Dekolonisasi Asia

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Dekolonisasi Asia adalah perkembangan bertahap gerakan kemerdekaan di benua Asia, yang pada akhirnya menyebabkan hengkangnya kekuatan asing dan pembentukan sejumlah negara-bangsa di kawasan tersebut. Sejumlah peristiwa menjadi katalis perubahan ini, yang paling penting adalah Perang Dunia Kedua. Sebelum Perang Dunia II, beberapa negara seperti Filipina pada tahun 1898 telah memproklamasikan kemerdekaan dari Spanyol. Negara pertama yang didekolonisasi adalah Filipina pada tahun 1898, dan yang terakhir adalah Timor Leste pada tahun 2002 dari penjajahan Indonesia.

Latar Belakang

Mundurnya Spanyol dan Portugal pada abad ke-17 telah membuka jalan bagi kekuatan Eropa lainnya, yaitu Belanda, Prancis, dan Inggris. Portugal akan kehilangan pengaruh di semua kecuali tiga koloninya, yaitu Portugis India, Makau, dan Timor.

Pada akhir abad ke-17, Belanda telah mengambil alih sebagian besar koloni Portugis lama, dan telah membangun kehadiran yang kuat di Indonesia saat ini, dengan koloni di Aceh, Banten, Makassar, dan Jakarta. Belanda juga memiliki hubungan dagang dengan Siam, Jepang, Cina, dan Benggala.

Inggris telah bersaing dengan Portugis, Spanyol, dan Belanda untuk kepentingan mereka di Asia sejak awal abad ke-17 dan pada pertengahan abad ke-19 menguasai sebagian besar India (melalui Perusahaan Hindia Timur Britania), serta Burma, Ceylon, Malaya, dan Singapura. Setelah Pemberontakan India tahun 1857, Ratu Victoria dinyatakan sebagai Permaisuri India, dengan demikian memperkuat kekuasaan Inggris di anak benua tersebut. Akuisisi Inggris di Asia adalah Wilayah Baru Hong Kong, yang disewa dari Kaisar Dinasti Qing pada tahun 1897, memperluas koloni Inggris yang awalnya diserahkan dalam Perjanjian Nanking pada tahun 1842.

Prancis tidak banyak berhasil di India menyusul kekalahan melawan Inggris pada abad ke-17, meskipun mereka menguasai harta benda di pantai timur India (seperti Pondicherry dan Mahar) hinnga dekolonisasi. Prancis mendirikan koloni mereka yang paling menguntungkan da substansial di Indochina pada tahun 1862, akhirnya menduduki wilayah Vietnam, Laos, dan Kamboja saat ini pada tahun 1887.

Koloni Jepang yang pertama adalah Taiwan, diduduki pada tahun 1874 dan secara resmi diserahkan oleh Kaisar Dinasti Qing pada tahun 1894. Jepang melanjutkan imperialisme awalnya dengan aneksasi Korea pada tahun 1910

Amerika Serikat memasuki wilayah tersebut pada tahun 1898 selama Perang Spanyol-Amerika, merebut Filipina sebagai satu-satunya koloninya melalui pertempuran pura-pura di ibukota dan pembelian Filipina dari Spanyol setelah deklarasi kemerdekaan dan Repubilk Filipina Pertama.

Ikon rintisan

Artikel bertopik sejarah ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

Garis Waktu

Kolom "kekuasaan kolonial" dan "nama kolonial" digabungkan bila diperlukan untuk menunjukkan wilayah, di mana negara-negara saat ini didirikan, yang belum didekolonisasi tetapi mencapai kemerdekaan dengan cara yang berbeda.

Negara dan Wilayah[a] Nama Kolonial Kekuasaan Kolonial[b] Kemerdekaan dideklarasikan[c] Kepala negara pertama[d] Kemerdekaan diraih melalui
 Filipina Hindia Timur Spanyol  Spanyol 12 June 1898 Emilio Aguinaldo -[e]
 Yaman  Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen
 Koloni Aden 		 Kesultanan Utsmaniyah
 Imperium Britania 		1 November 1918
30 November 1967 		Yahya I
Qahtan Mohammed al-Shaabi 		Perang Dunia 1
Aden Emergency
 Mesir[f] Kesultanan Mesir 28 February 1922[g] Fuad I[h] Egyptian revolution of 1919
 Irak Mandat Britania atas Mesopotamia 3 Oktober 1932[i] Faisal I of Iraq -[j]
 Lebanon Libanon Raya  Prancis 22 November 1943 Bechara El Khoury[k] –
 Suriah Mandate of Syria 30 November 1943 Shukri al-Quwatli Syrian Revolution
 Indonesia[l]  Hindia Belanda
 Kekaisaran Jepang 		 Belanda
 Jepang
 Britania Raya 		17 Agustus 1945
27 Desember 1949[m] 		Sukarno
 Vietnam[n] Indochina Prancis
 Kekaisaran Jepang 		 Prancis
 Jepang 		2 September 1945 Hồ Chí Minh August Revolution
 Yordania Templat:Country data Transjordan Emirate of Transjordan  Imperium Britania 25 May 1946 Abdullah I –
 Filipina  Kekaisaran Jepang
 Persemakmuran Filipina 		 Amerika Serikat
 Jepang 		4 July 1946 Manuel Roxas –
 Pakistan[o]  India  Imperium Britania 14 August 1947 Liaquat Ali Khan[p] -[q]
 Bangladesh
as part of  Pakistan 		14 August 1947[r] Liaquat Ali Khan[s]
 India[t] 15 August 1947[u] Jawaharlal Nehru[v] Indian independence movement
 Myanmar[w]  Jepang
 British Burma 		1 August 1943
4 January 1948 		U Nu
 Sri Lanka[x] Templat:Country data British Ceylon 4 February 1948
22 February 1972 		Don Senanayake –
 Israel Templat:Country data Mandat untuk Palestina  Imperium Britania
 Liga Arab 		14 May 1948[y] David Ben-Gurion[z] Perang Palestina 1948
 Vietnam Selatan[aa] Indochina Prancis  Prancis 28 May 1948
23 October 1955 		Ngo Dinh Diem Referendum Negara Vietnam 1955
 Korea Selatan Korea di bawah Pemerintahan Kekaisaran Jepang  Kekaisaran Jepang 15 August 1945;
15 August 1948[ab] 		Syngman Rhee[ac] Gerakan kemerdekaan Korea
 Korea Utara 15 August 1945;
9 September 1948[ad] 		Kim Il-sung[ae]
 Tiongkok[af]  Manchukuo 9 August 1945 Chiang kai shek[ag] Second Sino-Japanese War
Tiongkok Nationalist government on Mainland China  Republik Tiongkok 1 October 1949[ah] Chinese Civil War
Taiwan and Penghu[ai] Taiwan  Jepang 15 August 1945
25 October 1945[aj]
28 April 1952[ak] 		Chen Yi Second Sino-Japanese War
 Laos[al] Indochina Prancis  Prancis 22 October 1953[am] Sisavang Vong[an] -[ao]
 Cambodia 9 November 1953 Norodom Sihanouk
 Malaysia  Malaya
Colony of North Borneo
Colony of Sarawak 		 Imperium Britania 31 August 1957
16 September 1963 		Tuanku Abdul Rahman Malayan Emergency[ap]
 Cyprus British Cyprus 16 August 1960[aq] Makarios III -[ar]
 Kuwait Sheikhdom of Kuwait 19 June 1961[as] Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah –
 Oman  Muscat and Oman[at] 9 August 1970 Qaboos bin Said Night attack on Muscat
-[au]
 Singapura  Straits Settlements 31 August 1963;
9 August 1965[av] 		Yusof Ishak –
 Maladewa Maladewa 26 Juli 1965 Muhammad Fareed Didi –
 Qatar Qatar 3 September 1971 Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani –
 Uni Emirat Arab Templat:Country data Trucial States 2 December 1971[aw] Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan –
 Bahrain  Bahrain 15 August 1971[2][ax] Isa ibn Salman Al Khalifa[ay] -[az]
 Timor Leste  Hindia Belanda
 Timor Portugis
 Timor Timur
 Kekaisaran Jepang 		 Hindia Belanda
 Kekaisaran Jerman
 Britania Raya
 Australia
 Jepang
 Portugal
 Indonesia 		1 January 1769 – 28 November 1975
28 November 1975 – 20 May 2002 (Indonesian Invasion & Occupation)
20 May 2002 (Independence from Indonesia)
[ba] 		Francisco Xavier do Amaral;
Xanana Gusmão 		Krisis Timor Timur 1999
 Brunei  Brunei  Imperium Britania 1 January 1984 Hassanal Bolkiah -[bb]
 Hong Kong  Hong Kong Britania 1 July 1997[bc] Tung Chee-hwa –
 Macau  Portuguese Macau  Portugal 20 December 1999[bc] Edmund Ho –

Catatan

  1. ^ Timeline list arranged according to current countries. Explanatory notes are added in cases where decolonisation was achieved jointly or where the current state is formed by a merger of previously decolonised states. Former Soviet republics (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), as well as Kuwait under Iraqi rule are excluded from this list, as they were not administered as colonies. Countries like Bhutan, China, Iran, and Japan are also excluded, as they were able to maintain their sovereignty despite encroachment by the Western colonial powers.
  2. ^ Some territories changed hands multiple times, so in the list is mentioned the last colonial power. In addition to it, the mandatory or trustee powers are mentioned for territories that were League of Nations mandates and United Nations trust territories.
  3. ^ Date of decolonisation. Dates for territories annexed by or integrated into previously decolonised independent countries are given in separate notes. Subsequent mergers, secessions and civil and other wars in the period after decolonisation and the resulting states and federations are not part of this list and are only noted- see the list of sovereign states by formation date. Date when a commonwealth realm abolished its monarchy is noted. Any discrepancies between dates listed here and public holidays celebrating the country's independence (and whether the date listed is celebrated as a holiday at all) are noted, as well as the national day if the country does not have an independence day.
  4. ^ For countries that became independent either as a Commonwealth realm or as a parliamentary republic the head of government is listed instead.
  5. ^ In the 1896-19 period there were the Philippine Revolution and Philippine–American War. Before the American invasion and annexation, the country declared independence from Spain in 1898.
  6. ^ As the Kingdom of Egypt. Transcontinental country, partially located in Africa.
  7. ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. On 28 February 1922 the British government issued the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence. Through this declaration, the British government unilaterally ended its protectorate over Egypt and granted it nominal independence except four "reserved" areas: foreign relations, communications, the military and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.[1] The Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936 reduced British involvement, but still was not welcomed by Egyptian nationalists, who wanted full independence from Britain, which was not achieved until 23 July 1952. The last British troops left Egypt after the Suez Crisis of 1956. For this, the 23 July date, celebrated as Revolution Day, serves as Egypt's national day.
  8. ^ Although the leaders of the 1952 revolution (Mohammed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser) became the de facto leaders of Egypt, neither would assume office until 17 September of that year when Naguib became Prime Minister, succeeding Aly Maher Pasha who was sworn in on the day of the revolution. Nasser would succeed Naguib as Prime Minister on 25 February 1954.
  9. ^ Celebrated as National Day. (While Iraq does not have a holiday called Independence Day, National Day is celebrated as such).
  10. ^ The Iraqi revolt against the British was an armed uprising that failed to prevent the incoming British colonisation.
  11. ^ Riad Al Solh was Prime Minister on the date of independence.
  12. ^ Transcontinental country, partially located in Oceania.
  13. ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. Netherlands New Guinea was separated from the Dutch East Indies on 29 December 1949. Following skirmishes with Indonesia in 1961 and the New York Agreement, the Netherlands transferred the authority of Dutch New Guinea to a UN protectorate on 1 October 1962 and it was integrated into Indonesia on 1 May 1963. The date 17 August 1945 (when Sukarno formally proclaimed Indonesia's independence) is celebrated as Indonesia's date of independence.
  14. ^ The Democratic Republic of Vietnam proclaimed independence on 2 September 1945 as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The State of Vietnam declared independence on 14 June 1949 but remained de facto under French rule until 1 August 1954. South Vietnam was the successor state to the State of Vietnam under the name of the Republic of Vietnam. Both parts of Vietnam merged into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on 30 April 1975, after the Vietnam War.
  15. ^ As the Dominion of Pakistan.
  16. ^ Muhammad Ali Jinnah became Governor-General of Pakistan upon independence.
  17. ^ See Pakistan Movement.
  18. ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. On 16 December 1971, after months of fighting starting from 26 March of that year, Bangladesh formally seceded from Pakistan. The 26 March date is celebrated as Bangladesh's date of independence.
  19. ^ Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was the President on the date of Bangladesh's secession.
  20. ^ As the Dominion of India.
  21. ^ Subsequently, a free and sovereign India unilaterally annexed Hyderabad State from Mir Osman Ali Khan in 1948 and Goa from Portugal in 1961; Puducherry was ceded by France in 1954. On 26 January 1950, India formally abolished its Commonwealth monarchy and became a republic.
  22. ^ Remained Prime Minister when India abolished it monarchy. Rajendra Prasad became President upon abolition.
  23. ^ As the Union of Burma.
  24. ^ As the Dominion of Ceylon.
  25. ^ 5 Iyar 5708 on the Jewish calendar. As Israel based its holidays on the Jewish calendar, celebrations do not always correspond with the Georgian date. One day after Israel declared its independence, the Arab League launched an attack on Israel that would last until 20 July 1949, ending with Israel securing its sovereignty.
  26. ^ Originally as Chairman of the Provisional State Council before becoming Prime Minister three days after independence; Chaim Weizmann succeeded him on that same day. Both remained in office (this time with Weizmann as President) on the date of the armistice.
  27. ^ The Provinsional Central Government of Vietnam proclaimed independence on 28 May 1948 then established State of Vietnam in 1949 with ex-emperor Bảo Đại as head of state, it was recognised by France as a part of France Union by France government. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam declared independence on 2 September 1945 but de facto a breakaway state without international recognise until Geneva Conference. Republic of Vietnam was the legal successor state to the State of Vietnam after 1955 State of Vietnam referendum. Both parts of Vietnam merged into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on 30 April 1975, after the Vietnam War.
  28. ^ Date of Japanese surrender and the transfer of the southern half of the Korean peninsula to the United States. Celebrated as Liberation Day (or "Gwangbokjeol"). American administration lasted exactly three years. Gaecheonjeol ("National Foundation Day") celebrates the date 3 October 2333 BC, which (according to Korean mythology) was when the Gojoseon kingdom was founded.
  29. ^ Assumed office on 24 July 1948 as President.
  30. ^ Date of Japanese surrender and the transfer of the northern half of the Korean peninsula to the Soviet Union. Celebrated as Liberation Day (or "Jogukhaebangŭi nal"). Soviet administration lasted until 9 September 1948; this date, celebrated as Day of the Foundation of the Republic, serves as North Korea's national day.
  31. ^ Assumed office as Premier on 9 September 1948. Kim Tu-bong became Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly upon that same date.
  32. ^ As the Tiongkok Republic of China.
  33. ^ Chairman of the National Government of the Republic of China at that time. After the Japanese surrender, communists soon took most of North-Eastern China because of the Soviets' transfer occupation zone, then the civil war begin and both communists and nationalists began to compete for Northeast China.
  34. ^ Date of establishment of the People's Republic by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The central government of the Republic of China evacuated to Taiwan on 7 December 1949 and continued to contested its claim of the sovereignty of all of China with the People's Republic. See also One-China policy.
  35. ^ After World War II, the islands of Taiwan and Penghu were placed under the administration of the Republic of China under General Order No. 1, although they nominally remained part of Japan. Before the post-war treaties were to be signed by the ROC and Japan, the ROC government was defeated in the Chinese Civil War to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and decamped to the island of Taiwan. Japan relinquished the claims to Taiwan and Penghu in the Treaty of San Francisco on 28 April 1952, but the sovereignty of the islands remained undetermined to this day. Taiwan and Penghu are still today governed by the Republic of China in a post-war capacity recognised by a few states as the sole legitimate government of "China". See also Political status of Taiwan and Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan.
  36. ^ Date when Taiwan and Penghu were returned to the Republic of China.
  37. ^ Date when the San Francisco Peace Treaty takes effect.
  38. ^ As the Kingdom of Laos.
  39. ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. National Day celebrates the date 2 December 1975, which was when the Pathet Lao established the Lao People's Democratic Republic and ended both the monarchy and the decades-long civil war.
  40. ^ Souvanna Phouma was Prime Minister on the date of independence.
  41. ^ Although the First Indochina War occurred throughout French Indochina, most of the fighting was between the Việt Minh and France with occasional resistance from Laos and Cambodia. (The Kingdoms of Laos and Cambodia were nominal allies with France.)
  42. ^ The Malayan Communist Party fought in the Malayan Emergency between June 1948 – 12 July 1960.
  43. ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. For reasons unknown, Cyprus celebrates 1 October 1960, as its date of independence.
  44. ^ Armed struggles by the EOKA (Greek) and TMT (Turkish) organisations.
  45. ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. National Day celebrates the date 25 February 1950, which was when Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah was crowned.
  46. ^ Muscat and Oman was de facto a British protectorate. On 4 June 1856, the Sultan who ruled from Stone Town, Zanzibar, died without appointing an heir. With British intervention on 6 April 1861, Zanzibar and Oman were divided into two separate principalities. Zanzibar later became a formal British protectorate, but the British influence over Muscat and Oman remained informal. In 1962 Britain declared Muscat and Oman an independent nation.
  47. ^ See the Dhofar Rebellion defeated with British help.
  48. ^ Between 16 September 1963 and 9 August 1965 Singapore was part of the Federation of Malaysia.
  49. ^ The independent UAE was joined by Ras al-Khaimah on 11 February 1972.
  50. ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. National Day celebrates the date 16 December 1961, which was when Isa ibn Salman was crowned.[3]
  51. ^ Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa was Prime Minister on the date of independence.
  52. ^ The Bahraini independence survey, 1970 was a United Nation-run survey asking Bahrainis if they would rather be independent or under Iran's control. Although a non-binding survey that makes no mention of the United Kingdom, the results (which showed an overwhelming majority supporting independence) led Iran to denounce its claims over Bahrain, which in turn led to the United Kingdom ending its protectorate.
  53. ^ Dirayakan masing-masing sebagai Hari Proklamasi Kemerdekaan dan Hari Pemulihan Kemerdekaan. Indonesia invaded East Timor and formally annexed it on 17 July 1976. Throughout the Indonesian occupation most of the international community refused to recognise East Timor as a province of Indonesia. Independence was restored after UN intervention from 25 October 1999 till 20 May 2002. Independence Restoration Day serves as East Timor's national day.
  54. ^ The Brunei Revolt was a rebellion against the sultan suppressed with British assistance in 1966.
  55. ^ a b Date of transfer to the People's Republic of China.
  1. ^ King, Joan Wucher (1989) [First published 1984]. Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Books of Lasting Value. American University in Cairo Press. hlm. 259–260. ISBN 978-977-424-213-7. 
  2. ^ "The World Factbook: Field Listing: Independence". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-02-27. Diakses tanggal 2018-05-12. 
  3. ^ "National Day 2022, 2023 and 2024 in Bahrain". 
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