Pemberontakan Jahriyyah: Perbedaan antara revisi
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|commander2= [[Ma Mingxin]], Su Sishisan<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=102}}</ref> |
|commander2= [[Ma Mingxin]], Su Sishisan<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=102}}</ref> |
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|strength1= Tentara loyalis Muslim Sufi Khufiyya dan Gedimu Muslim [[suku Hui|Hui]], [[Tentara Standar Hijau]] Han, [[Delapan Panji]] Tibetan, Manchu, Mongol, dan Han. |
|strength1= Tentara loyalis Muslim Sufi Khufiyya dan Gedimu Muslim [[suku Hui|Hui]], [[Tentara Standar Hijau]] Han, [[Delapan Panji]] Tibetan, Manchu, Mongol, dan Han. |
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|strength2= Pemberontak Jahriyya Musli Sufi [[suku Hui|Hui]], Pemberontak Jahriyya Muslim Sufi [[suku Salar|Salar]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA108#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=108}}</ref> [[Dongxiang|suku Santa]], para pemberontak Tionghoa Han<ref name="Dwyer2007">{{cite book|author=Arienne M. Dwyer|title=Salar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2007|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04091-4}}</ref>{{rp|21}}, 3 |
|strength2= Pemberontak Jahriyya Musli Sufi [[suku Hui|Hui]], Pemberontak Jahriyya Muslim Sufi [[suku Salar|Salar]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA108#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=108}}</ref> [[Dongxiang|suku Santa]], para pemberontak Tionghoa Han<ref name="Dwyer2007">{{cite book|author=Arienne M. Dwyer|title=Salar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2007|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04091-4}}</ref>{{rp|21}}, 3.000 dari Xunhua<ref name="(U.S.)1987">{{cite book|author=Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.)|title=Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20-24, 1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSxYAAAAMAAJ&q=1781+jahriyya&dq=1781+jahriyya&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_u8OMttHaAhWSd98KHTb-A3gQ6AEISjAG|year=1987|pages=41}}</ref> |
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Revisi per 7 Desember 2019 17.49
Pemberontakan Jahriyya (1781) atau Pemberontakan Salar[1] | |||||||
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Pihak terlibat | |||||||
Kekaisaran Qing, Muslim Sufi Khafiya (Khufiyya) | Pemberontak Muslim Sufi Jahriyya | ||||||
Tokoh dan pemimpin | |||||||
Heshen, Agui, Fuk'anggan, Li Shiyao | Ma Mingxin, Su Sishisan[7] | ||||||
Kekuatan | |||||||
Tentara loyalis Muslim Sufi Khufiyya dan Gedimu Muslim Hui, Tentara Standar Hijau Han, Delapan Panji Tibetan, Manchu, Mongol, dan Han. | Pemberontak Jahriyya Musli Sufi Hui, Pemberontak Jahriyya Muslim Sufi Salar,[8] suku Santa, para pemberontak Tionghoa Han[9] , 3.000 dari Xunhua[10] |
Bagian dari serial tentang:
Islam di Tiongkok |
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Portal Islam • Portal Tiongkok |
Dalam pemberontakan Jahriyya tahun 1781 kekerasan sektarian antara dua subordo dari aliran Sufi Naqshbandi, Muslim Sufi Jahriyya dan saingan mereka, Muslim Sufi Khafiyya, menyebabkan intervensi Qing untuk menghentikan pertikaian antara keduanya, yang pada gilirannya menyebabkan pemberontakan Muslim Sufi Jahriyya yang dihancurkan Dinasti Qing di Tiongkok dengan bantuan Muslim Sufi Khufiyya (Khafiyya).[11][12]
Karena perkelahian di jalan dan tuntutan hukum antara aliran Sufi Jahriyya dan Khufiyya, Ma Mingxin ditangkap untuk menghentikan kekerasan sektarian antara para Sufi.[13] Jahriyya kemudian mencoba membawa lari Ma Mingxin dari penjara yang menyebabkan eksekusi dan penghancuran para pemberontak Jahriyya. Qing menggunakan Xinjiang sebagai tempat untuk mendeportasi para pemberontak Jahriyya.[14]
Para Sufi Khufiyya dan Gedimu bergabung melawan para Sufi Jahriyya yang mereka lawan dengan keras dan berbeda dalam praktik.[9] Salar Jahriyya termasuk di antara mereka yang dideportasi ke Xinjiang.[15] Beberapa orang Tionghoa Han bergabung dan berperang bersama para pemberontak Muslim Jahriyya Salar dalam pemberontakan mereka.[9] Para loyalis Muslim bertempur untuk Qing.[16]
Para pengikut Jahriyya juga dideportasi ke Guizhou dan Yunnan.[17] Jahriyya dicap sebagai "Pengajaran Baru".[18]
Pemberontakan Dungan (1895–1896) pecah di tempat yang sama dengan pemberontakan Jahriyya karena alasan yang sangat mirip, yakni kekerasan sektarian.[19] and lawsuits between two Naqshbandi Sufi orders which the Qing tried to resolve.[20]
Korupsi dan penggelapan oleh para pejabat dikemukakan sebagai salah satu faktor penyebab kekerasan.[21] dan tuntutan hukum antara dua aliran Sufi Naqshbandi yang berusaha diselesaikan oleh Qing.[22]
Keturunan Ma Mingxin adalah Ma Yuanzhang.[23]
Selain mengirim orang buangan Han yang dihukum karena kejahatan ke Xinjiang untuk menjadi budak garnisun Panji di sana, Qing juga melakukan pengasingan terbalik, mengasingkan orang-orang Asia Dalam (para penjahat Mongol, Rusia, dan Muslim dari Mongolia dan Asia Dalam) ke Tiongkok sebenarnya, tempat mereka akan mengabdi sebagai budak di garnisun-garnisun Panji Han di Guangzhou.[24] In the 1780s after the Muslim rebellion in Gansu started by Zhang Wenqing 張文慶 was defeated, Muslims like Ma Jinlu 馬進祿 were exiled to the Han Banner garrison in Guangzhou to become slaves to Han Banner officers.<ref>
Referensi
- ^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects. Psychology Press. hlm. 122. ISBN 978-0-7007-1026-3.
- ^ Matthew S. Erie (September 2016). China and Islam. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 52. ISBN 978-1-107-05337-3.
- ^ Glauco D'Agostino (2013-10-14). La lunga marcia dell'Islam politico. Gangemi Editore Spa. hlm. 46. ISBN 978-88-492-7725-8.
- ^ Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter. Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois. 1975. hlm. 227.
- ^ Dru C. Gladney (1 January 1991). Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic. Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. hlm. 50. ISBN 978-0-674-59495-1.
- ^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 101. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
- ^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 102. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
- ^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 108. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
- ^ a b c Arienne M. Dwyer (2007). Salar. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04091-4.
- ^ Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.) (1987). Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20-24, 1987. hlm. 41.
- ^ Jonathan N. Lipman; Jonathan Neaman Lipman; Stevan Harrell (1990). Violence in China: Essays in Culture and Counterculture. SUNY Press. hlm. 76. ISBN 978-0-7914-0113-2.
- ^ Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, pp. 293-294. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=9#page_scan_tab_contents.
- ^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 107. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
- ^ Michael Dillon (16 December 2013). China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 123. ISBN 978-1-136-80940-8.
- ^ Arienne M. Dwyer (2007). Salar. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. hlm. 21. ISBN 978-3-447-04091-4.
- ^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 130. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
- ^ Karen G. Turner; James V. Feinerman; R. Kent Guy (1 May 2015). The Limits of the Rule of Law in China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 123. ISBN 978-0-295-80389-0.
- ^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 178. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
- ^ Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 298. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=14#page_scan_tab_contents.
- ^ Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 299. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=15#page_scan_tab_contents.
- ^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 96. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
- ^ Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 299. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=15#page_scan_tab_contents.
- ^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. hlm. 179. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
- ^ Yongwei, MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0188-2740-032, QL 43.3.30 (April 26, 1778).