I Leo II Zeno (pemerintahan pertama) Basiliskus dgn putra Marcus sbg rekan-kaisar Zeno (pemerintahan kedua) Anastasius I Dicorus Yustinus I Yustinianus I Yustinus II Tiberius II Konstantinus Mauricius dgn putra Theodosius sbg rekan-kaisar Phocas Heraklius Heraklius Konstantinus Heraklonas Konstans II Konstantinus IV dgn saudara-saudara Heraklius dan Tiberius dan kemudian Yustinianus II sbg rekan-kaisar Yustinianus II (pemerintahan pertama) Leontios Tiberius III Yustinianus II (pemerintahan kedua) dgn putra Tiberius sbg rekan-kaisar Filippikos Bardanes Anastasius II Theodosius III Leōn III Kōnstantinos V Artabasdos Leōn IV Khazar Kōnstantinos VI Irene Nikēphoros I Stavrakos Mikhaēl I Rangabes dgn putra Theophylaktos sbg rekan-kaisar Leo V Armenia dgn Konstantinus sbg kaisar junior Mikhaēl II Theophilos Mikhaēl III Basileios I Leōn VI Alexander Konstantinus VII Romanos I Lekapenos dgn putra-putra Christopher Lakapenos, Stefanos Lakapinos dan Konstantinos Lakapinos sbg rekan-kaisar junior Rōmanos II Nikēphoros II Phōkas Iōannēs I Tzimiskēs Basileios II Boulgaroktonos Kōnstantinos VIII Zōē (pemerintahan pertama) dan Rōmanos III Argyros Zōē (pemerintahan pertama) dan Mikhaēl IV Paphlagōn Mikhael V Kalafatis Zōē (pemerintahan kedua) dgn Theodōra dan Kōnstantinos IX Monomakhos Kōnstantinos IX Monomakhos (kaisar tunggal) Theodōra Mikhaēl VI Bringas Isaakius I Komnenos Konstantinus X Doukas Mikhaēl VII Doukas dgn saudara-saudara Andronikos dan Konstantios dan putra Kōnstantinos Rōmanos IV Diogenēs Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos Iōannēs II Komnēnos dgn Alexius Komnenus sbg rekan-kaisar Manouēl I Komnēnos Alexios II Komnēnos Andronikos I Komnenos Isaakius II Angelus Alexius III Angelus Alexios IV Angelus Nikolaos Kanavos (dipilih oleh Senat) Alexios V Doukas
Kekaisaran Nicea 1204–1261	Konstantinos Laskaris Theodōros I Laskaris Iōannēs III Doukas Vatatzēs Theodōros II Doukas Laskaris Ioannes IV Laskaris
Romawi Timur Bizantium 1261–1453	Mikhaēl VIII Paleologos Andronikos II Palaiologos dgn Mikhaēl IX Paleologos sbg rekan-kaisar Andronikos III Palaiologos Iōannēs V Paleologos Iōannēs VI Kantakouzēnos dgn Iōannēs V Palaiologos dan Matthaios Asanēs Kantakouzēnos sbg rekan-kaisar Iōannēs V Palaiologos Andronikos IV Palaiologos Iōannēs VII Palaiologos Andronikos V Palaiologos Manouel II Palaiologos Iōannēs VIII Paleologos Kōnstantinos XI Dragasēs Paleologos Dēmētrios Palaiologos Thōmas Palaiologos Andreas Palaiologos
Huruf cetak miring menunjukkan seorang rekan-kaisar, sedangkan yang digaris bawahi menunjukkan seorang perampas kekuasaan. Lihat pula: Kerajaan Romawi Republik Romawi Julius Caesar Kekaisaran Romawi Suci

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