Garis Durand

Perbatasan Afganistan–Pakistan atau lebih dikenal Garis Durand (bahasa Pashtun: د ډیورنډ کرښه) adalah batas internasional sepanjang 2,430-kilometer (1,510 mi) yang memisahkan antara Pakistan dan Afghanistan. Garis ini diberlakukan sejak tahun 1896 antara Sir Mortimer Durand, seorang diplomat Inggris dan pegawai negeri sipil British India, dan Abdur Rahman Khan, Amir Afghanistan untuk memperjelas batas untuk memperbaiki batas bidang masing-masing dari pengaruh dan meningkatkan hubungan diplomatik dan perdagangan. Afghanistan dianggap oleh Inggris sebagai sebuah wilayah kerajaan mandiri waktu itu, meskipun Inggris tetap mengendalikan kepentingan luar negeri dan hubungan diplomatik.

Kesepatan satu halaman bertanggal 12 November 1893, berisi tujuh artikel pendek, termasuk sebuah komitmen untuk tidak mencoba mengganggu di luar Garis Durand.^[1] Sebuah survey demarkasi gabungan Inggris-Afghanistan berlangsung mulai tahun 1894, mencakup 800 mil garis batas.^[2]^[3] Diresmikan menjelang penutupan "Great Game", garis yang dihasilkan didirikan Afghanistan sebagai zona penyangga antara kepentingan Inggris dan Rusia di wilayah tersebut.^[4] Garis batas itu, seperti yang telah dimodifikasi sedikit oleh Perjanjian Anglo-Afghan 1919, diwariskan oleh Pakistan.

Garis Durand Line membelah area suku Pashtun menuju ke selatan melewati daerah Balochistan, memisahkan etnis Pashtuns secara politik, begitu pula Baloch dan kelompok etnis lainnya, yang tinggal di kedua sisi batas. Garis ini membatasi Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Balochistan dan Gilgit-Baltistan sebelah selatan dan barat Pakistan dari timur laut dan selatan provinsi Afghanistan. Dari perspektif geopolitk dan geostrategi, mendeskripsikan sebagai satu dari kebanyakan batas berbahaya di dunia.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] Meskipun diakui secara internasional sebagai batas barat Pakistan, namun sebagian besar belum diakui di Afghanistan.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ Smith, Cynthia (August 2004). "A Selection of Historical Maps of Afghanistan – The Durand Line". United States: Library of Congress. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-02-06. Diakses tanggal 2011-02-11.
^ "The total length of the boundary which had been delimitated and demarcated between March 1894 and May 1896, amounted to 800 miles." The long stretch from the Kabul River to China, including the Wakhan Corridor, was declared demarcated by virtue of its continuous, distinct watershed ridgeline, leaving only the section near the Khyber Pass, which was finally demarcated in 1921: Brig.-Gen. Sir Percy Sykes, K.C.I.E., C.B., C.M.G., Gold Medalist of the Royal Geographical Society (1940). "A History of Afghanistan Vol. II". London: MacMillan & Co. hlm. 182–188; 200–208. Diakses tanggal 2009-12-05.
^ An adjustment to the demarcation was made at Arundu in the early 1930s: Hay, Maj. W. R. (October 1933). "Demarcation of the Indo-Afghan Boundary in the Vicinity of Arandu". Geographic Journal. LXXXII (4).
^ Uradnik, Kathleen (2011). Battleground: Government and Politics, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 18. ISBN 9780313343131. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-28. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-22.
^ "No Man's Land". Newsweek. United States. February 1, 2004. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-04-08. Diakses tanggal 2011-02-11. Where the imperialists' Great Game once unfolded, tribal allegiances have made for a "soft border" between Afghanistan and Pakistan—and a safe haven for smugglers, militants and terrorists
^ Bajoria, Jayshree (March 20, 2009). "The Troubled Afghan-Pakistani Border". Council on Foreign Relations. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-05-25. Diakses tanggal 2011-02-11.
^ "Japanese nationals not killed in Pakistan: FO". Dawn News. Pakistan. September 7, 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-10-12. Diakses tanggal 2011-02-11.
^ Walker, Philip (24 June 2011). "The World's Most Dangerous Borders: Afghanistan and Pakistan". Foreign Policy. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-12-31. Diakses tanggal 12 September 2012.
^ "No change in stance on Durand Line: Faizi". Pajhwok Afghan News. October 24, 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-05-10. Diakses tanggal 2013-04-11. But Afghanistan has never accepted the legitimacy of this border, arguing that it was intended to demarcate spheres of influence rather than international frontiers.
^ Grare, Frédéric (October 2006). "Carnegie Papers – Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations in the Post-9/11 Era" (PDF). Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2006-10-03. Diakses tanggal 2011-02-11.
^ End of Imaginary Durrand Line: North Pakistan belongs to Afghanistan Diarsipkan 2009-12-16 di Wayback Machine. by Wahid Momand
^ Government & Politics: Overview Of Current Political Situation In Afghanistan Diarsipkan 2017-01-16 di Wayback Machine."(3) The Durand Line is an unofficial porous border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. In 1893, the British and the Afghan Amir (Abdur Rahman Khan) agreed to set up the Durand line (named after the foreign Secretary of the Indian government, Sir Mortimer Durand) to divide Afghanistan and what was then British India.
^ "Durand Line". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-04-29. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-22.

Bacaan lanjutan

"Special Issue: The Durand Line". Internationales Asienforum. 44 (1–2). May 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-10-27. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-22.

Pranala luar

The Durand Line Agreement (1893): Its Pros and Cons Diarsipkan 2021-08-19 di Wayback Machine.
"The Durand Line: History and Problems of the Afghan-Pakistan Border" Diarsipkan 2021-04-22 di Wayback Machine. Bijan Omrani, published in Asian Affairs, vol. 40, Issue 2, 2009.
"Rethinking the Durand Line: The Legality of the Afghan-Pakistan Border" Diarsipkan 2021-08-31 di Wayback Machine., published in the RUSI Journal, Oct 2009, Vol. 154, No. 5
Text of the Durand Line Agreement, November 12, 1893 Diarsipkan 2007-02-04 di Wayback Machine., Khyber.org
No Man's Land – Where the imperialists' Great Game once unfolded, tribal allegiances have made for a "soft border" between Afghanistan and Pakistan—and a safe haven for smugglers, militants and terrorists Diarsipkan 2008-04-08 di Wayback Machine.
Fly-over of part of the Durand Line Diarsipkan 2008-01-08 di Wayback Machine.
The Durand Line Diarsipkan 2017-07-04 di Wayback Machine.
Culture, Politics Hinder U.S. Effort to Bolster Pakistani Border Diarsipkan 2008-05-11 di Wayback Machine., The Washington Post March 30, 2008
"Border Complicates War in Afghanistan" Diarsipkan 2010-12-05 di Wayback Machine., The Washington Post, April 4, 2008

[LoC-Smith-1] Smith, Cynthia (August 2004). "A Selection of Historical Maps of Afghanistan – The Durand Line". United States: Library of Congress. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-02-06. Diakses tanggal 2011-02-11.

[2] "The total length of the boundary which had been delimitated and demarcated between March 1894 and May 1896, amounted to 800 miles." The long stretch from the Kabul River to China, including the Wakhan Corridor, was declared demarcated by virtue of its continuous, distinct watershed ridgeline, leaving only the section near the Khyber Pass, which was finally demarcated in 1921: Brig.-Gen. Sir Percy Sykes, K.C.I.E., C.B., C.M.G., Gold Medalist of the Royal Geographical Society (1940). "A History of Afghanistan Vol. II". London: MacMillan & Co. hlm. 182–188; 200–208. Diakses tanggal 2009-12-05.

[Hay-3] An adjustment to the demarcation was made at Arundu in the early 1930s: Hay, Maj. W. R. (October 1933). "Demarcation of the Indo-Afghan Boundary in the Vicinity of Arandu". Geographic Journal. LXXXII (4).

[4] Uradnik, Kathleen (2011). Battleground: Government and Politics, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 18. ISBN 9780313343131. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-28. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-22.

[Newsweek-5] "No Man's Land". Newsweek. United States. February 1, 2004. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-04-08. Diakses tanggal 2011-02-11. Where the imperialists' Great Game once unfolded, tribal allegiances have made for a "soft border" between Afghanistan and Pakistan—and a safe haven for smugglers, militants and terrorists

[6] Bajoria, Jayshree (March 20, 2009). "The Troubled Afghan-Pakistani Border". Council on Foreign Relations. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-05-25. Diakses tanggal 2011-02-11.

[DN-7] "Japanese nationals not killed in Pakistan: FO". Dawn News. Pakistan. September 7, 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-10-12. Diakses tanggal 2011-02-11.

[8] Walker, Philip (24 June 2011). "The World's Most Dangerous Borders: Afghanistan and Pakistan". Foreign Policy. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-12-31. Diakses tanggal 12 September 2012.

[No_change_in_stance_on_Durand_Line-9] "No change in stance on Durand Line: Faizi". Pajhwok Afghan News. October 24, 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-05-10. Diakses tanggal 2013-04-11. But Afghanistan has never accepted the legitimacy of this border, arguing that it was intended to demarcate spheres of influence rather than international frontiers.

[FG-10] Grare, Frédéric (October 2006). "Carnegie Papers – Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations in the Post-9/11 Era" (PDF). Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2006-10-03. Diakses tanggal 2011-02-11.

[WM-11] End of Imaginary Durrand Line: North Pakistan belongs to Afghanistan Diarsipkan 2009-12-16 di Wayback Machine. by Wahid Momand

[AO-12] Government & Politics: Overview Of Current Political Situation In Afghanistan Diarsipkan 2017-01-16 di Wayback Machine."(3) The Durand Line is an unofficial porous border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. In 1893, the British and the Afghan Amir (Abdur Rahman Khan) agreed to set up the Durand line (named after the foreign Secretary of the Indian government, Sir Mortimer Durand) to divide Afghanistan and what was then British India.

[A-13] "Durand Line". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-04-29. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-22.

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