Hukum Eshnuna: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Hukum Eshnunna''' ({{lang-en|Laws of Eshnunna}}; disingkat '''LE''') adalah kumpulan hukum yang terukir pada dua lempengan/tablet bertulisan [[kuneiform]], yang ditemukan di [[Shaduppum|Tell Abū Harmal]], [[Baghdad]], [[Irak]]. Kantor "Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities" yang dipimpin oleh [[Taha Baqir]] menggali dua set table paralel pada tahun 1945 dan 1947. Kedua tablet itu merupakan salinan terpisah dari suatu sumber yang lebih kuno dan bertarikh sekitar 1930 SM. Perbedaan di antara [[Piagam Hammurabi]] dan Hukum |
'''Hukum Eshnunna''' ({{lang-en|Laws of Eshnunna}}; disingkat '''LE''') adalah kumpulan hukum yang terukir pada dua lempengan/tablet bertulisan [[kuneiform]], yang ditemukan di [[:en:Shaduppum|Tell Abū Harmal]], [[Baghdad]], [[Irak]]. Kantor "Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities" yang dipimpin oleh [[:en:Taha Baqir|Taha Baqir]] menggali dua set table paralel pada tahun 1945 dan 1947. Kedua tablet itu merupakan salinan terpisah dari suatu sumber yang lebih kuno dan bertarikh sekitar 1930 SM. Perbedaan di antara [[Piagam Hammurabi]] dan "Hukum Eshnunna" secara signifikan berkontribusi untuk menyingkapkan perkembangan hukum kuneiform dan hukum purba. [[:en:Eshnunna|Eshnunna]] terletak di sebelah utara kota kuno [[Ur]] di tepi [[sungai Tigris]] dan menjadi penting secara politik setelah kejatuhan dinasti ketiga di Ur, yang didirikan oleh [[Ur-Nammu]]. |
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In distinction from the other [[Mesopotamia]]n collections of law, this one got its name after the city where it had originated – [[Eshnunna]], located on the bank of the [[Diyala River]], tributary to the [[Tigris]]. This collection of laws is not a real systemized [[codex]]; nearly sixty of its sections are preserved. The Laws are written in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] and consist of two tablets which are marked with A and B. In 1948, [[Albrecht Goetze]] of the [[Yale University]] had translated and published them. In some sources the Laws of [[Eshnunna]] are mentioned as the Laws of [[Bilalama]] due to the belief that the Eshnunnian ruler probably was their originator, but Goetze maintained that tablet B was originated under the reign of [[Dadusha]]. The text of the [[prologue]] is [[lacuna (manuscript)|broken]] at the point where the ruler who promulgated the laws was specified. |
In distinction from the other [[Mesopotamia]]n collections of law, this one got its name after the city where it had originated – [[Eshnunna]], located on the bank of the [[Diyala River]], tributary to the [[Tigris]]. This collection of laws is not a real systemized [[codex]]; nearly sixty of its sections are preserved. The Laws are written in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] and consist of two tablets which are marked with A and B. In 1948, [[Albrecht Goetze]] of the [[Yale University]] had translated and published them. In some sources the Laws of [[Eshnunna]] are mentioned as the Laws of [[Bilalama]] due to the belief that the Eshnunnian ruler probably was their originator, but Goetze maintained that tablet B was originated under the reign of [[Dadusha]]. The text of the [[prologue]] is [[lacuna (manuscript)|broken]] at the point where the ruler who promulgated the laws was specified. |
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The Laws clearly show signs of [[social stratification]], mainly focussing on two different classes: the [[muškenum]] and [[awilum]]. The audience of the Laws of [[Eshnunna]] is more extensive than in the case of the earlier cuneiform codifications: awilum – free men and women (mar awilim and marat awilim), muškenum, wife (aššatum), son (maru), slaves of both sexes – male (wardum) and female (amtum) – which are not only objects of law as in classical slavery, and delicts where the victims were slaves have been sanctioned, and other class designations as ubarum, apþarum, mudum that are not ascertained. |
The Laws clearly show signs of [[social stratification]], mainly focussing on two different classes: the [[muškenum]] and [[awilum]]. The audience of the Laws of [[Eshnunna]] is more extensive than in the case of the earlier cuneiform codifications: awilum – free men and women (mar awilim and marat awilim), muškenum, wife (aššatum), son (maru), slaves of both sexes – male (wardum) and female (amtum) – which are not only objects of law as in classical slavery, and delicts where the victims were slaves have been sanctioned, and other class designations as ubarum, apþarum, mudum that are not ascertained. |
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[[Reuven Yaron]] telah membagi pelanggaran-pelanggaran yang termuat dalam Hukum Eshnunna ke dalam lima kelompok. Artikel-artikel dari grup pertama telah dikumpulkan dari berbagai aturan hukum dan artikel-artikel keempat kelompok lain secara kasar didaftarkan berurutan: |
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[[Reuven Yaron]] has divided the offences of the Laws of [[Eshnunna]] into five groups. The articles of the first group had to be collected from all over the Laws and the articles of the other four were roughly ordered one after the other: |
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1. [[Theft]] and related offences, |
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2. False [[distraint]], |
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3. [[Sex and the law|Sexual offences]], |
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4. [[injury|Bodily injuries]], |
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5. Damages caused by a goring ox and comparable cases. |
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* 1. [[Pencurian]] dan pelanggaran terkait, |
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* 2. Perampasan harta yang salah, |
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* 3. Pelanggaran seksual, |
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* 4. Luka-luka jasmani, |
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* 5. Kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh tandukan sapi dan kasus-kasus sebanding. |
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The majority of these offences were penalized with pecuniary fines (an amount of silver), but some serious offences such as burglary, murder, and sexual offences were penalized with death. It seems that the [[capital punishment]] was avoidable (in contrast to the [[Code of Hammurabi]]), because of the standard formulation: “It is a case of life … he shall die”. |
The majority of these offences were penalized with pecuniary fines (an amount of silver), but some serious offences such as burglary, murder, and sexual offences were penalized with death. It seems that the [[capital punishment]] was avoidable (in contrast to the [[Code of Hammurabi]]), because of the standard formulation: “It is a case of life … he shall die”. |
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Revisi per 2 Desember 2014 21.22
Hukum Eshnunna (bahasa Inggris: Laws of Eshnunna; disingkat LE) adalah kumpulan hukum yang terukir pada dua lempengan/tablet bertulisan kuneiform, yang ditemukan di Tell Abū Harmal, Baghdad, Irak. Kantor "Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities" yang dipimpin oleh Taha Baqir menggali dua set table paralel pada tahun 1945 dan 1947. Kedua tablet itu merupakan salinan terpisah dari suatu sumber yang lebih kuno dan bertarikh sekitar 1930 SM. Perbedaan di antara Piagam Hammurabi dan "Hukum Eshnunna" secara signifikan berkontribusi untuk menyingkapkan perkembangan hukum kuneiform dan hukum purba. Eshnunna terletak di sebelah utara kota kuno Ur di tepi sungai Tigris dan menjadi penting secara politik setelah kejatuhan dinasti ketiga di Ur, yang didirikan oleh Ur-Nammu.
Reuven Yaron telah membagi pelanggaran-pelanggaran yang termuat dalam Hukum Eshnunna ke dalam lima kelompok. Artikel-artikel dari grup pertama telah dikumpulkan dari berbagai aturan hukum dan artikel-artikel keempat kelompok lain secara kasar didaftarkan berurutan:
- 1. Pencurian dan pelanggaran terkait,
- 2. Perampasan harta yang salah,
- 3. Pelanggaran seksual,
- 4. Luka-luka jasmani,
- 5. Kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh tandukan sapi dan kasus-kasus sebanding.
Referensi
- Reuven Yaron, The laws of Eshnunna, Brill (1988)
- B.L. Eichler, Literary Structure in the Laws of Eshnunna, in Language, Literature and History (1987)
- J.J. Finkelstein, On Some Recent Studies in Cuneiform Law, 90 Journal of the American Oriental Society 243 (1970)
- E.A. Speiser, Cuneiform Law and the History of Civilization, 107 Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 536 (1963)
- Albrecht Goetze. The Laws of Eshnunna, The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Vol. 31, The Laws of Eshnunna (1951 - 1952), pp. v-197
Lihat pula
- Daftar artefak terkait Alkitab
- Eshnunna
- Hukum Kuneiform
- Kekaisaran Akkadian
- Piagam Hammurabi
- Undang-undang Ur-Nammu
- Kodeks Lipit-Ishtar
- List of ancient legal codes