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Kesepatan satu halaman bertanggal 12 November 1893, berisi tujuh artikel pendek, termasuk sebuah komitmen untuk tidak mencoba [[Interventionism (politics)|mengganggu]] di luar Garis Durand.<ref name="LoC-Smith">{{cite web|url=http://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/pub/afghanistan.html|title=A Selection of Historical Maps of Afghanistan – The Durand Line|last=Smith|first=Cynthia|date=August 2004|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|location=United States|accessdate=2011-02-11}}</ref> Sebuah survey [[Demarcation line|demarkasi]] gabungan Inggris-Afghanistan berlangsung mulai tahun 1894, mencakup 800 mil garis batas.<ref>"The total length of the boundary which had been delimitated and demarcated between March 1894 and May 1896, amounted to 800 miles." The long stretch from the [[Kabul River]] to China, including the [[Wakhan Corridor]], was declared demarcated by virtue of its continuous, distinct watershed ridgeline, leaving only the section near the [[Khyber Pass]], which was finally demarcated in 1921: {{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofafghani031122mbp/historyofafghani031122mbp_djvu.txt|title=A History of Afghanistan Vol. II|year=1940|publisher=MacMillan & Co.|location=London|pages=182–188; 200–208|author=Brig.-Gen. Sir [[Percy Sykes]], K.C.I.E., C.B., C.M.G., Gold Medalist of the Royal Geographical Society|accessdate=2009-12-05}}</ref><ref name="Hay">An adjustment to the demarcation was made at [[Arundu]] in the early 1930s: {{cite journal|last=Hay|first=Maj. W. R.|date=October 1933|title=Demarcation of the Indo-Afghan Boundary in the Vicinity of Arandu|journal=Geographic Journal|volume=LXXXII|issue=4}}</ref> Diresmikan menjelang penutupan "[[The Great Game|Great Game]]", garis yang dihasilkan didirikan Afghanistan sebagai [[Buffer zone|zona penyangga]] antara kepentingan Inggris dan Rusia di wilayah tersebut.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?redir_esc=y&id=uarFTBpg11wC&q-AC&pg=PA18|title=Battleground: Government and Politics, Volume 1|last=Uradnik|first=Kathleen|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313343131|page=18}}</ref> Garis batas itu, seperti yang telah dimodifikasi sedikit oleh [[Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919|Perjanjian Anglo-Afghan 1919]], diwariskan oleh Pakistan.
Kesepatan satu halaman bertanggal 12 November 1893, berisi tujuh artikel pendek, termasuk sebuah komitmen untuk tidak mencoba [[Interventionism (politics)|mengganggu]] di luar Garis Durand.<ref name="LoC-Smith">{{cite web|url=http://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/pub/afghanistan.html|title=A Selection of Historical Maps of Afghanistan – The Durand Line|last=Smith|first=Cynthia|date=August 2004|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|location=United States|accessdate=2011-02-11}}</ref> Sebuah survey [[Demarcation line|demarkasi]] gabungan Inggris-Afghanistan berlangsung mulai tahun 1894, mencakup 800 mil garis batas.<ref>"The total length of the boundary which had been delimitated and demarcated between March 1894 and May 1896, amounted to 800 miles." The long stretch from the [[Kabul River]] to China, including the [[Wakhan Corridor]], was declared demarcated by virtue of its continuous, distinct watershed ridgeline, leaving only the section near the [[Khyber Pass]], which was finally demarcated in 1921: {{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofafghani031122mbp/historyofafghani031122mbp_djvu.txt|title=A History of Afghanistan Vol. II|year=1940|publisher=MacMillan & Co.|location=London|pages=182–188; 200–208|author=Brig.-Gen. Sir [[Percy Sykes]], K.C.I.E., C.B., C.M.G., Gold Medalist of the Royal Geographical Society|accessdate=2009-12-05}}</ref><ref name="Hay">An adjustment to the demarcation was made at [[Arundu]] in the early 1930s: {{cite journal|last=Hay|first=Maj. W. R.|date=October 1933|title=Demarcation of the Indo-Afghan Boundary in the Vicinity of Arandu|journal=Geographic Journal|volume=LXXXII|issue=4}}</ref> Diresmikan menjelang penutupan "[[The Great Game|Great Game]]", garis yang dihasilkan didirikan Afghanistan sebagai [[Buffer zone|zona penyangga]] antara kepentingan Inggris dan Rusia di wilayah tersebut.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?redir_esc=y&id=uarFTBpg11wC&q-AC&pg=PA18|title=Battleground: Government and Politics, Volume 1|last=Uradnik|first=Kathleen|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313343131|page=18}}</ref> Garis batas itu, seperti yang telah dimodifikasi sedikit oleh [[Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919|Perjanjian Anglo-Afghan 1919]], diwariskan oleh Pakistan.


Garis Durand Line membelah [[Pashtunistan|area suku Pashtun]] menuju ke selatan melewati daerah [[Balochistan]], memisahkan etnis [[Pashtuns]] secara politik, begitu pula [[Baloch people|Baloch]] dan kelompok etnis lainnya, yang tinggal di kedua sisi batas. Garis ini membatasi [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] dan [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] sebelah selatan dan barat Pakistan dari timur laut dan selatan [[Provinces of Afghanistan|provinsi Afghanistan]]. Dari perspektif [[Geopolitical|geopolitk]] dan [[Geostrategic|geostrategi]], mendeskripsikan sebagai satu dari kebanyakan batas berbahaya di dunia.<ref name="Newsweek">{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/73137/page/1|title=No Man's Land|date=February 1, 2004|location=United States|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408113251/http://www.newsweek.com/id/73137/page/1|archive-date=2008-04-08|quote=Where the imperialists' Great Game once unfolded, tribal allegiances have made for a "soft border" between Afghanistan and Pakistan—and a safe haven for smugglers, militants and terrorists|work=[[Newsweek]]|accessdate=2011-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/14905/|title=The Troubled Afghan-Pakistani Border|last=Bajoria|first=Jayshree|date=March 20, 2009|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|accessdate=2011-02-11|archive-date=2010-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525182142/http://www.cfr.org/publication/14905/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="DN">{{cite web|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2005/09/07/top16.htm|title=Japanese nationals not killed in Pakistan: FO|date=September 7, 2005|location=Pakistan|work=[[Dawn News]]|accessdate=2011-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/24/the_worlds_most_dangerous_borders?page=0,3|title=The World's Most Dangerous Borders: Afghanistan and Pakistan|last=Walker|first=Philip|date=24 June 2011|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|accessdate=12 September 2012|archive-date=2011-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231073015/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/24/the_worlds_most_dangerous_borders?page=0,3|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Meskipun diakui secara internasional sebagai batas barat Pakistan, namun sebagian besar belum diakui di Afghanistan.<ref name="No change in stance on Durand Line">{{cite news|url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2012/10/24/no-change-stance-durand-line-faizi|title=No change in stance on Durand Line: Faizi|date=October 24, 2012|work=[[Pajhwok Afghan News]]|quote=But Afghanistan has never accepted the legitimacy of this border, arguing that it was intended to demarcate spheres of influence rather than international frontiers.|accessdate=2013-04-11|archive-date=2013-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510142126/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2012/10/24/no-change-stance-durand-line-faizi|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="FG">{{cite web|url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/cp72_grare_final.pdf|title=Carnegie Papers – Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations in the Post-9/11 Era|last=Grare|first=Frédéric|date=October 2006|publisher=|accessdate=2011-02-11}}</ref><ref name="WM">[http://www.afghanland.com/history/durrand.html End of Imaginary Durrand Line: North Pakistan belongs to Afghanistan] by Wahid Momand</ref><ref name="AO">[http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/overview.html#3 Government & Politics: Overview Of Current Political Situation In Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116111119/http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/overview.html#3 |date=2017-01-16 }}''"(3) The Durand Line is an unofficial porous border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. In 1893, the British and the Afghan Amir (Abdur Rahman Khan) agreed to set up the Durand line (named after the foreign Secretary of the Indian government, Sir Mortimer Durand) to divide Afghanistan and what was then British India.''</ref><ref name="A">{{Cite web |url=http://www.afghanistans.com/Information/History/Durandline.htm |title=Durand Line |access-date=2017-03-22 |archive-date=2009-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429235415/http://www.afghanistans.com/Information/History/Durandline.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
Garis Durand Line membelah [[Pashtunistan|area suku Pashtun]] menuju ke selatan melewati daerah [[Balochistan]], memisahkan etnis [[Pashtuns]] secara politik, begitu pula [[Baloch people|Baloch]] dan kelompok etnis lainnya, yang tinggal di kedua sisi batas. Garis ini membatasi [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] dan [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] sebelah selatan dan barat Pakistan dari timur laut dan selatan [[Provinces of Afghanistan|provinsi Afghanistan]]. Dari perspektif [[Geopolitical|geopolitk]] dan [[Geostrategic|geostrategi]], mendeskripsikan sebagai satu dari kebanyakan batas berbahaya di dunia.<ref name="Newsweek">{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/73137/page/1|title=No Man's Land|date=February 1, 2004|location=United States|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408113251/http://www.newsweek.com/id/73137/page/1|archive-date=2008-04-08|quote=Where the imperialists' Great Game once unfolded, tribal allegiances have made for a "soft border" between Afghanistan and Pakistan—and a safe haven for smugglers, militants and terrorists|work=[[Newsweek]]|accessdate=2011-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/14905/|title=The Troubled Afghan-Pakistani Border|last=Bajoria|first=Jayshree|date=March 20, 2009|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|accessdate=2011-02-11|archive-date=2010-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525182142/http://www.cfr.org/publication/14905/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="DN">{{cite web|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2005/09/07/top16.htm|title=Japanese nationals not killed in Pakistan: FO|date=September 7, 2005|location=Pakistan|work=[[Dawn News]]|accessdate=2011-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/24/the_worlds_most_dangerous_borders?page=0,3|title=The World's Most Dangerous Borders: Afghanistan and Pakistan|last=Walker|first=Philip|date=24 June 2011|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|accessdate=12 September 2012|archive-date=2011-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231073015/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/24/the_worlds_most_dangerous_borders?page=0,3|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Meskipun diakui secara internasional sebagai batas barat Pakistan, namun sebagian besar belum diakui di Afghanistan.<ref name="No change in stance on Durand Line">{{cite news|url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2012/10/24/no-change-stance-durand-line-faizi|title=No change in stance on Durand Line: Faizi|date=October 24, 2012|work=[[Pajhwok Afghan News]]|quote=But Afghanistan has never accepted the legitimacy of this border, arguing that it was intended to demarcate spheres of influence rather than international frontiers.|accessdate=2013-04-11|archive-date=2013-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510142126/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2012/10/24/no-change-stance-durand-line-faizi|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="FG">{{cite web|url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/cp72_grare_final.pdf|title=Carnegie Papers – Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations in the Post-9/11 Era|last=Grare|first=Frédéric|date=October 2006|publisher=|accessdate=2011-02-11}}</ref><ref name="WM">[http://www.afghanland.com/history/durrand.html End of Imaginary Durrand Line: North Pakistan belongs to Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216231305/http://www.afghanland.com/history/durrand.html |date=2009-12-16 }} by Wahid Momand</ref><ref name="AO">[http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/overview.html#3 Government & Politics: Overview Of Current Political Situation In Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116111119/http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/overview.html#3 |date=2017-01-16 }}''"(3) The Durand Line is an unofficial porous border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. In 1893, the British and the Afghan Amir (Abdur Rahman Khan) agreed to set up the Durand line (named after the foreign Secretary of the Indian government, Sir Mortimer Durand) to divide Afghanistan and what was then British India.''</ref><ref name="A">{{Cite web |url=http://www.afghanistans.com/Information/History/Durandline.htm |title=Durand Line |access-date=2017-03-22 |archive-date=2009-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429235415/http://www.afghanistans.com/Information/History/Durandline.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>


== Lihat pula ==
== Lihat pula ==

Revisi per 9 November 2022 09.08

Arachosia and the Pactyans during the 1st millennium BC

Garis Durand (bahasa Pashtun: د ډیورنډ کرښه) adalah batas internasional sepanjang 2,430-kilometer (1,510 mi) yang memisahkan antara Pakistan dan Afghanistan. Garis ini diberlakukan sejak tahun 1896 antara Sir Mortimer Durand, seorang diplomat Inggris dan pegawai negeri sipil British India, dan Abdur Rahman Khan, Amir Afghanistan untuk memperjelas batas untuk memperbaiki batas bidang masing-masing dari pengaruh dan meningkatkan hubungan diplomatik dan perdagangan. Afghanistan dianggap oleh Inggris sebagai sebuah wilayah kerajaan mandiri waktu itu, meskipun Inggris tetap mengendalikan kepentingan luar negeri dan hubungan diplomatik.

Kesepatan satu halaman bertanggal 12 November 1893, berisi tujuh artikel pendek, termasuk sebuah komitmen untuk tidak mencoba mengganggu di luar Garis Durand.[1] Sebuah survey demarkasi gabungan Inggris-Afghanistan berlangsung mulai tahun 1894, mencakup 800 mil garis batas.[2][3] Diresmikan menjelang penutupan "Great Game", garis yang dihasilkan didirikan Afghanistan sebagai zona penyangga antara kepentingan Inggris dan Rusia di wilayah tersebut.[4] Garis batas itu, seperti yang telah dimodifikasi sedikit oleh Perjanjian Anglo-Afghan 1919, diwariskan oleh Pakistan.

Garis Durand Line membelah area suku Pashtun menuju ke selatan melewati daerah Balochistan, memisahkan etnis Pashtuns secara politik, begitu pula Baloch dan kelompok etnis lainnya, yang tinggal di kedua sisi batas. Garis ini membatasi Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Balochistan dan Gilgit-Baltistan sebelah selatan dan barat Pakistan dari timur laut dan selatan provinsi Afghanistan. Dari perspektif geopolitk dan geostrategi, mendeskripsikan sebagai satu dari kebanyakan batas berbahaya di dunia.[5][6][7][8] Meskipun diakui secara internasional sebagai batas barat Pakistan, namun sebagian besar belum diakui di Afghanistan.[9][10][11][12][13]

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ Smith, Cynthia (August 2004). "A Selection of Historical Maps of Afghanistan – The Durand Line". United States: Library of Congress. Diakses tanggal 2011-02-11. 
  2. ^ "The total length of the boundary which had been delimitated and demarcated between March 1894 and May 1896, amounted to 800 miles." The long stretch from the Kabul River to China, including the Wakhan Corridor, was declared demarcated by virtue of its continuous, distinct watershed ridgeline, leaving only the section near the Khyber Pass, which was finally demarcated in 1921: Brig.-Gen. Sir Percy Sykes, K.C.I.E., C.B., C.M.G., Gold Medalist of the Royal Geographical Society (1940). "A History of Afghanistan Vol. II". London: MacMillan & Co. hlm. 182–188; 200–208. Diakses tanggal 2009-12-05. 
  3. ^ An adjustment to the demarcation was made at Arundu in the early 1930s: Hay, Maj. W. R. (October 1933). "Demarcation of the Indo-Afghan Boundary in the Vicinity of Arandu". Geographic Journal. LXXXII (4). 
  4. ^ Uradnik, Kathleen (2011). Battleground: Government and Politics, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 18. ISBN 9780313343131. 
  5. ^ "No Man's Land". Newsweek. United States. February 1, 2004. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-04-08. Diakses tanggal 2011-02-11. Where the imperialists' Great Game once unfolded, tribal allegiances have made for a "soft border" between Afghanistan and Pakistan—and a safe haven for smugglers, militants and terrorists 
  6. ^ Bajoria, Jayshree (March 20, 2009). "The Troubled Afghan-Pakistani Border". Council on Foreign Relations. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-05-25. Diakses tanggal 2011-02-11. 
  7. ^ "Japanese nationals not killed in Pakistan: FO". Dawn News. Pakistan. September 7, 2005. Diakses tanggal 2011-02-11. 
  8. ^ Walker, Philip (24 June 2011). "The World's Most Dangerous Borders: Afghanistan and Pakistan". Foreign Policy. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-12-31. Diakses tanggal 12 September 2012. 
  9. ^ "No change in stance on Durand Line: Faizi". Pajhwok Afghan News. October 24, 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-05-10. Diakses tanggal 2013-04-11. But Afghanistan has never accepted the legitimacy of this border, arguing that it was intended to demarcate spheres of influence rather than international frontiers. 
  10. ^ Grare, Frédéric (October 2006). "Carnegie Papers – Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations in the Post-9/11 Era" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 2011-02-11. 
  11. ^ End of Imaginary Durrand Line: North Pakistan belongs to Afghanistan Diarsipkan 2009-12-16 di Wayback Machine. by Wahid Momand
  12. ^ Government & Politics: Overview Of Current Political Situation In Afghanistan Diarsipkan 2017-01-16 di Wayback Machine."(3) The Durand Line is an unofficial porous border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. In 1893, the British and the Afghan Amir (Abdur Rahman Khan) agreed to set up the Durand line (named after the foreign Secretary of the Indian government, Sir Mortimer Durand) to divide Afghanistan and what was then British India.
  13. ^ "Durand Line". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-04-29. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-22. 

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