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Memperbaiki kesalahan, mengganti "koronavirus" menjadi "COVID-19", dan menggabungkan referensi
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'''Vaksin penyakit koronavirus 2019''' merupakan [[vaksin]] yang nantinya akan digunakan untuk menangani [[penyakit koronavirus 2019]] (COVID-19). Belum ada vaksin yang telah melewati rangkaian [[uji klinis]]. Hingga Maret 2020, terdapat beberapa penelitian yang mengembangkan vaksin COVID-19. Pada akhir Februari 2020, [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] (WHO) mengatakan bahwa vaksin untuk menangani virus penyebab COVID-19, [[SARS-CoV-2]] tidak akan tersedia dalam waktu kurang dari 18 bulan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/who-says-a-coronavirus-vaccine-is-18-months-away|title=Here's Why It's Taking So Long to Develop a Vaccine for the New Coronavirus|last=Grenfell|first=Rob|last2=Drew|first2=Trevor|date=17 February 2020|website=ScienceAlert|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228010631/https://www.sciencealert.com/who-says-a-coronavirus-vaccine-is-18-months-away|archive-date=28 February 2020|access-date=26 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Hingga September 2020, terdapat 321 vaksin uji coba yang sedang dalam pengembangan.<ref name="thanh22">{{cite journal|last1=Le|first1=Tung Thanh|last2=Cramer|first2=Jakob P.|last3=Chen|first3=Robert|last4=Mayhew|first4=Stephen|date=2020-09-04|title=Evolution of the COVID-19 vaccine development landscape|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-020-00151-8|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00151-8|issn=1474-1776|pmid=32887942|s2cid=221503034}}</ref> Pada bulan September, 39 kandidat vaksin sedang dalam [[pengujian klinis]], 33 dalam [[Tahap-tahap pengujian klinis|pengujian tahap I–II]], dan 6 dalam [[Tahap-tahap pengujian klinis|pengujian tahap II–III]].<ref name="thanh2">{{cite journal|last1=Le|first1=Tung Thanh|last2=Cramer|first2=Jakob P.|last3=Chen|first3=Robert|last4=Mayhew|first4=Stephen|date=2020-09-04|title=Evolution of the COVID-19 vaccine development landscape|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-020-00151-8|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00151-8|issn=1474-1776|pmid=32887942|s2cid=221503034}}</ref>
'''Vaksin penyakit koronavirus 2019''' merupakan [[vaksin]] yang nantinya akan digunakan untuk menangani [[penyakit koronavirus 2019]] (COVID-19). Belum ada vaksin yang telah melewati rangkaian [[uji klinis]]. Hingga Maret 2020, terdapat beberapa penelitian yang mengembangkan vaksin COVID-19. Pada akhir Februari 2020, [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] (WHO) mengatakan bahwa vaksin untuk menangani virus penyebab COVID-19, [[SARS-CoV-2]] tidak akan tersedia dalam waktu kurang dari 18 bulan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/who-says-a-coronavirus-vaccine-is-18-months-away|title=Here's Why It's Taking So Long to Develop a Vaccine for the New Coronavirus|last=Grenfell|first=Rob|last2=Drew|first2=Trevor|date=17 February 2020|website=ScienceAlert|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228010631/https://www.sciencealert.com/who-says-a-coronavirus-vaccine-is-18-months-away|archive-date=28 February 2020|access-date=26 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Hingga September 2020, terdapat 321 vaksin uji coba yang sedang dalam pengembangan.<ref name="thanh22">{{cite journal|last1=Le|first1=Tung Thanh|last2=Cramer|first2=Jakob P.|last3=Chen|first3=Robert|last4=Mayhew|first4=Stephen|date=2020-09-04|title=Evolution of the COVID-19 vaccine development landscape|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-020-00151-8|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00151-8|issn=1474-1776|pmid=32887942|s2cid=221503034}}</ref> Pada bulan September, 39 kandidat vaksin sedang dalam [[pengujian klinis]], 33 dalam [[Tahap-tahap pengujian klinis|pengujian tahap I–II]], dan 6 dalam [[Tahap-tahap pengujian klinis|pengujian tahap II–III]].<ref name="thanh22" />


== Penelitian vaksin koronavirus yang lain ==
== Penelitian vaksin COVID-19 yang lain ==
Beberapa jenis koronavirus lain yang menyebabkan penyakit pada hewan telah memiliki vaksin tersendiri, seperti [[koronavirus burung]], [[koronavirus anjing]], dan [[koronavirus kucing]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cavanagh|first=Dave|year=2003|title=Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development: Experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus|journal=Avian Pathology|volume=32|issue=6|pages=567–582|doi=10.1080/03079450310001621198|pmid=14676007}}</ref>
Beberapa jenis koronavirus lain yang menyebabkan penyakit pada hewan telah memiliki vaksin tersendiri, seperti [[koronavirus burung]], [[koronavirus anjing]], dan [[koronavirus kucing]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cavanagh|first=Dave|year=2003|title=Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development: Experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus|journal=Avian Pathology|volume=32|issue=6|pages=567–582|doi=10.1080/03079450310001621198|pmid=14676007}}</ref>


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* [[Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit Tiongkok]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/26/c_138734908.htm|title=China CDC developing novel coronavirus vaccine|date=26 January 2020|access-date=28 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126201658/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/26/c_138734908.htm|archive-date=26 January 2020|agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jeong-ho|first=Lee|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3047676/number-coronavirus-cases-china-doubles-spread-rate-accelerates|title=Chinese scientists race to develop vaccine as coronavirus death toll jumps|date=26 January 2020|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=28 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126073453/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3047676/number-coronavirus-cases-china-doubles-spread-rate-accelerates|archive-date=26 January 2020|last2=Zheng|first2=William|last3=Zhou|first3=Laura}}</ref>
* [[Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit Tiongkok]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/26/c_138734908.htm|title=China CDC developing novel coronavirus vaccine|date=26 January 2020|access-date=28 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126201658/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/26/c_138734908.htm|archive-date=26 January 2020|agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jeong-ho|first=Lee|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3047676/number-coronavirus-cases-china-doubles-spread-rate-accelerates|title=Chinese scientists race to develop vaccine as coronavirus death toll jumps|date=26 January 2020|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=28 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126073453/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3047676/number-coronavirus-cases-china-doubles-spread-rate-accelerates|archive-date=26 January 2020|last2=Zheng|first2=William|last3=Zhou|first3=Laura}}</ref>
* [[Universitas Hong Kong]].<ref name="HKvaccine">{{Cite news|last=Cheung|first=Elizabeth|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3047956/china-coronavirus-hong-kong-researchers-have|title=Hong Kong researchers have developed coronavirus vaccine, expert reveals|date=28 January 2020|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=28 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128154002/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3047956/china-coronavirus-hong-kong-researchers-have|archive-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>
* [[Universitas Hong Kong]].<ref name="HKvaccine">{{Cite news|last=Cheung|first=Elizabeth|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3047956/china-coronavirus-hong-kong-researchers-have|title=Hong Kong researchers have developed coronavirus vaccine, expert reveals|date=28 January 2020|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=28 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128154002/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3047956/china-coronavirus-hong-kong-researchers-have|archive-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>
* [[Universitas Kopenhagen]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sund.ku.dk/nyheder/2020/03/ku-forskere-faar-eu-bevilling-til-vaccine-mod-coronavirus/|title=KU-forskere får EU-bevilling til vaccine mod coronavirus|last=CVR 29979812|first=<a href="/sund-sites/sundhovedsites/sund-ku-dk/om-sund/praktisk/">EAN numre</a> <br />|date=2020-03-06|website=sund.ku.dk|language=da|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref> dengan pendanaaan dari Uni Eropa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en|title=Press corner|website=European Commission – European Commission|language=en|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref>
* [[Universitas Kopenhagen]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sund.ku.dk/nyheder/2020/03/ku-forskere-faar-eu-bevilling-til-vaccine-mod-coronavirus/|title=KU-forskere får EU-bevilling til vaccine mod coronavirus|last=CVR 29979812|first=<a href="/sund-sites/sundhovedsites/sund-ku-dk/om-sund/praktisk/">EAN numre</a> <br />|date=2020-03-06|website=sund.ku.dk|language=da|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref> dengan pendanaan dari Uni Eropa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en|title=Press corner|website=European Commission – European Commission|language=en|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref>
* [[Universitas Washington di St. Louis]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/wash-u-scientists-are-developing-coronavirus-vaccine|title=Wash U Scientists Are Developing A Coronavirus Vaccine|last=Chen|first=Eli|website=news.stlpublicradio.org|language=en|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref>
* [[Universitas Washington di St. Louis]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/wash-u-scientists-are-developing-coronavirus-vaccine|title=Wash U Scientists Are Developing A Coronavirus Vaccine|last=Chen|first=Eli|website=news.stlpublicradio.org|language=en|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref>
* Tiga proyek pengembangan vaksin yang didukung [[Koalisi Inovasi Kesiapsiagaan Epidemi|Koalisi untuk Kesiapsiagaan Epidemi Inovasi]] (CEPI), yakni proyek dari perusahaan [[bioteknologi]] [[Moderna]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ziady|first=Hanna|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/25/business/moderna-coronavirus-vaccine/index.html|title=Biotech company Moderna says its coronavirus vaccine is ready for first tests|date=26 February 2020|access-date=2 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228083910/https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/25/business/moderna-coronavirus-vaccine/index.html|archive-date=28 February 2020|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> [[Farmasi Inovio|Inovio Pharmaceuticals]], dan [[Universitas Queensland]].
* Tiga proyek pengembangan vaksin yang didukung [[Koalisi Inovasi Kesiapsiagaan Epidemi|Koalisi untuk Kesiapsiagaan Epidemi Inovasi]] (CEPI), yakni proyek dari perusahaan [[bioteknologi]] [[Moderna]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ziady|first=Hanna|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/25/business/moderna-coronavirus-vaccine/index.html|title=Biotech company Moderna says its coronavirus vaccine is ready for first tests|date=26 February 2020|access-date=2 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228083910/https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/25/business/moderna-coronavirus-vaccine/index.html|archive-date=28 February 2020|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> [[Farmasi Inovio|Inovio Pharmaceuticals]], dan [[Universitas Queensland]].
* [[Institut Nasional untuk Alergi dan Penyakit Menular]] (NIAID) bekerja sama dengan [[Moderna]] untuk mengembangkan vaksin berbasis RNA yang dapat berpasangan dengan reseptor koronavirus.<ref name="Reut_NIH_Moderna_3months"/> Vaksin tersebut dinamai mRNA-1273. Pada Februari 2020, NIAID mengajukan permohonan untuk melakukan uji klinis fase 1 dan membuka pendaftaran bagi yang bersedia menjadi subjek di Seattle, WA.<ref name="CTdotGOV-mRNA-1273">{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04283461|title=Safety and Immunogenicity Study of 2019-nCoV Vaccine (mRNA-1273) to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Infection – Full Text View – ClinicalTrials.gov|website=clinicaltrials.gov|publisher=National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health|language=en|access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="NIH-director-16-March">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-clinical-trial-investigational-vaccine-covid-19-begins|title=NIH clinical trial of investigational vaccine for COVID-19 begins|date=16 March 2020|website=National Institutes of Health (NIH)|publisher=National Institutes of Health|language=EN|access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref> Pada 16 Maret 2020, uji klinis fase 1 dimulai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-clinical-trial-investigational-vaccine-covid-19-begins|title=NIH clinical trial of investigational vaccine for COVID-19 begins|date=16 March 2020|publisher=US National Institutes of Health}}</ref>
* [[Institut Nasional untuk Alergi dan Penyakit Menular]] (NIAID) bekerja sama dengan [[Moderna]] untuk mengembangkan vaksin berbasis RNA yang dapat berpasangan dengan reseptor COVID-19.<ref name="Reut_NIH_Moderna_3months"/> Vaksin tersebut dinamai mRNA-1273. Pada Februari 2020, NIAID mengajukan permohonan untuk melakukan uji klinis fase 1 dan membuka pendaftaran bagi yang bersedia menjadi subjek di Seattle, WA.<ref name="CTdotGOV-mRNA-1273">{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04283461|title=Safety and Immunogenicity Study of 2019-nCoV Vaccine (mRNA-1273) to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Infection – Full Text View – ClinicalTrials.gov|website=clinicaltrials.gov|publisher=National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health|language=en|access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="NIH-director-16-March">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-clinical-trial-investigational-vaccine-covid-19-begins|title=NIH clinical trial of investigational vaccine for COVID-19 begins|date=16 March 2020|website=National Institutes of Health (NIH)|publisher=National Institutes of Health|language=EN|access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref> Pada 16 Maret 2020, uji klinis fase 1 dimulai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-clinical-trial-investigational-vaccine-covid-19-begins|title=NIH clinical trial of investigational vaccine for COVID-19 begins|date=16 March 2020|publisher=US National Institutes of Health}}</ref>
* [[Farmasi Inovio|Inovio Pharmaceuticals]] bekerja sama dengan perusahaan di Tiongkok mengembangkan vaksin berbasis DNA. [[Uji klinis]] direncanakan dilakukan pada musim panas [[Belahan Bumi Utara|belahan bumi utara]] tahun 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mazumdar|first=Tulip|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51299735|title=Coronavirus: Scientists race to develop a vaccine|date=30 January 2020|access-date=3 February 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130184311/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51299735|archive-date=30 January 2020|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>
* [[Farmasi Inovio|Inovio Pharmaceuticals]] bekerja sama dengan perusahaan di Tiongkok mengembangkan vaksin berbasis DNA. [[Uji klinis]] direncanakan dilakukan pada musim panas [[Belahan Bumi Utara|belahan bumi utara]] tahun 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mazumdar|first=Tulip|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51299735|title=Coronavirus: Scientists race to develop a vaccine|date=30 January 2020|access-date=3 February 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130184311/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51299735|archive-date=30 January 2020|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>
* Di Australia, [[Universitas Queensland]] sedang meneliti potensi vaksin jenis [[penjepit molekular]] yang akan memodifikasi protein virus untuk merangsang reaksi imun.<ref name="Guardian_CEPI_16weeks">{{Cite news|last=Devlin|first=Hannah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/24/lessons-from-sars-outbreak-help-in-race-for-coronavirus-vaccine|title=Lessons from SARS outbreak help in race for coronavirus vaccine|date=24 January 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=25 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125203322/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/24/lessons-from-sars-outbreak-help-in-race-for-coronavirus-vaccine|archive-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>
* Di Australia, [[Universitas Queensland]] sedang meneliti potensi vaksin jenis [[penjepit molekular]] yang akan memodifikasi protein virus untuk merangsang reaksi imun.<ref name="Guardian_CEPI_16weeks">{{Cite news|last=Devlin|first=Hannah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/24/lessons-from-sars-outbreak-help-in-race-for-coronavirus-vaccine|title=Lessons from SARS outbreak help in race for coronavirus vaccine|date=24 January 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=25 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125203322/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/24/lessons-from-sars-outbreak-help-in-race-for-coronavirus-vaccine|archive-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>
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== Rumor dan misinformasi ==
== Rumor dan misinformasi ==
Unggahan di media sosial mendorong penyebaran [[teori konspirasi]] yang mengklaim bahwa vaksin sudah tersedia. Padahal hingga saat ini, vaksin masih dikembangkan dan belum tersedia untuk masyarakat. Beberapa nomor paten yang dikutip di beberapa unggahan [[media sosial]] sebenarnya merupakan paten untuk [[Sekuens DNA|sekuens genetik]] dan vaksin untuk koronavirus jenis lain lain seperti [[SARS-CoV]] dan bukan untuk [[SARS-CoV-2]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/jan/23/facebook-posts/there-outbreak-china-wuhan-coronavirus-there-not-v/|title=No, there is no vaccine for the Wuhan coronavirus|last=Kertscher|first=Tom|date=23 January 2020|website=[[PolitiFact]]|publisher=[[Poynter Institute]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207133056/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/jan/23/facebook-posts/there-outbreak-china-wuhan-coronavirus-there-not-v/|archive-date=7 February 2020|access-date=7 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="20200124factcheckA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/01/social-media-posts-spread-bogus-coronavirus-conspiracy-theory/|title=Social Media Posts Spread Bogus Coronavirus Conspiracy Theory|last=McDonald|first=Jessica|date=24 January 2020|website=[[FactCheck.org]]|publisher=[[Annenberg Public Policy Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206102802/https://www.factcheck.org/2020/01/social-media-posts-spread-bogus-coronavirus-conspiracy-theory/|archive-date=6 February 2020|access-date=8 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
Unggahan di media sosial mendorong penyebaran [[teori konspirasi]] yang mengklaim bahwa vaksin sudah tersedia. Padahal hingga saat ini, vaksin masih dikembangkan dan belum tersedia untuk masyarakat. Beberapa nomor paten yang dikutip di beberapa unggahan [[media sosial]] sebenarnya merupakan paten untuk [[Sekuens DNA|sekuens genetik]] dan vaksin untuk koronavirus jenis lain seperti [[SARS-CoV]] dan bukan untuk [[SARS-CoV-2]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/jan/23/facebook-posts/there-outbreak-china-wuhan-coronavirus-there-not-v/|title=No, there is no vaccine for the Wuhan coronavirus|last=Kertscher|first=Tom|date=23 January 2020|website=[[PolitiFact]]|publisher=[[Poynter Institute]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207133056/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/jan/23/facebook-posts/there-outbreak-china-wuhan-coronavirus-there-not-v/|archive-date=7 February 2020|access-date=7 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="20200124factcheckA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/01/social-media-posts-spread-bogus-coronavirus-conspiracy-theory/|title=Social Media Posts Spread Bogus Coronavirus Conspiracy Theory|last=McDonald|first=Jessica|date=24 January 2020|website=[[FactCheck.org]]|publisher=[[Annenberg Public Policy Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206102802/https://www.factcheck.org/2020/01/social-media-posts-spread-bogus-coronavirus-conspiracy-theory/|archive-date=6 February 2020|access-date=8 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>


== Referensi ==
== Referensi ==

Revisi per 12 September 2020 16.51

Vaksin penyakit koronavirus 2019 merupakan vaksin yang nantinya akan digunakan untuk menangani penyakit koronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Belum ada vaksin yang telah melewati rangkaian uji klinis. Hingga Maret 2020, terdapat beberapa penelitian yang mengembangkan vaksin COVID-19. Pada akhir Februari 2020, Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) mengatakan bahwa vaksin untuk menangani virus penyebab COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 tidak akan tersedia dalam waktu kurang dari 18 bulan.[1] Hingga September 2020, terdapat 321 vaksin uji coba yang sedang dalam pengembangan.[2] Pada bulan September, 39 kandidat vaksin sedang dalam pengujian klinis, 33 dalam pengujian tahap I–II, dan 6 dalam pengujian tahap II–III.[2]

Penelitian vaksin COVID-19 yang lain

Beberapa jenis koronavirus lain yang menyebabkan penyakit pada hewan telah memiliki vaksin tersendiri, seperti koronavirus burung, koronavirus anjing, dan koronavirus kucing.[3]

Upaya-upaya terdahulu dalam pengembangan vaksin virus famili Coronaviridae yang dapat menginfeksi manusia difokuskan untuk penanganan sindrom pernapasan akut berat (SARS) dan sindrom pernapasan Timur Tengah (MERS). Vaksin terhadap SARS [4] dan MERS [5] telah diuji pada hewan. Per tahun 2020, tidak ada vaksin untuk pengobatan atau pencegahan SARS terbukti aman dan efektif pada manusia.[6][7] Menurut jurnal ilmiah yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2005 dan 2006, identifikasi dan pengembangan vaksin dan obat-obatan baru untuk mengobati SARS menjadi prioritas bagi pemerintah di seluruh dunia.[8][9][10]

Selain itu, tidak terdapat vaksin yang terbukti dapat menangani MERS.[11] Ketika pasien MERS mulai meningkat, awalnya peneliti yakin bahwa penelitian SARS terdahulu dapat memberikan gambaran untuk pengembangan pengobatan terhadap MERS-CoV.[6][12] Hingga Maret 2020, terdapat satu vaksin MERS (berbasis DNA) yang telah selesai uji klinis fase I (uji coba pada manusia sehat).[13] Kemudian terdapat tiga vaksin lainnya sedang dalam pengembangan. Ketiga vaksin tersebut adalah vaksin dengan vektor virus, dua vektor adenovirus (ChAdOx1-MERS,[14][15] BVRS-GamVac [16] ), dan satu vektor MVA (MVA-MERS-S[17]).[18]

Penelitian pada tahun 2020

SARS-CoV-2 berhasil diidentifikasi pada akhir tahun 2019. Virus tersebut merupakan penyebab dari penyakit koronavirus 2019. Virus tersebut telah menyebar ke seluruh dunia pada tahun 2020. Hal tersebut membuat pengembangan vaksin ini dilakukan sesegera mungkin dan dengan investasi yang besar.

Berbagai organisasi menggunakan genom yang diterbitkan untuk mengembangkan vaksin untuk menangani SARS-CoV-2.[19][20] Terdapat kurang lebih 35 perusahaan dan lembaga akademik yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini.[21]

Organisasi yang terlibat dalam pengembangan vaksin antara lain:

Rumor dan misinformasi

Unggahan di media sosial mendorong penyebaran teori konspirasi yang mengklaim bahwa vaksin sudah tersedia. Padahal hingga saat ini, vaksin masih dikembangkan dan belum tersedia untuk masyarakat. Beberapa nomor paten yang dikutip di beberapa unggahan media sosial sebenarnya merupakan paten untuk sekuens genetik dan vaksin untuk koronavirus jenis lain seperti SARS-CoV dan bukan untuk SARS-CoV-2.[43][44]

Referensi

  1. ^ Grenfell, Rob; Drew, Trevor (17 February 2020). "Here's Why It's Taking So Long to Develop a Vaccine for the New Coronavirus". ScienceAlert. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 28 February 2020. Diakses tanggal 26 February 2020. 
  2. ^ a b Le, Tung Thanh; Cramer, Jakob P.; Chen, Robert; Mayhew, Stephen (2020-09-04). "Evolution of the COVID-19 vaccine development landscape". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00151-8. ISSN 1474-1776. PMID 32887942. 
  3. ^ Cavanagh, Dave (2003). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development: Experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus". Avian Pathology. 32 (6): 567–582. doi:10.1080/03079450310001621198. PMID 14676007. 
  4. ^ Gao, Wentao; Tamin, Azaibi; Soloff, Adam; d'Aiuto, Leonardo; Nwanegbo, Edward; Robbins, Paul D.; Bellini, William J.; Barratt-Boyes, Simon; Gambotto, Andrea (2003). "Effects of a SARS-associated coronavirus vaccine in monkeys". The Lancet. 362 (9399): 1895–1896. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14962-8. PMID 14667748. 
  5. ^ Kim, Eun; Okada, Kaori; Kenniston, Tom; Raj, V. Stalin; Alhajri, Mohd M.; Farag, Elmoubasher A.B.A.; Alhajri, Farhoud; Osterhaus, Albert D.M.E.; Haagmans, Bart L. (2014). "Immunogenicity of an adenoviral-based Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine in BALB/C mice". Vaccine. 32 (45): 5975–5982. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.058. PMID 25192975. 
  6. ^ a b Jiang, Shibo; Lu, Lu; Du, Lanying (2013). "Development of SARS vaccines and therapeutics is still needed". Future Virology. 8 (1): 1–2. doi:10.2217/fvl.12.126. 
  7. ^ "SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)". National Health Service. 5 March 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 31 January 2020. 
  8. ^ Greenough, Thomas C.; Babcock, Gregory J.; Roberts, Anjeanette; Hernandez, Hector J.; et al. (15 February 2005). "Development and Characterization of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Associated Coronavirus–Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody That Provides Effective Immunoprophylaxis in Mice". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 191 (4): 507–14. doi:10.1086/427242. PMID 15655773. 
  9. ^ Tripp, Ralph A.; Haynes, Lia M.; Moore, Deborah; Anderson, Barbara; et al. (September 2005). "Monoclonal antibodies to SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV): Identification of neutralizing and antibodies reactive to S, N, M and E viral proteins". Journal of Virological Methods. 128 (1–2): 21–8. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.03.021. PMID 15885812.  Parameter |dead-url=Smith tidak valid (bantuan)
  10. ^ Roberts, Anjeanette; Thomas, William D.; Guarner, Jeannette; Lamirande, Elaine W.; et al. (March 2006). "Therapy with a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Associated Coronavirus–Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Reduces Disease Severity and Viral Burden in Golden Syrian Hamsters". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 193 (5): 685–92. doi:10.1086/500143. PMID 16453264. 
  11. ^ Shehata, M.M., Gomaa, M.R., Ali, M.A. et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a comprehensive review. Front. Med. 10, 120–136 (2016). doi:10.1007/s11684-016-0430-6
  12. ^ Butler, Declan (October 2012). "SARS veterans tackle coronavirus". Nature. 490 (7418): 20. Bibcode:2012Natur.490...20B. doi:10.1038/490020a. PMID 23038444. 
  13. ^ "Safety and immunogenicity of an anti-Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus DNA vaccine: a phase 1, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation trial". doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30266-X. PMID 31351922. 
  14. ^ "Safety and Immunogenicity of a Candidate MERS-CoV Vaccine (MERS001)". Diakses tanggal 18 March 2020. 
  15. ^ "Safety and Immunogenicity of a Candidate MERS-CoV Vaccine (MERS002)". Diakses tanggal 18 March 2020. 
  16. ^ "Study of Safety and Immunogenicity of BVRS-GamVac". Diakses tanggal 18 March 2020. 
  17. ^ "Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of Vaccine Candidate MVA-MERS-S". Diakses tanggal 18 March 2020. 
  18. ^ "Recent Advances in the Vaccine Development Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus". doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01781. PMID 31428074. 
  19. ^ a b Steenhuysen, Julie; Kelland, Kate (24 January 2020). "With Wuhan virus genetic code in hand, scientists begin work on a vaccine". Reuters. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 25 January 2020. Diakses tanggal 25 January 2020. 
  20. ^ Lee, Jaimy (7 March 2020). "These nine companies are working on coronavirus treatments or vaccines — here's where things stand". MarketWatch. Diakses tanggal 7 March 2020. 
  21. ^ By Laura Spinney, Wed 18 Mar 2020 06.32 EDT "When will a coronavirus vaccine be ready?" The Guardian
  22. ^ "China CDC developing novel coronavirus vaccine". Xinhua News Agency. 26 January 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 26 January 2020. Diakses tanggal 28 January 2020. 
  23. ^ Jeong-ho, Lee; Zheng, William; Zhou, Laura (26 January 2020). "Chinese scientists race to develop vaccine as coronavirus death toll jumps". South China Morning Post. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 26 January 2020. Diakses tanggal 28 January 2020. 
  24. ^ Cheung, Elizabeth (28 January 2020). "Hong Kong researchers have developed coronavirus vaccine, expert reveals". South China Morning Post. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 28 January 2020. Diakses tanggal 28 January 2020. 
  25. ^ CVR 29979812, <a href="/sund-sites/sundhovedsites/sund-ku-dk/om-sund/praktisk/">EAN numre</a>
    (2020-03-06). "KU-forskere får EU-bevilling til vaccine mod coronavirus". sund.ku.dk (dalam bahasa Dansk). Diakses tanggal 2020-03-19.     
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