Lompat ke isi

Israel dan analogi apartheid: Perbedaan antara revisi

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnyaRevisi selanjutnya →
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
InternetArchiveBot (bicara | kontrib)
Bot
666.833 suntingan
Add 1 book for Wikipedia:Pemastian (20211109)) #IABot (v2.0.8.2) (GreenC bot
KsmUh (bicara | kontrib)
48 suntingan
Fitur saranan suntingan: 3 pranala ditambahkan.
Baris 1: Baris 1:
[[Kritisisme terhadap kebijakan pemerintahan Israel]] berulang kali melibatkan tuduhan bahwa Israel telah menerapkan sebuah sistem [[apartheid]] terhadap bangsa Arab dan [[bangsa Palestina]] di [[pendudukan Tepi Barat oleh Israel|kawasan pendudukan Tepi Barat]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel approves 'Jewish nation state' law |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44881554 |accessdate=19 July 2018 |work=BBC News |date=19 July 2018}}</ref> Israel telah disebut sebagai negara "apartheid" oleh beberapa cendekiawan, investigator PBB,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/03/report-israel-established-apartheid-regime-170315054053798.html |title=UN report: Israel has established an 'apartheid regime' |website=www.aljazeera.com |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324174425/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/03/report-israel-established-apartheid-regime-170315054053798.html |archivedate=24 March 2017}}</ref> kelompok HAM yang mekritik kebijakan Israel<ref>{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Uri|title=Apartheid Israel: possibilities for the struggle within|url=https://archive.org/details/apartheidisraelp0000davi|year=2003 |publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1-84277-339-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/apartheidisraelp0000davi/page/86 86]–87}}</ref><ref name="Shimoni">{{Cite book|last=Shimoni|first=Gideon|title=Jews and Zionism: The South African Experience 1910–1967|year=1980|publisher=Cape Town: Oxford UP|isbn=0-19-570179-8|pages=310–336|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/jewszionismsouth0000shim}}</ref> dan para pendukung gerakan [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions]] terhadap Israel. Deskripsi tersebut juga dipakai oleh beberapa mantan politikus Israel.<ref name="TopIsraelisWarnApartheid">[https://theintercept.com/2017/03/22/top-israelis-have-warned-of-apartheid-so-why-the-outrage-at-a-un-report/ ''Top Israelis Have Warned of Apartheid, so Why the Outrage at a UN Report?''], Mehdi Hassan, The Intercept, March 23 2017.</ref> Para kritikus kebijakan Israel berkata bahwa "sistem kontrol" di wilayah kekuasaan Israel di Tepi Barat, termasuk sistem KTP; [[pemukiman Israel]]; jalan raya terpisah untuk warga Israel dan Palestina di sebagian besar pemukiman tersebut; [[titik pengecekan Israel|titik-titik pengecekan militer Israel]]; hukum perkawinan; [[barrier Tepi Barat]]; pemakaian warga Palaestina sebagai tenaga kerja murah; [[eksklave]] Tepi Barat Palestina; dan ketidaksetaraan dalam infrastruktur, hak hukum (seperti "[[Hukum enklave]]"), dan akses lahan dan sumber daya antara para penduduk Palestina dan Israel di [[wilayah pendudukan Israel]], mengingatkan pada beberapa aspek dari rezim [[apartheid Afrika Selatan]], dan bahwa unsur-unsur pendudukan Israel slaras dengan bentuk-bentuk kolonialisme dan apartheid, bertentangan dengan hukum internasional.<ref>e.g. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, John Dugard, A/HRC/4/17, 29 January 2007, pp. 3, 23 {{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m%3DA%2FHRC%2F4%2F17 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-08-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024083229/http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A%2FHRC%2F4%2F17 |archivedate=24 October 2012 |df=dmy}}</ref>
[[Kritisisme terhadap kebijakan pemerintahan Israel]] berulang kali melibatkan tuduhan bahwa Israel telah menerapkan sebuah sistem [[apartheid]] terhadap bangsa Arab dan [[bangsa Palestina]] di [[pendudukan Tepi Barat oleh Israel|kawasan pendudukan Tepi Barat]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel approves 'Jewish nation state' law |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44881554 |accessdate=19 July 2018 |work=BBC News |date=19 July 2018}}</ref> Israel telah disebut sebagai negara "apartheid" oleh beberapa cendekiawan, investigator PBB,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/03/report-israel-established-apartheid-regime-170315054053798.html |title=UN report: Israel has established an 'apartheid regime' |website=www.aljazeera.com |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324174425/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/03/report-israel-established-apartheid-regime-170315054053798.html |archivedate=24 March 2017}}</ref> kelompok HAM yang mekritik kebijakan Israel<ref>{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Uri|title=Apartheid Israel: possibilities for the struggle within|url=https://archive.org/details/apartheidisraelp0000davi|year=2003 |publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1-84277-339-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/apartheidisraelp0000davi/page/86 86]–87}}</ref><ref name="Shimoni">{{Cite book|last=Shimoni|first=Gideon|title=Jews and Zionism: The South African Experience 1910–1967|year=1980|publisher=Cape Town: Oxford UP|isbn=0-19-570179-8|pages=310–336|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/jewszionismsouth0000shim}}</ref> dan para pendukung gerakan [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions]] terhadap Israel. Deskripsi tersebut juga dipakai oleh beberapa mantan politikus Israel.<ref name="TopIsraelisWarnApartheid">[https://theintercept.com/2017/03/22/top-israelis-have-warned-of-apartheid-so-why-the-outrage-at-a-un-report/ ''Top Israelis Have Warned of Apartheid, so Why the Outrage at a UN Report?''], Mehdi Hassan, The Intercept, March 23 2017.</ref> Para kritikus kebijakan Israel berkata bahwa "sistem kontrol" di wilayah kekuasaan Israel di [[Tepi Barat]], termasuk sistem KTP; [[pemukiman Israel]]; jalan raya terpisah untuk warga Israel dan Palestina di sebagian besar pemukiman tersebut; [[titik pengecekan Israel|titik-titik pengecekan militer Israel]]; hukum perkawinan; [[barrier Tepi Barat]]; pemakaian warga Palaestina sebagai tenaga kerja murah; [[eksklave]] Tepi Barat Palestina; dan ketidaksetaraan dalam infrastruktur, hak hukum (seperti "[[Hukum enklave]]"), dan akses lahan dan sumber daya antara para penduduk Palestina dan Israel di [[wilayah pendudukan Israel]], mengingatkan pada beberapa aspek dari rezim [[apartheid Afrika Selatan]], dan bahwa unsur-unsur pendudukan Israel slaras dengan bentuk-bentuk kolonialisme dan apartheid, bertentangan dengan hukum internasional.<ref>e.g. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, John Dugard, A/HRC/4/17, 29 January 2007, pp. 3, 23 {{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m%3DA%2FHRC%2F4%2F17 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-08-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024083229/http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A%2FHRC%2F4%2F17 |archivedate=24 October 2012 |df=dmy}}</ref>


Para penentang gagasan apartheid Israel di Tepi Barat berpendapat bahwa perbandingan tersebut tak sejalan secara fakta,<ref name=i-a-n>{{cite web|title=A High Holidays Resource Guide |url=http://www.jewishfederations.org/local_includes/downloads/59184.pdf |work=[[The Jewish Federations of North America]] |publisher=Israel Action Network |accessdate=17 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207100523/http://www.jewishfederations.org/local_includes/downloads/59184.pdf |archivedate= 7 February 2015}}</ref> moral,<ref name=i-a-n/> dan sejarah<ref>{{cite web|title=NGO 'Apartheid State' Campaign: Deliberately Immoral or Intellectually Lazy? |url=http://www.ngo-monitor.org/article/ngo_apartheid_state_campaign_deliberately_immoral_or_intellectually_lazy_ |publisher=[[NGO Monitor]] |date=22 March 2010 |accessdate=17 February 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221235620/http://www.ngo-monitor.org/article/ngo_apartheid_state_campaign_deliberately_immoral_or_intellectually_lazy_ |archivedate=21 February 2014}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=Citation is a quote attributed to a living person for which no source was provided, nor could the quote be verified via a simple Google search, other than repeat copies of the [[NGO Monitor]] article.|date=April 2017}} dan ditujukan untuk menyudutkan Israel.<ref name="Propaganda">[http://www.aish.com/jw/me/48909392.html ''The Apartheid Propaganda''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429171023/http://www.aish.com/jw/me/48909392.html |date=29 April 2010 }} Gerald M. Steinberg</ref><ref>Alan Dershowitz, ''The Case Against Israel's Enemies: Exposing Jimmy Carter and Others Who Stand in the Way of Peace'' (New York: John Wiley, 2009), pp. 20–25, 28–29, 36, 44–48</ref><ref>E.g., see {{cite web|url=http://www.jcpa.org/text/apartheid.pdf |title=The Campaign to Delegitimize Israel with the False charge of Apartheid|first=Robbie|last=Sabel|work=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs – Global Law Forum|date=2009|postscript=none}}; David Matas, ''Aftershock: Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism'' (Toronto: The Dunburn Group, 2005), pp. 53–55</ref> Para penentang menyatakan bahwa Tepi Barat dan Gaza bukanlah bagian dari kedaulatan Israel. Mereka berpendapat bahwa lewat gerakan pembebasan internal Palestina yang sangat diatur oleh pemerintah Israel, wilayah tersebut diurus oleh [[Otoritas Palestina]] terpilih dan [[pemerintahan Hamas di Gaza|para pemimpin]] [[Hamas]], sehingga mereka tak dapat dibandungkan dengan kebijakan internal apartheid Afrika Selatan.<ref name="Bard-Not-Apartheid">{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Human_Rights/Israel_&_apartheid.html |title=Israel Is Not An Apartheid State |author=Mitchel G, Bard |accessdate=5 April 2008 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017201051/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Human_Rights/Israel_%26_apartheid.html |archivedate=17 October 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Para penentang gagasan apartheid Israel di Tepi Barat berpendapat bahwa perbandingan tersebut tak sejalan secara fakta,<ref name=i-a-n>{{cite web|title=A High Holidays Resource Guide |url=http://www.jewishfederations.org/local_includes/downloads/59184.pdf |work=[[The Jewish Federations of North America]] |publisher=Israel Action Network |accessdate=17 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207100523/http://www.jewishfederations.org/local_includes/downloads/59184.pdf |archivedate= 7 February 2015}}</ref> moral,<ref name=i-a-n/> dan sejarah<ref>{{cite web|title=NGO 'Apartheid State' Campaign: Deliberately Immoral or Intellectually Lazy? |url=http://www.ngo-monitor.org/article/ngo_apartheid_state_campaign_deliberately_immoral_or_intellectually_lazy_ |publisher=[[NGO Monitor]] |date=22 March 2010 |accessdate=17 February 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221235620/http://www.ngo-monitor.org/article/ngo_apartheid_state_campaign_deliberately_immoral_or_intellectually_lazy_ |archivedate=21 February 2014}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=Citation is a quote attributed to a living person for which no source was provided, nor could the quote be verified via a simple Google search, other than repeat copies of the [[NGO Monitor]] article.|date=April 2017}} dan ditujukan untuk menyudutkan Israel.<ref name="Propaganda">[http://www.aish.com/jw/me/48909392.html ''The Apartheid Propaganda''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429171023/http://www.aish.com/jw/me/48909392.html |date=29 April 2010 }} Gerald M. Steinberg</ref><ref>Alan Dershowitz, ''The Case Against Israel's Enemies: Exposing Jimmy Carter and Others Who Stand in the Way of Peace'' (New York: John Wiley, 2009), pp. 20–25, 28–29, 36, 44–48</ref><ref>E.g., see {{cite web|url=http://www.jcpa.org/text/apartheid.pdf |title=The Campaign to Delegitimize Israel with the False charge of Apartheid|first=Robbie|last=Sabel|work=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs – Global Law Forum|date=2009|postscript=none}}; David Matas, ''Aftershock: Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism'' (Toronto: The Dunburn Group, 2005), pp. 53–55</ref> Para penentang menyatakan bahwa Tepi Barat dan Gaza bukanlah bagian dari kedaulatan Israel. Mereka berpendapat bahwa lewat gerakan pembebasan internal Palestina yang sangat diatur oleh pemerintah Israel, wilayah tersebut diurus oleh [[Otoritas Palestina]] terpilih dan [[pemerintahan Hamas di Gaza|para pemimpin]] [[Hamas]], sehingga mereka tak dapat dibandungkan dengan kebijakan internal apartheid [[Afrika Selatan]].<ref name="Bard-Not-Apartheid">{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Human_Rights/Israel_&_apartheid.html |title=Israel Is Not An Apartheid State |author=Mitchel G, Bard |accessdate=5 April 2008 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017201051/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Human_Rights/Israel_%26_apartheid.html |archivedate=17 October 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>


Selaras dengan klaim apartheid di [[Israel]]-sebenarnya, beberapa komentator memberikan analogi tersebut kepada perlakuan [[warga Arab di Israel]], mendeskripsikan status kewarganegaraan mereka sebagai [[warga kelas dua]].{{refn|name=Secondclass|Please see references:<ref>Uri Davis, ''Apartheid Israel: Possibilities for the Struggle Within'', Zed Books, London 2004 pp. 51f</ref><ref name="Adam20"/><ref>[http://www.counterpunch.org/makdisi12202006.html The A Word: Israel, Apartheid and Jimmy Carter] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218102712/http://www.counterpunch.org/makdisi12202006.html |date=18 February 2008 }}, [[CounterPunch]] 19 December 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.logosjournal.com/pappe.htm Power and History in the Middle East: A Conversation with Ilan Pappe] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519060303/http://www.logosjournal.com/pappe.htm |date=19 May 2012 }} Logos Journal, vol 3 no 1, Winter 2004</ref><ref name="Sarid2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3429070,00.html |title=Our Apartheid State |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026081459/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3429070%2C00.html |archivedate=26 October 2007 |df= }} Accessed: 4 April 2011. "The third racist decision was the one that banned Arab citizens of Israel from purchasing national land. Well, not all land, but only a part of it&nbsp;— Jewish National Fund land."</ref><ref>
Selaras dengan klaim apartheid di [[Israel]]-sebenarnya, beberapa komentator memberikan analogi tersebut kepada perlakuan [[warga Arab di Israel]], mendeskripsikan status kewarganegaraan mereka sebagai [[warga kelas dua]].{{refn|name=Secondclass|Please see references:<ref>Uri Davis, ''Apartheid Israel: Possibilities for the Struggle Within'', Zed Books, London 2004 pp. 51f</ref><ref name="Adam20"/><ref>[http://www.counterpunch.org/makdisi12202006.html The A Word: Israel, Apartheid and Jimmy Carter] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218102712/http://www.counterpunch.org/makdisi12202006.html |date=18 February 2008 }}, [[CounterPunch]] 19 December 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.logosjournal.com/pappe.htm Power and History in the Middle East: A Conversation with Ilan Pappe] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519060303/http://www.logosjournal.com/pappe.htm |date=19 May 2012 }} Logos Journal, vol 3 no 1, Winter 2004</ref><ref name="Sarid2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3429070,00.html |title=Our Apartheid State |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026081459/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3429070%2C00.html |archivedate=26 October 2007 |df= }} Accessed: 4 April 2011. "The third racist decision was the one that banned Arab citizens of Israel from purchasing national land. Well, not all land, but only a part of it&nbsp;— Jewish National Fund land."</ref><ref>
Baris 91: Baris 91:
* [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/03/03/EDRP168GMT.DTL Lost in the Blur of Slogans]
* [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/03/03/EDRP168GMT.DTL Lost in the Blur of Slogans]
* [http://www.ngo-monitor.org/article/countering_the_apartheid_slander Countering the Apartheid Slander]
* [http://www.ngo-monitor.org/article/countering_the_apartheid_slander Countering the Apartheid Slander]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35eEljsSQfc Algeria, where are your Jews?] [[Hillel Neuer]] from [[UN Watch]] speaking at the UN about Apartheid (YouTube)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35eEljsSQfc Algeria, where are your Jews?] [[Hillel Neuer]] from [[UN Watch]] speaking at the UN about Apartheid ([[YouTube]])


=== Diskusi ===
=== Diskusi ===

Revisi per 18 Februari 2024 02.03

Kritisisme terhadap kebijakan pemerintahan Israel berulang kali melibatkan tuduhan bahwa Israel telah menerapkan sebuah sistem apartheid terhadap bangsa Arab dan bangsa Palestina di kawasan pendudukan Tepi Barat.[1] Israel telah disebut sebagai negara "apartheid" oleh beberapa cendekiawan, investigator PBB,[2] kelompok HAM yang mekritik kebijakan Israel[3][4] dan para pendukung gerakan Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions terhadap Israel. Deskripsi tersebut juga dipakai oleh beberapa mantan politikus Israel.[5] Para kritikus kebijakan Israel berkata bahwa "sistem kontrol" di wilayah kekuasaan Israel di Tepi Barat, termasuk sistem KTP; pemukiman Israel; jalan raya terpisah untuk warga Israel dan Palestina di sebagian besar pemukiman tersebut; titik-titik pengecekan militer Israel; hukum perkawinan; barrier Tepi Barat; pemakaian warga Palaestina sebagai tenaga kerja murah; eksklave Tepi Barat Palestina; dan ketidaksetaraan dalam infrastruktur, hak hukum (seperti "Hukum enklave"), dan akses lahan dan sumber daya antara para penduduk Palestina dan Israel di wilayah pendudukan Israel, mengingatkan pada beberapa aspek dari rezim apartheid Afrika Selatan, dan bahwa unsur-unsur pendudukan Israel slaras dengan bentuk-bentuk kolonialisme dan apartheid, bertentangan dengan hukum internasional.[6]

Para penentang gagasan apartheid Israel di Tepi Barat berpendapat bahwa perbandingan tersebut tak sejalan secara fakta,[7] moral,[7] dan sejarah[8][butuh sumber yang lebih baik] dan ditujukan untuk menyudutkan Israel.[9][10][11] Para penentang menyatakan bahwa Tepi Barat dan Gaza bukanlah bagian dari kedaulatan Israel. Mereka berpendapat bahwa lewat gerakan pembebasan internal Palestina yang sangat diatur oleh pemerintah Israel, wilayah tersebut diurus oleh Otoritas Palestina terpilih dan para pemimpin Hamas, sehingga mereka tak dapat dibandungkan dengan kebijakan internal apartheid Afrika Selatan.[12]

Selaras dengan klaim apartheid di Israel-sebenarnya, beberapa komentator memberikan analogi tersebut kepada perlakuan warga Arab di Israel, mendeskripsikan status kewarganegaraan mereka sebagai warga kelas dua.[20]

Para kritikus klaim tersebut berpendapat bahwa Israel tak dapat disebut negara apartheid karena tak seperti Afrika Selatan, yang memberlakukan kebijakan pemisahan ras dalam hukum, hukum Israel menyamakan warga Yahudi dan warga Israel lainnya, dengan tanpa pembedaan eksplisit antar ras, golongan atau jenis kelamin.[23]

Namun, pihak lain meyakini bahwa hukum tertentu secara jelas atau tersirat mendeskriminasi atas dasar golongan atas ras, menguntungkan warga warga Yahudi dan menyudutkan non-Yahudi, dan terutama Arab, warga dari negara tersebut. Ini meliputi Hukum Pemulangan, Larangan Unifikasi Keluarga dan beberapa hukum terkait keamanan, lahan dan perencanaan, kewarganegaraan, perwakilan politik di Knesset, pendidikan dan budaya. Undang-Undang Bangsa-Negara, yang menimbulkan kecaman di seluruh dunia, juga dibandingkan oleh para anggota PLO, anggota parlemen oposisi, dan warga Arab dan Yahudi Israel, dengan "hukum apartheid".[24][25][26][27][28][29][30]

Referensi

  1. ^ "Israel approves 'Jewish nation state' law". BBC News. 19 July 2018. Diakses tanggal 19 July 2018. 
  2. ^ "UN report: Israel has established an 'apartheid regime'". www.aljazeera.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 24 March 2017. 
  3. ^ Davis, Uri (2003). Apartheid Israel: possibilities for the struggle within. Zed Books. hlm. 86–87. ISBN 1-84277-339-9. 
  4. ^ Shimoni, Gideon (1980). Jews and Zionism: The South African Experience 1910–1967Perlu mendaftar (gratis). Cape Town: Oxford UP. hlm. 310–336. ISBN 0-19-570179-8. 
  5. ^ Top Israelis Have Warned of Apartheid, so Why the Outrage at a UN Report?, Mehdi Hassan, The Intercept, March 23 2017.
  6. ^ e.g. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, John Dugard, A/HRC/4/17, 29 January 2007, pp. 3, 23 "Archived copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 24 October 2012. Diakses tanggal 2009-08-03. 
  7. ^ a b "A High Holidays Resource Guide" (PDF). The Jewish Federations of North America. Israel Action Network. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 7 February 2015. Diakses tanggal 17 February 2014. 
  8. ^ "NGO 'Apartheid State' Campaign: Deliberately Immoral or Intellectually Lazy?". NGO Monitor. 22 March 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 February 2014. Diakses tanggal 17 February 2014. 
  9. ^ The Apartheid Propaganda Diarsipkan 29 April 2010 di Wayback Machine. Gerald M. Steinberg
  10. ^ Alan Dershowitz, The Case Against Israel's Enemies: Exposing Jimmy Carter and Others Who Stand in the Way of Peace (New York: John Wiley, 2009), pp. 20–25, 28–29, 36, 44–48
  11. ^ E.g., see Sabel, Robbie (2009). "The Campaign to Delegitimize Israel with the False charge of Apartheid" (PDF). Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs – Global Law Forum ; David Matas, Aftershock: Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism (Toronto: The Dunburn Group, 2005), pp. 53–55
  12. ^ a b Mitchel G, Bard (2008). "Israel Is Not An Apartheid State". Jewish Virtual Library. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 17 October 2015. Diakses tanggal 5 April 2008. 
  13. ^ Uri Davis, Apartheid Israel: Possibilities for the Struggle Within, Zed Books, London 2004 pp. 51f
  14. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Adam20
  15. ^ The A Word: Israel, Apartheid and Jimmy Carter Diarsipkan 18 February 2008 di Wayback Machine., CounterPunch 19 December 2006
  16. ^ Power and History in the Middle East: A Conversation with Ilan Pappe Diarsipkan 19 May 2012 di Wayback Machine. Logos Journal, vol 3 no 1, Winter 2004
  17. ^ "Our Apartheid State". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 26 October 2007.  Accessed: 4 April 2011. "The third racist decision was the one that banned Arab citizens of Israel from purchasing national land. Well, not all land, but only a part of it — Jewish National Fund land."
  18. ^ Sarid, Yossi. "Yes, it is apartheid". Haaretz. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 17 March 2014. Diakses tanggal 16 March 2014. 
  19. ^ "In day-long Security Council meeting, Palestine observer says Israeli security wall involves de facto annexation of occupied land". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 11 September 2009. Diakses tanggal 26 March 2010.  "How can these Israeli war crimes be appropriately described?" he asked. "Is this classic colonization? We believe it is worse than that. Is this a new apartheid system? We believe it is worse than that. It is a combination that has drawn upon these two ugly phenomena, amounting to the lowest level thinking of racist colonizers."
  20. ^ Please see references:[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]
  21. ^ It's Not Apartheid Michael Kinsley, The Washington Post, 12 December 2006.
  22. ^ Israel has its faults, but apartheid isn't one of them Diarsipkan 10 November 2012 di Wayback Machine. The Washington Post Richard Cohen, 2 March 2010.
  23. ^ Please see references:[12][21][22]
  24. ^ "Israel passes Jewish nation law branded 'racist' by critics". The Independent. Diakses tanggal 23 July 2018. 
  25. ^ "Knesset: Israel verabschiedet Gesetz zu "jüdischem Nationalstaat"". ZEIT ONLINE (dalam bahasa Jerman). 19 July 2018. 
  26. ^ "Nation state bill moves Israel towards 'apartheid state'". Sky News. 20 July 2018. 
  27. ^ Munayyer, Yousef (23 May 2012). "Not All Israeli Citizens Are Equal". The New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 5 July 2014. Diakses tanggal 11 April 2014. 
  28. ^ Laor, Yitzhak (17 January 2012). "Israeli Arabs have never been equal before the law". Haaretz. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 April 2014. Diakses tanggal 11 April 2014. 
  29. ^ White, Ben (20 December 2011). Palestinians in Israel: Segregation, Discrimination and Democracy. Pluto Press. 
  30. ^ [The Discriminatory Laws Database — Adalah|https://www.adalah.org/en/content/view/7771]

Lihat juga

Bacaan tambahan

Pranala luar

Wikiquote memiliki koleksi kutipan yang berkaitan dengan: Israel dan analogi apartheid.


Mendukung analogi

Menentang analogi

Diskusi

Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=Israel_dan_analogi_apartheid&oldid=25323252"