Userkaf

Kepala patung Userkaf yang ditemukan di Abusir

Userkaf (dikenal dalam nama Yunani sebagai Usercherês, Ούσερχέρης) adalah penguasa pertama Dinasti ke-V dari Kerajaan Lama, yang memerintah selama tujuh atau delapan tahun pada awal abad ke-XXV SM, dia menggantikan Shepseskaf dan mendahului putranya Sahure. Userkaf mungkin berasal dari cabang wangsa kerajaan Dinasti ke-IV, meskipun asal usulnya masih belum jelas. Egiptologis Miroslav Verner mengusulkan bahwa dia adalah putra Menkaura oleh salah satu ratu keduanya dan mungkin saudara kandung pendahulunya dan raja terakhir Dinasti ke-IV, Shepseskaf.

Referensi

Sumber

• Allen, James; Allen, Susan; Anderson, Julie; et al. (1999). Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-8109-6543-0. OCLC 41431623. 
• Altenmüller, Hartwig (1995). Kessler, Dieter; Schulz, Regine, ed. "Die "Abgaben" aus dem 2. Jahr des Userkaf". Münchner Ägyptologische Untersuchungen, Gedenkschrift für Winfried Barta (dalam bahasa Jerman). 4: 37–48. OCLC 811863261. 
• Altenmüller, Hartwig (2001). "Old Kingdom: Fifth Dynasty". Dalam Redford, Donald B. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 597–601. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5. 
• Arnold, Dieter (1996). Die Tempel Ägyptens: Götterwohnungen, Baudenkmäler, Kultstätten (dalam bahasa Jerman). Augsburg: Bechtermünz. ISBN 978-3-86-047215-6. 
• Arnold, Dieter (2001). "Tombs: Royal tombs". Dalam Redford, Donald B. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 425–433. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5. 
• Arnold, Dieter (2003). The encyclopaedia of ancient Egyptian architecture. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-465-8. 
• Arnold, Dorothea (19 July 1999). "Old Kingdom Chronology and List of Kings". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Diakses tanggal 11 August 2018. 
• Baer, Klaus (1956). "A Note on Egyptian Units of Area in the Old Kingdom". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. XV. 
• Bareš, Ladislav (2000). "The destruction of the monuments at the necropolis of Abusir". Dalam Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír. Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic – Oriental Institute. hlm. 1–16. ISBN 80-85425-39-4. 
• Bárta, Miroslav (2017). "Radjedef to the Eighth Dynasty". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. 
• Baud, Michel; Dobrev, Vassil (1995). "De nouvelles annales de l'Ancien Empire Egyptien. Une "Pierre de Palerme" pour la VIe dynastie" (PDF). Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale (dalam bahasa Prancis). 95: 23–92. ISSN 0255-0962. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2 April 2015. 
• Baud, Michel (1999a). Famille Royale et pouvoir sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Tome 1 (PDF). Bibliothèque d'étude 126/1 (dalam bahasa Prancis). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. ISBN 978-2-7247-0250-7. 
• Baud, Michel (1999b). Famille Royale et pouvoir sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Tome 2 (PDF). Bibliothèque d'étude 126/2 (dalam bahasa Prancis). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. ISBN 978-2-7247-0250-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2 April 2015. 
• Bennett, John (1966). "Pyramid Names". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. Sage Publications. 52: 174–176. doi:10.1177/030751336605200122. JSTOR 3855832. 
• Breasted, James Henry (1906). Ancient records of Egypt historical documents from earliest times to the persian conquest, collected edited and translated with commentary. Chicago: The University of Chicago press. OCLC 778206509. Diakses tanggal 9 August 2018. 
• Burkard, Günter; Thissen, Heinz Josef; Quack, Joachim Friedrich (2003). Einführung in die altägyptische Literaturgeschichte. Band 1: Altes und Mittleres Reich. Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie. 1, 3, 6. Münster: LIT. ISBN 978-3-82-580987-4. 
• Clayton, Peter (1994). Chronicle of the Pharaohs. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05074-3. 
• Daressy, Georges (1912). "La Pierre de Palerme et la chronologie de l'Ancien Empire". Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale (dalam bahasa Prancis). Cairo. 12: 161–214. ISSN 0255-0962. Diakses tanggal 11 Aug 2018. 
• David, Ann Rosalie; David, Antony E (2001). A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. London: Seaby. ISBN 978-1-85-264032-3. 
• Desplancques, Sophie (2006). L'institution du Trésor en Egypte: Des origines à la fin du Moyen Empire. Passé Présent (dalam bahasa Prancis). Paris: Presses de l'Université Paris-Sorbonne. ISBN 978-2-84-050451-1. 
• Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-500-05128-3. 
• Dorman, Peter (2002). "The biographical inscription of Ptahshepses from Saqqara: A newly identified fragment". Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 88: 95–110. doi:10.1177/030751330208800107. JSTOR 3822338. 
• Edel, Elmar; Ricke, Herbert (1965). Das Sonnenheiligtum des Königs Userkaf. Beiträge zur ägyptischen Bauforschung und Altertumskunde (dalam bahasa Jerman). 7, 8. Kairo: Schweizerisches Institut für ägyptische Bauforschung und Altertumskunde. OCLC 77668521. 
• Edwards, David (2004). The Nubian Past. Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41-536988-6. 
• El-Awady, Tarek (2006). "The royal family of Sahure. New evidence." (PDF). Dalam Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír. Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2005. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. hlm. 191–218. ISBN 978-80-7308-116-4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 1 February 2011. 
• El-Khouly, Aly (1978). "Excavations at the Pyramid of Userkaf, 1976: Preliminary Report". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 64 (1): 35–43. doi:10.1177/030751337806400105. 
• El-Shahawy, Abeer; Atiya, Farid S. (2005). The Egyptian Museum in Cairo. A Walk Through The Alleys of Ancient Egypt. Cairo: Farid Atiya Press. ISBN 978-9-77-171983-0. 
• Gauthier, Henri (1906). "Note et remarques historiques III: Un nouveau nom royal". Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale (dalam bahasa Prancis). 5: 41–57. ISSN 0255-0962. 
• Goedicke, Hans (1967). Königliche Dokumente aus den Alten Reich. Ägyptologische Abhandlungen. 14. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. OCLC 4877029. 
• Goedicke, Hans (2000). "Abusir–Saqqara–Giza". Dalam Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír. Abusir and Saqqara in the year 2000. Archív orientální, Supplementa. 9. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. hlm. 397–412. ISBN 978-8-08-542539-0. 
• Grimal, Nicolas (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt. Translated by Ian Shaw. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19396-8. 
• Guerrier, Éric (2006). Les pyramides: l'enquête (dalam bahasa Prancis). Coudray-Macouard: Cheminements, DL. ISBN 978-2-84-478446-9. 
• Gundlach, Rolf (2001). "Temples". Dalam Redford, Donald B. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 363–379. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5. 
• Hall, Henry Reginald (1913). Catalogue of the Egyptian Scarabs, etc. in the British Museum. London: The British Museum. OCLC 163313959. 
• Hayes, William (1978). The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. OCLC 7427345. 
• "Head of King Userkaf, c. 2454–2447 BC". The Cleveland Museum of Art. Diakses tanggal 11 August 2018. 
• Helck, Wolfgang (1981). Geschichte des alten Ägypten. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Abt. 1: Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten (dalam bahasa Jerman). 1. Leiden, Köln: Brill. ISBN 978-9-00-406497-3. 
• Hellouin de Cenival, Jean-Louis; Posener-Krieger, Paule (1968). The Abusir Papyri, Series of Hieratic Texts. London: British Museum. OCLC 899032263. 
• Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David, ed. (2012). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5. ISSN 0169-9423. 
• Janák, Jiří; Vymazalová, Hana; Coppens, Filip (2011). "The Fifth Dynasty 'sun temples' in a broader context". Dalam Bárta, Miroslav; Coppens, Filip; Krejčí, Jaromír. Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2010. Prague: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts. hlm. 430–442. ISBN 978-8-07-308385-4. 
• Jánosi, Peter (2016). The Pyramid Complex of Amenemhat I at Lisht, The Reliefs. New Haven, London: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Yale University Press. ISBN 978-1-58839-605-1. 
• Kaiser, Werner (1956). "Zu den Sonnenheiligtümern der 5. Dynastie". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo. 14: 104–116. ISSN 0342-1279. 
• Kaplony, Peter (1981). Die Rollsiegel des Alten Reiches. Katalog der Rollsiegel II. Allgemeiner Teil mit Studien zum Köningtum des Alten Reichs II. Katalog der Rollsiegel A. Text B. Tafeln (dalam bahasa Jerman). Bruxelles: Fondation Egyptologique Reine Élisabeth. ISBN 978-0-583-00301-8. 
• Kozloff, Arielle P. (1982). "Weserkaf, Boy King of Dynasty V". The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art. 69 (7): 211–223. JSTOR 25159780. 
• Labrousse, Audran; Lauer, Jean-Philippe (2000). Les complexes funéraires d'Ouserkaf et de Néferhétepès. Bibliothèque d'étude, Institut d'archéologie orientale, Le Caire (dalam bahasa Prancis). 130. Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. ISBN 978-2-72-470263-7. 
• Lehner, Mark (2008). The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-500-05084-2. 
• Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary. Writings from the Ancient World. 33. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-736-2. 
• Lepsius, Karl Richard (1972). Denkmäler aus Ægypten und Æthiopien (dalam bahasa Jerman). Geneva: Éditions de Belles-Lettres. OCLC 941020412. 
• "List of Rulers of Ancient Egypt and Nubia". Metropolitan Museum of Art online collections. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2019. 
• Magi, Giovanna (2008). Saqqara: the Pyramid, the Mastabas and the Archaeological Site. Firenze: Bonechi. ISBN 978-8-84-761500-7. 
• Mahfouz, Naguib (2006). Voices from the Other World : Ancient Egyptian Tales. Cairo, New York: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-9-77-416029-5. 
• Malek, Jaromír (2000a). "The Old Kingdom (c.2160–2055 BC)". Dalam Shaw, Ian. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. hlm. 83–107. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3. 
• Malek, Jaromir (2000b). "Old Kingdom rulers as "local saints" in the Memphite area during the Old Kingdom". Dalam Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír. Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000. Prag: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic – Oriental Institute. hlm. 241–258. ISBN 978-80-85425-39-0. 
• Mariette, Auguste (1889a). Maspero, Gaston, ed. Les mastabas de l'ancien empire, fragments du dernier ouvrage d'Auguste Édouard Mariette (dalam bahasa Prancis). Paris: Friedrich Vieweg. OCLC 2654989. 
• Mariette, Auguste (1889b). Maspero, Gaston, ed. Monuments divers recueillis en Egypte et en Nubie (dalam bahasa Prancis). Paris: F. Vieweg. OCLC 633703310. 
• Morales, Antonio J. (2006). "Traces of official and popular veneration to Nyuserra Iny at Abusir. Late Fifth Dynasty to the Middle Kingdom". Dalam Bárta, Miroslav; Coppens, Filip; Krejčí, Jaromír. Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2005, Proceedings of the Conference held in Prague (June 27–July 5, 2005). Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. hlm. 311–341. ISBN 978-80-7308-116-4. 
• Nuzzolo, Massimilano (2007). "Sun Temples and Kingship in the Ancient Egyptian Kingdom". Dalam Goyon, Jean Claude; Cardin, Christine. Actes du neuvième congrès international des égyptologues, Grenoble 6-12 Septembre 2004. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta (dalam bahasa Prancis). 150. Leuven, Dudley MA: Peeters. hlm. 1401–1410. ISBN 978-9-04-291717-0. 
• "Oarsmen and an Official ca. 2465–2458 B.C." Metropolitan Museum of Art online collections. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2019. 
• Petrie, Flinders (1897). A History of Egypt. Volume I: From the Earliest Times to the XVIth Dynasty (edisi ke-third). London: Methuen & Co. OCLC 493045619. 
• Petrie, Flinders (1917). Scarabs and Cylinders with Names: Illustrated by the Egyptian Collection in University College, London (PDF). London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt, University College: Bernard Quaritch. OCLC 55858240. 
• Quirke, Stephen (2001). The Cult of Ra : Sun-Worship in Ancient Egypt. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-50-005107-8. 
• Redford, Donald B. (2001). "Manetho". Dalam Redford, Donald B. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 336–337. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5. 
• "Relief with running troops ca. 2465–2458 B.C." Metropolitan Museum of Art online collections. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2019. 
• "Relief Fragment with a Ship Under Sail ca. 2465–2458 B.C." Metropolitan Museum of Art online collections. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2019. 
• Rice, Michael (1999). Who is Who in Ancient Egypt. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-44328-6. 
• Sethe, Kurt Heinrich (1903). Urkunden des Alten Reichs (dalam bahasa Jerman). Wikipedia entry: Urkunden des Alten Reichs. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. OCLC 846318602. 
• Stadelmann, Rainer (2007). "Der Kopf des Userkaf aus dem "Taltempel" des Sonnenheiligtums in Abusir". Sokar (dalam bahasa Jerman). 15: 56–61. ISSN 1438-7956. 
• Strudwick, Nigel (1985). The Administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom: The Highest Titles and Their Holders (PDF). Studies in Egyptology. London; Boston: Kegan Paul International. ISBN 978-0-7103-0107-9. 
• Strudwick, Nigel C. (2005). Texts from the Pyramid Age. Writings from the Ancient World (book 16). Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-680-8. 
• "Userkaf". Digital Egypt. University College London. Diakses tanggal 11 August 2018. 
• "Userkaf". Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 July 1998. Diakses tanggal 11 August 2018. 
• Verner, Miroslav (1980a). "Excavations at Abusir". Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. 107. hlm. 158–169. ISSN 2196-713X. 
• Verner, Miroslav; Zemina, Milan (1994). Forgotten Pharaohs, Lost Pyramids: Abusir (PDF). Prague: Academia Škodaexport. ISBN 978-80-200-0022-4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 1 February 2011. 
• Verner, Miroslav (1998). Die Pyramiden (dalam bahasa Jerman). Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt. ISBN 978-3-49-807062-5. 
• Verner, Miroslav (2000). "Who was Shepseskara, and when did he reign?" (PDF). Dalam Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír. Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. hlm. 581–602. ISBN 978-80-85425-39-0. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 1 February 2011. 
• Verner, Miroslav (2001a). "Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology" (PDF). Archiv Orientální. 69 (3): 363–418. ISSN 0044-8699. 
• Verner, Miroslav (2001b). "Old Kingdom: An Overview". Dalam Redford, Donald B. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 585–591. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5. 
• Verner, Miroslav (2001c). "Pyramids". Dalam Redford, Donald B. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 87–95. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5. 
• Verner, Miroslav (2002). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. London: Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-90-380945-7. 
• Verner, Miroslav (2007). "Sahure's Causeway. New Archaeological Discoveries in the Abusir Pyramid Field". Archaeogate Egittologia. ISSN 1973-2953. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 July 2011. Diakses tanggal 11 August 2018. 
• von Beckerath, Jürgen (1982). "Niuserre". Dalam Helck, Wolfgang; Otto, Eberhard. Lexikon der Ägyptologie. Band IV: Megiddo – Pyramiden (dalam bahasa Jerman). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. hlm. 517–518. ISBN 978-3-447-02262-0. 
• von Beckerath, Jürgen (1997). Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten: die Zeitbestimmung der ägyptischen Geschichte von der Vorzeit bis 332 v. Chr. Münchner Ägyptologische Studien (dalam bahasa Jerman). 46. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern. ISBN 978-3-80-532310-9. 
• von Beckerath, Jürgen (1999). Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. Münchner ägyptologische Studien (dalam bahasa Jerman). 49. Mainz: Philip von Zabern. ISBN 978-3-8053-2591-2. 
• Voß, Susanne (2004) (dalam bahasa de). Untersuchungen zu den Sonnenheiligtümern der 5. Dynastie. Bedeutung und Funktion eines singulären Tempeltyps im Alten Reich (Tesis PhD). OCLC 76555360. https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/volltexte/2004/2100/pdf/Dissertation.pdf. Diakses pada 11 June 2015. 
• Waddell, William Gillan (1971). Manetho. Loeb classical library. 350. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann. OCLC 6246102. 
• "Weight equal to five deben ca. 2649–2100 B.C." Metropolitan Museum of Art online collections. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2019. 
• Wildung, Dietrich (1969). Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewußtsein ihrer Nachwelt. Teil I. Posthume Quellen über die Könige der ersten vier Dynastien. Münchener Ägyptologische Studien (dalam bahasa Jerman). 17. München, Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag. OCLC 698531851. 
• Wilkinson, Richard (2000). The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-50-005100-9. 

Didahului oleh: Shepseskaf or Thamphthis

Firaun Mesir Dinasti ke-V

Diteruskan oleh: Sahure