Naskah Alkitab

Naskah Alkitab (atau Manuskrip Alkitab; bahasa Inggris: biblical manuscript) adalah salinan kuno bagian-bagian Alkitab Kristen yang dibuat dengan tulisan tangan. Kata "Alkitab" berasal dari bahasa Arab yang diterjemahkan dari istilah Yunani biblia (artinya "buku"'; bahasa Inggris: Bible). Kata "manuskrip" berasal dari bahasa Latin manu ("tangan") dan scriptum ("tulisan"). Manuskrip asli (lembaran yang ditulisi langsung oleh pengarang) disebut "autographa." Naskah Alkitab berbeda-beda ukurannya, mulai dari gulungan kecil berisi ayat-ayat dari Alkitab Ibrani (sama dengan bagian Perjanjian Lama di Alkitab Kristen) misalnya dalam Tefillin, sampai kitab besar poliglot (berbahasa banyak) berbentuk codex yang memuat Perjanjian Lama (Alkitab Ibrani atau Tanakh) dan Perjanjian Baru, ditambah karya-karya di luar Kanon Alkitab.

Studi naskah Alkitab penting karena salinan tulisan tangan kitab-kitab dapat mengandung kesalahan-kesalahan. Ilmu kritisisme tekstual mencoba merekonstruksi teks asli dari kitab-kitab tersebut, khususnya yang diterbitkan sebelum penemuan mesin cetak di Eropa.

Naskah Perjanjian Lama

Naskah Perjanjian Lama yang terlestarikan

Versi	Contoh	Bahasa	Tarikh Penyusunan	Salinan tertua

Gulungan Laut Mati	Tanakh di Qumran	Ibrani, Aram dan Yunani (Septuaginta)	c. 150 BCE – 70 CE	c. 150 BCE – 70 CE

Septuagint	Codex Vaticanus, Codex Sinaiticus and other earlier papyri	Greek	300–100 BCE	2nd century BCE (fragments) 4th century CE (complete)

Peshitta		Syriac		early 5th century CE

Vulgate	Codex Amiatinus	Latin		early 5th century CE early 8th century CE (complete)

Masoretic	Aleppo Codex, Leningrad Codex and other incomplete MSS	Hebrew	ca. 100 CE	10th century CE

Samaritan Pentateuch		Samaritan alphabet	200–100 BCE	Oldest extant MSS, c. 11th century CE; oldest MSS available to scholars, 16th century CE

Targum		Aramaic	500–1000 CE	5th century CE

Coptic	Crosby-Schøyen Codex, British Library MS. Oriental 7594	Coptic		3rd or 4th century CE

Naskah Perjanjian Baru

Distribusi naskah Yunani menurut abad^[1]

	New Testament Manuscripts			Lectionaries
Century	Papyri	Uncials	Minuscules	Uncials	Minuscules
2nd	2	-	-	-	-
2nd/3rd	5	1	-	-	-
3rd	28	2	-	-	-
3rd/4th	8	2	-	-	-
4th	14	14	-	1	-
4th/5th	8	8	-	-	-
5th	2	36	-	1	-
5th/6th	4	10	-	-	-
6th	7	51	-	3	-
6th/7th	5	5	-	1	-
7th	8	28	-	4	-
7th/8th	3	4	-	-	-
8th	2	29	-	22	-
8th/9th	-	4	-	5	-
9th	-	53	13	113	5
9th/10th	-	1	4	-	1
10th	-	17	124	108	38
10th/11th	-	3	8	3	4
11th	-	1	429	15	227
11th/12th	-	-	33	-	13
12th	-	-	555	6	486
12th/13th	-	-	26	-	17
13th	-	-	547	4	394
13th/14th	-	-	28	-	17
14th	-	-	511	-	308
14th/15th	-	-	8	-	2
15th	-	-	241	-	171
15th/16th	-	-	4	-	2
16th	-	-	136	-	194

Naskah-naskah tertua yang terlestarikan

Naskah tertua Perjanjian Baru adalah fragmen seukuran kartu bisnis dari Injil Yohanes, Rylands Library Papyrus P52, yang diperkirakan dibuat pada pertengahan pertama abad ke-2. Salinan lengkap pertama dari satu kitab dalam Perjanjian Baru muncul sekitar tahun 200, dan salinan lengkap Perjanjian Baru, Codex Sinaiticus bertarikh abad ke-4.^[2] The following table lists the earliest extant manuscript witnesses for the books of the New Testament.

Book	Earliest Extant Manuscripts	Date	Condition
Matthew	P¹, P¹⁹, P²¹, P²⁵, P³⁷, P⁴⁵, P⁵³, P⁶⁴, P⁶⁷, P⁷⁰, P⁷⁷, P¹⁰¹, P¹⁰³, P¹⁰⁴	c. 200	Fragments
Mark	P⁴⁵	c. 250	Large Fragmen
Luke	P⁴, P⁶⁹, P⁷⁵	c. 200	Fragmen
John	P⁵, P⁶, P²², P²⁸, P³⁹, P⁴⁵, P⁵², P⁶⁶, P⁷⁵, P⁸⁰, P⁹⁰, P⁹⁵, P¹⁰⁶	c. 125-160	Fragmen
Acts	P²⁹, P³⁸, P⁴⁵, P⁴⁸, P⁵³, P⁷⁴, P⁹¹	awal abad ke-3^[3]	Fragmen
Romans	P²⁷, P⁴⁰, P⁴⁶	c. 175-225	Fragments
1 Corinthians	P¹⁴, P¹⁵, P⁴⁶	c. 175-225	Fragments
2 Corinthians	P⁴⁶	c. 175-225	Fragments
Galatians	P⁴⁶	c. 175-225	Fragments
Ephesians	P⁴⁶, P⁴⁹	c. 175-225	Fragments
Philippians	P¹⁶, P⁴⁶	c. 175-225	Fragments
Colossians	P⁴⁶	c. 175-225	Fragments
1 Thessalonians	P³⁰, P⁴⁶, P⁶⁵	c. 175-225	Fragments
2 Thessalonians	P³⁰, P⁹²	3rd/4th century	Fragment
1 Timothy	א	c. 350	Complete
2 Timothy	א	c. 350	Lengkap
Titus	P³²	c. 200	Fragmen
Surat Filemon	P⁸⁷	3rd century	Fragmen
Hebrews	P¹², P¹³, P¹⁷, P⁴⁶	c. 175-225	Fragmen
Surat Yakobus	P²⁰, P²³, P²⁰	3rd century	Fragmen
Surat 1 Petrus	MS 193^[4]	3rd century	Fragmen
Surat 2 Petrus	P⁷²	3rd/4th century	Fragmen
Surat 1 Yohanes	P⁹	3rd century	Fragmen
Surat 2 Yohanes	0232	3rd/4th century	Fragmen
Surat 3 Yohanes	א	c. 350	Lengkap
Surat Yudas	P⁷²	Abad ke-3/4	Fragmen
Kitab Wahyu	P¹⁸, P²⁴, P⁴⁷, P⁹⁸, P¹¹⁵	2nd century	Fragment

Daftar

Gallery

Fragments of the Dead Sea scrolls on display at the Archeological Museum, Amman
${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁵² is the oldest known manuscript fragment of the New Testament.
${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁴⁶ is the earliest (nearly) complete manuscript of the Epistles written by Paul in the new testament.
${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁴⁵ is a manuscript of Gospels and Acts. It contains the earliest known text of Mark. Scholars find it hard to read it because of its fragmentary state.
${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁸⁷ is the earliest known manuscript of Philemon.
${\mathfrak {P}}$ ³⁷
${\mathfrak {P}}$ ¹
Codex Sinaiticus (c. 350) contains the oldest complete copy of the New Testament, as well as the Greek Old Testament, known as the Septuagint
Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209
P. Chester Beatty VI showing portions of Deuteronomy
Uncial 0308
The first page of the Gothic language Codex Argenteus
folio 5r of the Codex Amiatinus, manuscript of Vulgate

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ Aland, p 81
^ Ehrman 2004, pp. 479-480
^ Philip W. Comfort and David P. Barrett. The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers Incorporated, 2001, p. 65.
^ http://www.schoyencollection.com/Coptic.htm#193^{[pranala nonaktif]}

Pustaka

Aland, Kurt (1995). The Text of The New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Translated by Erroll F. Rhodes (edisi ke-2nd ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. hlm. 40f, 72f. ISBN 0-8028-4098-1. Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (link)
Ehrman, Bart D. (2004). The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. New York: Oxford. hlm. 480f. ISBN 0-19-515462-2.
Metzger, Bruce M. The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-516667-1
Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece rv. 27 (2006) Hendrickson Publishers, ISBN 1-59856-172-3
Seid, Timothy W. "Interpreting Ancient Manuscripts". Interpreting Ancient Manuscripts Web - Earlham School of Religion. Diakses tanggal 2007-06-19.
Waltz, Robert. "An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism". A Site Inspired By: The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 18 June 2007. Diakses tanggal 2007-06-19.
Wilson, Robert Dick. (1929) 'The Textual Criticism of the Old Testament', The Princeton Theological Review 27: pp. 40f.

Pranala luar

Michael D. Marlowe's Bible Research site
Micheal W. Palmer's Greek-Language.com Manuscripts page
TextCrit.com: Eusebian Canon in Codex A
Biblical Manuscripts Project
Fragment of Psalms at the Heidelberger Papyrus-Sammlung
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Manuscripts of the Bible". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[1] Aland, p 81

[2] Ehrman 2004, pp. 479-480

[3] Philip W. Comfort and David P. Barrett. The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers Incorporated, 2001, p. 65.

[4] ttp://www.schoyencollection.com/Coptic.htm#193^{[pranala nonaktif]}

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