Genosida-genosida Burundi: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Sejarah Burundi}} |
{{Sejarah Burundi}} |
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Sejak [[Burundi]] merdeka pada 1962, terdapat dua peristiwa yang disebut [[genosida]] di negara tersebut. Pembunuhan massal 1972 suku [[Hutu]] oleh tentara yang didominasi suku [[Tutsi]],<ref>Staff. [http://www.preventgenocide.org/edu/pastgenocides/burundi/resources/ pastgenocides, Burundi resources] on the website of Prevent Genocide International lists the following resources: |
Sejak [[Burundi]] merdeka pada 1962, terdapat dua peristiwa yang disebut [[genosida]] di negara tersebut. Pembunuhan massal 1972 suku [[Hutu]] oleh tentara yang didominasi suku [[Tutsi]],<ref>Staff. [http://www.preventgenocide.org/edu/pastgenocides/burundi/resources/ pastgenocides, Burundi resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325164854/http://preventgenocide.org/edu/pastgenocides/burundi/resources/ |date=2017-03-25 }} on the website of Prevent Genocide International lists the following resources: |
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* Michael Bowen, ''Passing by;: The United States and genocide in Burundi'', 1972, (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1973), 49 pp. |
* Michael Bowen, ''Passing by;: The United States and genocide in Burundi'', 1972, (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1973), 49 pp. |
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* René Lemarchand, ''Selective genocide in Burundi'' (Report - Minority Rights Group ; no. 20, 1974), 36 pp. |
* René Lemarchand, ''Selective genocide in Burundi'' (Report - Minority Rights Group ; no. 20, 1974), 36 pp. |
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* Edward L. Nyankanzi, ''Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi'' (Schenkman Books, 1998), 198 pp. |
* Edward L. Nyankanzi, ''Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi'' (Schenkman Books, 1998), 198 pp. |
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* Christian P. Scherrer, ''Genocide and crisis in Central Africa: conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war''; foreword by Robert Melson. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002. |
* Christian P. Scherrer, ''Genocide and crisis in Central Africa: conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war''; foreword by Robert Melson. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002. |
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* Weissman, Stephen R. "[http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks22.html Preventing Genocide in Burundi Lessons from International Diplomacy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311024548/http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks22.html |date=2009-03-11 }}", [[United States Institute of Peace]]</ref> dan pembunuhan massal 1993 suku Tutsi oleh penduduk mayoritas Hutu yang disebut sebagai genosida dalam laporan akhir Komisi Penyelidikan Internasional untuk Burundi yang diserahkan kepada [[Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] pada 1996.<ref name="ICIBFR-85-496">International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (1996). Paragraphs 85,496. in UN Security Council report S/1996/682</ref><ref>Security Council document S/1996/682 pdf: http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=S/1996/682</ref> |
* Weissman, Stephen R. "[http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks22.html Preventing Genocide in Burundi Lessons from International Diplomacy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311024548/http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks22.html |date=2009-03-11 }}", [[United States Institute of Peace]]</ref> dan pembunuhan massal 1993 suku Tutsi oleh penduduk mayoritas Hutu yang disebut sebagai genosida dalam laporan akhir Komisi Penyelidikan Internasional untuk Burundi yang diserahkan kepada [[Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] pada 1996.<ref name="ICIBFR-85-496">International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (1996). Paragraphs 85,496. in UN Security Council report S/1996/682</ref><ref>Security Council document S/1996/682 pdf: http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=S/1996/682 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220080540/http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m%3DS%2F1996%2F682 |date=2016-12-20 }}</ref> |
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== Referensi == |
== Referensi == |
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* [http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/Burundi-Report.pdf International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi: Final Report] by the [[United States Institute of Peace]], [[United Nations]] S/1996/682; received from Ambassador Thomas Ndikumana, Burundi Ambassador to the United States, 7 June 2002 |
* [http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/Burundi-Report.pdf International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi: Final Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421221026/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/Burundi-Report.pdf |date=2023-04-21 }} by the [[United States Institute of Peace]], [[United Nations]] S/1996/682; received from Ambassador Thomas Ndikumana, Burundi Ambassador to the United States, 7 June 2002 |
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* Lemarchand, René (1996). ''Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide'', Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-56623-1 |
* Lemarchand, René (1996). ''Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide'', Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-56623-1 |
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* Lemarchand, René (27 June 2008). ''Case Study: The Burundi Killings of 1972'', [http://www.massviolence.org/ Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence] supported by [http://www.ceri-sciences-po.org/indexang.php Sciences Po. CERI/CNRS] |
* Lemarchand, René (27 June 2008). ''Case Study: The Burundi Killings of 1972'', [http://www.massviolence.org/ Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307083040/http://www.massviolence.org/ |date=2011-03-07 }} supported by [http://www.ceri-sciences-po.org/indexang.php Sciences Po. CERI/CNRS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825222225/http://www.ceri-sciences-po.org/indexang.php |date=2012-08-25 }} |
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* Longman Timothy Paul (1998), Human Rights Watch (Organization), ''Proxy Targets: Civilians in the War in Burundi'', Human Rights Watch, ISBN 1-56432-179-7 |
* Longman Timothy Paul (1998), Human Rights Watch (Organization), ''Proxy Targets: Civilians in the War in Burundi'', Human Rights Watch, ISBN 1-56432-179-7 |
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* Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S. Charny Israel W. (2004) ''Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts'' Routledge, ISBN 0-415-94430-9, ISBN 978-0-415-94430-4 |
* Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S. Charny Israel W. (2004) ''Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts'' Routledge, ISBN 0-415-94430-9, ISBN 978-0-415-94430-4 |
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| language = French |
| language = French |
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}} Contains source materials, registers, and statistics. |
}} Contains source materials, registers, and statistics. |
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* United Nations Committee on the elimination of racial discrimination, Fifty-first session, Summary record of the 1239th meeting . Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, 20 August 1997, [http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/cb661c2b8f769f6e8025650100552f0b?Opendocument Seventh to tenth periodic reports of Burundi (continued) (CERD/C/295/Add.1)] |
* United Nations Committee on the elimination of racial discrimination, Fifty-first session, Summary record of the 1239th meeting . Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, 20 August 1997, [http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/cb661c2b8f769f6e8025650100552f0b?Opendocument Seventh to tenth periodic reports of Burundi (continued) (CERD/C/295/Add.1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707194836/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/cb661c2b8f769f6e8025650100552f0b?Opendocument |date=2022-07-07 }} |
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** [http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CERD.C.304.Add.42.En?Opendocument Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: Burundi]. 18 September 1997. |
** [http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CERD.C.304.Add.42.En?Opendocument Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: Burundi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622103526/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CERD.C.304.Add.42.En?Opendocument |date=2022-06-22 }}. 18 September 1997. |
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* René Lemarchand. "The Burundi Genocide". Century of Genocide. Ed. Samuel Totten ''et al.'' New York: Routledge, 2004. 321-337. |
* René Lemarchand. "The Burundi Genocide". Century of Genocide. Ed. Samuel Totten ''et al.'' New York: Routledge, 2004. 321-337. |
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* [http://www.burundi-agnews.org/agnews_selectgenobur.htm "Selective Genocide in Burundi"], Report on the 1972 genocide by René Lemarchand and David Martin (1974) |
* [http://www.burundi-agnews.org/agnews_selectgenobur.htm "Selective Genocide in Burundi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222162709/http://www.burundi-agnews.org/agnews_selectgenobur.htm |date=2010-12-22 }}, Report on the 1972 genocide by René Lemarchand and David Martin (1974) |
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* [http://www.burundi-agnews.org/agnews_burundisincegeno1972.htm "Burundi Since the Genocide"], Report tracing the consequences of the 1972 genocide, by Reginald Kay (1987) |
* [http://www.burundi-agnews.org/agnews_burundisincegeno1972.htm "Burundi Since the Genocide"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222162046/http://www.burundi-agnews.org/agnews_burundisincegeno1972.htm |date=2010-12-22 }}, Report tracing the consequences of the 1972 genocide, by Reginald Kay (1987) |
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* [http://www.burundi-agnews.org/genocide.htm "Burundi Genocide"], News about Burundi crimes since 1962, by Agnews (2000) |
* [http://www.burundi-agnews.org/genocide.htm "Burundi Genocide"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117224623/https://burundi-agnews.org/genocide.htm |date=2023-01-17 }}, News about Burundi crimes since 1962, by Agnews (2000) |
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{{Topik Burundi}} |
{{Topik Burundi}} |
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{{Topik genosida}} |
{{Topik genosida}} |
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Revisi terkini sejak 31 Juli 2023 07.24
Bagian dari seri mengenai |
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Garis waktu |
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Sejak Burundi merdeka pada 1962, terdapat dua peristiwa yang disebut genosida di negara tersebut. Pembunuhan massal 1972 suku Hutu oleh tentara yang didominasi suku Tutsi,[1] dan pembunuhan massal 1993 suku Tutsi oleh penduduk mayoritas Hutu yang disebut sebagai genosida dalam laporan akhir Komisi Penyelidikan Internasional untuk Burundi yang diserahkan kepada Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa pada 1996.[2][3]
Latar belakang[sunting | sunting sumber]
Demografi Burundi pada 1960an dan 1970an meliputi 86 persen Hutu, 13 persen Tutsi, dan 1 persen Twa (Mann, M., 2005. The Dark Side of Democracy, halaman 431). Pada sebagian besar periode tersebut, Tutsi hampir mengutamakan monopoli atas pemerintahan senior dan jabatan-jabatan militer. Burundi meraih kemerdekaannya dari Belgia pada 1962, dan pemilihan pasca-kemerdekaan pertama diadakan pada Mei 1965. Kandidat-kandidat Hutu meraih kemenangan, menduduki 23 kursi dari total 33 kursi. Namun, setelah melantik seorang perdana menteri Hutu, raja Mwambutsa IV melantik salah satu teman Tutsi-nya. Pada 18 Oktober 1965, suku Hutu, yang marah dengan keputusan raja, mengupayakan sebuah kudeta. Raja melarikan diri dari negara tersebut, tetapi kudeta gagal.
Catatan[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ Staff. pastgenocides, Burundi resources Diarsipkan 2017-03-25 di Wayback Machine. on the website of Prevent Genocide International lists the following resources:
- Michael Bowen, Passing by;: The United States and genocide in Burundi, 1972, (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1973), 49 pp.
- René Lemarchand, Selective genocide in Burundi (Report - Minority Rights Group ; no. 20, 1974), 36 pp.
- Rene Lemarchand, Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide (New York: Woodrow Wilson Center and Cambridge University Press, 1996), 232 pp.
- Edward L. Nyankanzi, Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi (Schenkman Books, 1998), 198 pp.
- Christian P. Scherrer, Genocide and crisis in Central Africa: conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war; foreword by Robert Melson. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002.
- Weissman, Stephen R. "Preventing Genocide in Burundi Lessons from International Diplomacy Diarsipkan 2009-03-11 di Wayback Machine.", United States Institute of Peace
- ^ International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (1996). Paragraphs 85,496. in UN Security Council report S/1996/682
- ^ Security Council document S/1996/682 pdf: http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=S/1996/682 Diarsipkan 2016-12-20 di Wayback Machine.
Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]
- International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi: Final Report Diarsipkan 2023-04-21 di Wayback Machine. by the United States Institute of Peace, United Nations S/1996/682; received from Ambassador Thomas Ndikumana, Burundi Ambassador to the United States, 7 June 2002
- Lemarchand, René (1996). Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-56623-1
- Lemarchand, René (27 June 2008). Case Study: The Burundi Killings of 1972, Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Diarsipkan 2011-03-07 di Wayback Machine. supported by Sciences Po. CERI/CNRS Diarsipkan 2012-08-25 di Wayback Machine.
- Longman Timothy Paul (1998), Human Rights Watch (Organization), Proxy Targets: Civilians in the War in Burundi, Human Rights Watch, ISBN 1-56432-179-7
- Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S. Charny Israel W. (2004) Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts Routledge, ISBN 0-415-94430-9, ISBN 978-0-415-94430-4
Bacaan tambahan[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Rutamucero, Diomède (2009). Le génocide contre les Tutsi au Burundi, un crime avoué mais impuni (dalam bahasa French). Bujumbura: Unibook.com. ISBN 9781935038610. Contains source materials, registers, and statistics.
- United Nations Committee on the elimination of racial discrimination, Fifty-first session, Summary record of the 1239th meeting . Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, 20 August 1997, Seventh to tenth periodic reports of Burundi (continued) (CERD/C/295/Add.1) Diarsipkan 2022-07-07 di Wayback Machine.
- Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: Burundi Diarsipkan 2022-06-22 di Wayback Machine.. 18 September 1997.
- René Lemarchand. "The Burundi Genocide". Century of Genocide. Ed. Samuel Totten et al. New York: Routledge, 2004. 321-337.
- "Selective Genocide in Burundi" Diarsipkan 2010-12-22 di Wayback Machine., Report on the 1972 genocide by René Lemarchand and David Martin (1974)
- "Burundi Since the Genocide" Diarsipkan 2010-12-22 di Wayback Machine., Report tracing the consequences of the 1972 genocide, by Reginald Kay (1987)
- "Burundi Genocide" Diarsipkan 2023-01-17 di Wayback Machine., News about Burundi crimes since 1962, by Agnews (2000)