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* {{cite book |last = Barbara |first = Christopher |title = International legal personality: Panacea or pandemonium? Theorizing about the individual and the state in the era of globalization|publisher=[[Verlag Dr. Müller]] |year = 2008 |location =Saarbrücken|url = http://www.amazon.com/International-legal-personality-pandemonium-globalization/dp/3639115147/ |id = |isbn = 3-639-11514-7}}
* {{cite book|last = Barbara|first = Christopher|title = International legal personality: Panacea or pandemonium? Theorizing about the individual and the state in the era of globalization|publisher=[[Verlag Dr. Müller]]|year = 2008|location =Saarbrücken|url = http://www.amazon.com/International-legal-personality-pandemonium-globalization/dp/3639115147/|id =|isbn = 3-639-11514-7}}
* {{cite book |last = von Braun |first = Joachim |author2=Eugenio Diaz-Bonilla |title = Globalization of Food and Agriculture and the Poor|publisher=Oxford University Press |year = 2007 |location = Oxford|url = http://www.ifpri.org/PUBS/otherpubs/globalpoor.asp |id = |isbn = 978-0-19-569528-1}}
* {{cite book|last = von Braun|first = Joachim|author2=Eugenio Diaz-Bonilla|title = Globalization of Food and Agriculture and the Poor|publisher=Oxford University Press|year = 2007|location = Oxford|url = http://www.ifpri.org/PUBS/otherpubs/globalpoor.asp|id =|isbn = 978-0-19-569528-1}}
* Carpenter, John. "Puritan Missions as Globalization," ''[[Fides et Historia]]''. 31:2, 1999 pp. 103–123.
* Carpenter, John. "Puritan Missions as Globalization," ''[[Fides et Historia]]''. 31:2, 1999 pp. 103–123.
*{{Cite book |last= Chanda |first = Nayan |authorlink = Nayan Chanda |title=Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Warriors and Adventurers Shaped Globalization |publisher=Yale University Press, New Haven |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-11201-6}}
*{{Cite book|last= Chanda|first = Nayan|authorlink = Nayan Chanda|title=Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Warriors and Adventurers Shaped Globalization|publisher=Yale University Press, New Haven|year=2007|isbn=978-0-300-11201-6}}
* {{cite book |last = Fernando |first = Salvetti (ed.) |title = "Glocal" Working. Living and Working across the World with Cultural Intelligence |publisher=Franco Angeli|year = 2010 |location =Milan|url = http://www.cultural-intelligence.info |id = |isbn = 978-88-568-2733-0}}
* {{cite book|last = Fernando|first = Salvetti (ed.)|title = "Glocal" Working. Living and Working across the World with Cultural Intelligence|publisher=Franco Angeli|year = 2010|location =Milan|url = http://www.cultural-intelligence.info|id =|isbn = 978-88-568-2733-0}}
* {{cite book |last = Glyn |first = Andrew |authorlink = Andrew Glyn |title = Capitalism Unleashed: Finance, Globalization, and Welfare |year = 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location = Oxford |url= http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/International/?view=usa&ci=9780199226795 |isbn = 0-19-922679-2}}
* {{cite book|last = Glyn|first = Andrew|authorlink = Andrew Glyn|title = Capitalism Unleashed: Finance, Globalization, and Welfare|year = 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location = Oxford|url= http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/International/?view=usa&ci=9780199226795|isbn = 0-19-922679-2}}
* {{cite book |last = Kitching |first = Gavin |authorlink = Gavin Kitching |title = Seeking Social Justice through Globalization. Escaping a Nationalist Perspective |publisher=Penn State Press |year= 2001 |url = http://www.gavinkitching.com/africa_3.htm |isbn = 0-271-02162-4 }}
* {{cite book|last = Kitching|first = Gavin|authorlink = Gavin Kitching|title = Seeking Social Justice through Globalization. Escaping a Nationalist Perspective|publisher=Penn State Press|year= 2001|url = http://www.gavinkitching.com/africa_3.htm|isbn = 0-271-02162-4 }}
* {{cite book |last = Kohler |first = Gernot |coauthors = Emilio José Chaves (eds.) |title = Globalization: Critical Perspectives |year = 2003 |publisher=Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers |ISBN = 1-59033-346-2|url = http://www.novapublishers.com/}} With contributions by [[Samir Amin]], [[Christopher Chase-Dunn]], [[Andre Gunder Frank]], [[Immanuel Wallerstein]]
* {{cite book|last = Kohler|first = Gernot|coauthors = Emilio José Chaves (eds.)|title = Globalization: Critical Perspectives|year = 2003|publisher=Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers |ISBN = 1-59033-346-2|url = http://www.novapublishers.com/}} With contributions by [[Samir Amin]], [[Christopher Chase-Dunn]], [[Andre Gunder Frank]], [[Immanuel Wallerstein]]
* {{cite book |last = [[Jerry Mander|Mander, Jerry]] |author2=[[Edward Goldsmith]] |title = The case against the global economy: and for a turn toward the local |publisher=[[Sierra Club Books]] |year = 1996 |location = San Francisco |url = |id = |isbn = 0-87156-865-9 }}
* {{cite book|last = [[Jerry Mander|Mander, Jerry]]|author2=[[Edward Goldsmith]] |title = The case against the global economy: and for a turn toward the local|publisher=[[Sierra Club Books]]|year = 1996|location = San Francisco|url =|id =|isbn = 0-87156-865-9 }}
* {{cite book |last = Moore |first = Karl |authorlink = Karl Moore (academic) |author2=David Charles Lewis |title = Origins of Globalization |publisher=Routledge |year = 2009 |location = New York |url = http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415805988/ |isbn=978-0-415-80598-8}}
* {{cite book|last = Moore|first = Karl|authorlink = Karl Moore (academic)|author2=David Charles Lewis|title = Origins of Globalization|publisher=Routledge|year = 2009|location = New York|url = http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415805988/|isbn=978-0-415-80598-8}}
* {{cite book |last = Murray |first = Warwick E. |title = Geographies of Globalization |publisher=Routledge |year = 2006 |location = New York |isbn = 0-415-31799-1 }}
* {{cite book|last = Murray|first = Warwick E.|title = Geographies of Globalization|publisher=Routledge|year = 2006|location = New York|isbn = 0-415-31799-1 }}
* {{cite book |last = Neumann |first = Iver B. |author2=Ole Jacob Sending |title = Governing the Global Polity: Practice, Mentality, Rationality |publisher=University of Michigan Press|year = 2010 |location = Ann Arbor |url = http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=371804|isbn = 978-0-472-07093-0}}
* {{cite book|last = Neumann|first = Iver B.|author2=Ole Jacob Sending|title = Governing the Global Polity: Practice, Mentality, Rationality|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year = 2010|location = Ann Arbor|url = http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=371804|isbn = 978-0-472-07093-0}}
* {{cite book |last = Osterhammel |first = Jürgen |authorlink = Jürgen Osterhammel |author2=Niels P. Petersson |title = Globalization: A Short History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year = 2005 |location = Princeton, New Jersey |url = http://www.amazon.com/Globalization-Short-History-Jurgen-Osterhammel/dp/0691121656/ |id = |isbn = 0-691-12165-6 }}
* {{cite book|last = Osterhammel|first = Jürgen|authorlink = Jürgen Osterhammel|author2=Niels P. Petersson|title = Globalization: A Short History|publisher=Princeton University Press|year = 2005|location = Princeton, New Jersey|url = http://www.amazon.com/Globalization-Short-History-Jurgen-Osterhammel/dp/0691121656/|id =|isbn = 0-691-12165-6 }}
* {{cite book |last = Pfister |first = Ulrich |authorlink = |title = Globalization |year = 2012 |publisher=[[Institute of European History]], |location = Mainz |url= http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012060507 |isbn = }}
* {{cite book|last = Pfister|first = Ulrich|authorlink =|title = Globalization|year = 2012|publisher=[[Institute of European History]],|location = Mainz|url= http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012060507|isbn = }}
*{{cite book |author=Reinsdorf, Marshall and Matthew J. Slaughter |title=International Trade in Services and Intangibles in the Era of Globalization |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-226-70959-8 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago}}
*{{cite book|author=Reinsdorf, Marshall and Matthew J. Slaughter|title=International Trade in Services and Intangibles in the Era of Globalization|year=2009|isbn=978-0-226-70959-8|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago}}
* {{cite book |last = Sen |first = Amartya |authorlink = Amartya Sen |title = [[Development as Freedom]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |year = 1999 |location = Oxford, New York |url = |id = |isbn = 0375406190 }}
* {{cite book|last = Sen|first = Amartya|authorlink = Amartya Sen|title = [[Development as Freedom]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year = 1999|location = Oxford, New York|url =|id =|isbn = 0375406190 }}
* {{cite book |last = Sirkin |first = Harold L |coauthors = James W. Hemerling and Arindam K. Bhattacharya |title = Globality: Competing with Everyone from Everywhere for Everything|publisher=Business Plus |year = 2008 |location = New York |page = 292 |url = http://www.bcg.com/globality|id = |isbn = 0-446-17829-2}}
* {{cite book|last = Sirkin|first = Harold L|coauthors = James W. Hemerling and Arindam K. Bhattacharya|title = Globality: Competing with Everyone from Everywhere for Everything|publisher=Business Plus|year = 2008|location = New York|page = 292|url = http://www.bcg.com/globality|id =|isbn = 0-446-17829-2}}
* {{cite book |last = Smith |first = Charles |authorlink = Charles Emrys Smith |title = International Trade and Globalisation, 3rd edition |publisher=Anforme |year = 2007 |location = Stocksfield |url = |id = |isbn = 1-905504-10-1 }}
* {{cite book|last = Smith|first = Charles|authorlink = Charles Emrys Smith|title = International Trade and Globalisation, 3rd edition|publisher=Anforme|year = 2007|location = Stocksfield|url =|id =|isbn = 1-905504-10-1 }}
* {{cite book |last = Steger |first = Manfred |title = Globalism: the new market ideology |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year = 2002 |location = Lanham, Maryland |url = |id = |isbn = 0-7425-0072-1 }}
* {{cite book|last = Steger|first = Manfred|title = Globalism: the new market ideology|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year = 2002|location = Lanham, Maryland|url =|id =|isbn = 0-7425-0072-1 }}
* {{cite book |last = Stiglitz |first = Joseph E. |authorlink = Joseph E. Stiglitz |title = [[Globalization and Its Discontents]] |publisher=W.W. Norton |year = 2002 |location = New York |url = |id = |isbn = 0-393-32439-7 }}
* {{cite book|last = Stiglitz|first = Joseph E.|authorlink = Joseph E. Stiglitz|title = [[Globalization and Its Discontents]]|publisher=W.W. Norton|year = 2002|location = New York|url =|id =|isbn = 0-393-32439-7 }}
* {{cite book |last = Stiglitz |first = Joseph E. |authorlink = Joseph E. Stiglitz |title = [[Making Globalization Work]] |publisher=W.W. Norton |year = 2006 |location = New York |url = |id = |isbn = 0-393-06122-1 }}
* {{cite book|last = Stiglitz|first = Joseph E.|authorlink = Joseph E. Stiglitz|title = [[Making Globalization Work]]|publisher=W.W. Norton|year = 2006|location = New York|url =|id =|isbn = 0-393-06122-1 }}
* {{cite book |last = Tausch |first = Arno |title = Multicultural Europe: Effects of the Global Lisbon Process |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |year = 2008 |location = Hauppauge, New York |url = |id = |isbn = 978-1-60456-806-6}}
* {{cite book|last = Tausch|first = Arno|title = Multicultural Europe: Effects of the Global Lisbon Process|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|year = 2008|location = Hauppauge, New York|url =|id =|isbn = 978-1-60456-806-6}}
* {{cite book |last = Osle |first = Rafael Domingo |title = The New Global Law |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year = 2010|location = Cambridge |url = |id = |isbn = 9780521193870 }}
* {{cite book|last = Osle|first = Rafael Domingo|title = The New Global Law|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year = 2010|location = Cambridge|url =|id =|isbn = 9780521193870 }}
* {{cite book |last = Wolf |first = Martin |authorlink = Martin Wolf |title = Why Globalization Works |publisher=Yale University Press |year = 2004 |location = New Haven |url = |id = |isbn = 978-0-300-10252-9 }}
* {{cite book|last = Wolf|first = Martin|authorlink = Martin Wolf|title = Why Globalization Works|publisher=Yale University Press|year = 2004|location = New Haven|url =|id =|isbn = 978-0-300-10252-9 }}


{{refend}}
{{refend}}

Revisi per 15 Maret 2016 21.05

Globalisasi
Peta kabel telegraf bawah laut Eastern Telegraph Company tahun 1901, contoh teknologi modern yang mengglobal pada awal abad ke-20.

Garis besar berikut merupakan tinjauan dan panduan topik globalisasi:

Globalisasi adalah proses integrasi internasional yang terjadi berkat pertukaran pandangan dunia, produk, pemikiran, atau aspek budaya lainnya.[1][2] Kemajuan sarana transportasi dan telekomunikasi, termasuk Internet, merupakan faktor pendorong utama globalisasi yang menciptakan interdependensi ekonomi dan budaya.[3] Proses globalisasi memengaruhi dan dipengaruhi oleh bisnis dan organisasi pekerjaan, ekonomi, sumber daya sosial-budaya, dan lingkungan alam.

Studi global

Lihat pula: Studi internasional
Lencana warga dunia

Studi global adalah studi akademik interdisipliner dan multidisipliner terhadap kekuatan dan tren global. Studi global juga mencakup pemaaman satu aspek globalisasi atau lebih, namun lebih berfkus pada bagaimana tren global menata ulang hubungan antarnegara, organisasi, masyarakat, komunitas, dan individu, menciptakan tantangan-tantangan baru yang tidak dapat diselesaikan oleh negara atau pasar sendirian.[4] Studi faktor-faktor pemicu globalisasi berasal dari berbagai disiplin ilmu seperti ilmu politik, ekonomi, sosiologi, dan lain-lain.

Sejarah

Animasi peta yang menampilkan perkembangan imperium kolonial sejak 1492 sampai sekarang

Sejarah globalisasi umumnya dibagi menjadi tiga periode: kuno, proto-globalisasi, dan modern.

  • Periode kuno ditetapkan sebagai peristiwa dan perkembangan yang terjadi sejak peradaban pertama sampai tahun 1600.
  • Periode proto-globalisasi kira-kira terjadi antara tahun 1600 dan 1800. Proto-globalisasi didorong oleh kolonialisme.
  • Periode globalisasi modern bermula pada abad ke-19 sampai saat ini. Imperialisme dan industrialisasi menjadi pendorong kekuatan dan tren global modern.

Konsep globalisasi

Teori globalisasi

Karena globalisasi bukan fenomena independen, melainkan fenomena yang sangat terkait dengan pandangan dunia, produk, pemikiran, dan aspek budaya lainnya, penjelasan mengenai sebab globalisasi terjadi dan dampak globalisasi berkaitan dengan sejumlah teori mulai dari pembangunan ekonomi sampai sosialisme revolusioner.

Pyramid of Capitalist System, koran Industrial Worker tahun 1911 yang mendukung perserikatan industri. Koran ini juga mengkritik kapitalisme.

Istilah globalisasi

Indeks globalisasi

Aspek globalisasi

Organisasi bisnis global

Artikel utama: Bisnis internasional dan Perdagangan internasional

Pembangunan bisnis internasional dan organisasi bisnis dan perdagangan dunia merupakan aspek-aspek dasar globalisasi dan perkembangan sistem global.

Singapore skyline
Singapura, negara peringkat pertama dalam Enabling Trade Index, terlibat dalam globalisasi dan menjadi negara yang sangat maju
Merah: Laba perusahaan A.S. dipotong pajak. Biru: Investasi bisnis non-residen A.S., dibandingkan dengan PDB, 1989-2012. Pemusatan kekayaan laba perusahaan di surga pajak dunia karena pengelakan pajak didorong oleh kebijakan pengetatan yang menghambat investasi dan pertumbuhan ekonomoi.[5]

Globalisasi ekonomi

Artikel utama: Globalisasi ekonomi
Dari semua faktor yang memengaruhi durasi pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara maju dan berkembang, kesetaraan penghasilan mmeiliki dampak yang lebih besar daripada keterbukaan perdagangan, lembaga politik yang jelas, dan investasi asing.[6]

Globalisasi ekonomi adalah peningkatan interdependensi ekonomi nasional dengan seluruh dunia melalui percepatan pergerakan barang, jasa, teknologi, dan modal lintas perbatasan. Aktivitas ekonomi internasional dan lembaga yang memengaruhi atau menjadi ciri khas globalisasi ekonomi meliputi:

Globalisasi sosial-budaya

Semua aspek globalisasi pada dasarnya bersifat sosial-budaya. Di sini dijabarkan aspek-aspek globalisasi budaya, termasuk keragaman budaya, homogenisasi budaya dan dampaknya, serta multikulturalisme, multilingualisme, kewarganegaraan global, pemerintahan global, dan perkembangan politik dan gerakan sosial lain yang terkait dengan globalisasi.

Monument to Multiculturalism karya Francesco Perilli di Toronto, Kanada. Empat pahatan identik terletak di Buffalo City, Afrika Selatan; Changchun, Tiongkok; Sarajevo, Bosnia; dan Sydney, Australia
Shakira, penyanyi dan pengarang lagu multibahasa Kolombia, mengadakan konser di luar negara asalnya.
Japanese McDonald's
Gerai McDonald's di Osaka, Jepang menggambarkan McDonaldisasi masyarakat global

Globalisasi tenaga kerja

Seiring globalisasi bisnis, muncullah pembagian tenaga kerja spasial baru yang terjadi ketika proses produksi tidak lagi terkurung perbatasan negara dan tenaga kerja dapat diambil dari berbagai wilayah dunia. Tenaga kerja global memiliki macam-macam dampak, mulai dari kebijakan imigrasi sampai hak asasi manusia dan hak tenaga kerja.

Berkas:Mall dubai.jpg
Sekitar 85% penduduk Dubai adalah pekerja migran, kebanyakan di antaranya berasal dari India.[7]
Visa masuk ganda Brasil di paspor A.S. dan stempel imigrasi dari Brasil, Perancis, dan Amerika Serikat.
Visa masuk wisatawan ke Tiongkok

Lingkungan alam global

Lingkungan alam berbeda dengan lingkungan terbangun yang terdiri dari wilayah dan komponen yang dipengaruhi manusia. Di era globalisasi, sedikit sekali lingkungan alami yang tersisa. Tantangan manusia terhadap lingkungan alam seperti perubahan iklim, polusi air dan udara lintas perbatasan, pemancingan berlebihan di lautan, dan persebaran spesies invasif memerlukan solusi transnasional dan solusi global.

Deforestasi dataran tinggi Madagaskar mengakibatkan siltasi besar-besaran dan arus sungai barat yang tidak stabil.
EkonomiSosialLingkungan
Tiga sistem keberlanjutan - ekonomi dikurung masyarakat yang juga dikurung oleh lingkungan biofisik

Isu globalisasi

Proses globalisasi membanjiri manusia dengan berbagai masalah yang sulit ditangani oleh sebuah kebudayaan, masyarakat, atau beberapa masyarakat.

Pengunjuk rasa menentang Bank Dunia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Pemisah digital global: Komputer per 100 orang.

Tempat

Organisasi globalisasi

Daftar tentang globalisasi

Karya tentang globalisasi

Tokoh globalisasi

Lihat pula

Referensi

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ Al-Rodhan, R.F. Nayef and Gérard Stoudmann. (2006). Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition.
  2. ^ Albrow, Martin and Elizabeth King (eds.) (1990). Globalization, Knowledge and Society London: Sage. ISBN 978-0803983243 p. 8. "...all those processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world society."
  3. ^ Stever, H. Guyford (1972). "Science, Systems, and Society." Journal of Cybernetics, 2(3):1-3. DOI:10.1080/01969727208542909
  4. ^ Harth, Chris. (2005). 'Struggling to Grasp a Moving Target: Global Studies in the US and Emergent International Landscapes.' Interim Report Prepared for Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
  5. ^ "Aggregate Demand, Instability and Growth" Review of Keynesian Economics, January 2013 (see also this review of the paper)
  6. ^ Berg, Andrew G.; Ostry, Jonathan D. (2011). "Equality and Efficiency". Finance and Development. International Monetary Fund. 48 (3). Diakses tanggal September 10, 2012. 
  7. ^ Hardy, Roger (27 February 2008). "Migrants demand labour rights in Gulf". BBC. 

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