Niuserre Ini
Nyuserre Ini | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Niuserre Ini, Neuserre Ini, Nyuserra, Newoserre Any, Rathoris | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() Patung ganda menggambarkan Niuserre sebagai baik seorang pemuda dan seorang pria tua, Museum Mesir di München | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Firaun | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Masa pemerintahan | 24 sampai 35 tahun di akhir abad ke-25 SM[note 1][note 2] (Dinasti Kelima Mesir) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pendahulu | Shepseskare (lbh mungkin) atau Neferefre | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pengganti | Menkauhor Kaiu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pasangan | Reptynub, setidaknya ratu lain yg namanya hilang, diduga dua | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Anak | Khamerernebty ♀, Reputnebty ♀, Sheretnebty ♀, Khentykauhor ♂ Tdk sepertinya: Menkauhor Kaiu ♂ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ayah | Neferirkare Kakai | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ibu | Khentkaus II | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Makam | Piramida Niuserre Ini | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Monumen | Membangun ex-nihilo: Piramida Niuserre Ini Piramida Lepsius XXIV Lepsius XXV kuil matahari Mesir Shesepibre Menyelesaikan: Piramida Neferirkare Kakai Piramida Neferefre Kompleks piramid Khentkaus II kuil matahari Userkaf Merenovasi: kompleks makam Menkaura Uncertain: Kuil Satis |
![Bust of the statue of a king, he is holding a mace.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Neferefre.jpg/170px-Neferefre.jpg)
Nyuserre Ini (juga Niuserre Ini atau Neuserre Ini; di dalam Bahasa Yunani dikenal sebagai Rathurês, ´Ραθούρης) merupakan seorang Firaun Mesir Kuno, penguasa keenam Dinasti Kelima selama masa Kerajaan Lama Mesir. Ia dinyatakan dengan masa pemerintahan 24 sampai 35 tahun tergantung pada cendekiawan tersebut, dan kemungkinan hidup di paruh kedua abad ke-25 SM. Niuserre adalah putra yang lebih muda Neferirkare Kakai dan Ratu Khentkaus II, dan saudara raja yang hidupnya singkat, Neferefre. Ia mungkin pengganti langsung saudaranya, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh banyak sumber sejarah belakangan. Alternatif, Shepseskare mungkin memerintah di antara keduanya sebagaimana yang dinyatakan oleh Miroslav Verner, meskipun hanya untuk beberapa minggu atau bulan paling banyak. Hubungan Shepseskare dengan Neferefre dan Niuserre tetap sangat tidak pasti. Niuserre tetap sangat tidak pasti. Niuserre pada gilirannya digantikan oleh Menkauhor Kaiu, yang diduga adalah keponakannya dan putra Neferefre.
![Torso and head of a statue of a king wearing the Egyptian nemes.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Niuserre_BrooklynMuseum.png/170px-Niuserre_BrooklynMuseum.png)
Niuserre merupakan pembangun dinasti paling produktif, setelah membangun tiga piramida untuk dirinya sendiri dan ratu-ratunya dan tiga lainnya untuk ayahandanya, ibundanya dan saudaranya, seluruhnya terletak di nekropolis Abusir. Ia membangun kuil terbesar yang masih ada sampai dewa matahari Ra yang dibangun selama Kerajaan Lama, bernama Shesepibre atau "Kebahagiaan hati Ra". Ia juga menyelesaikan Nekhenre, kuil matahari Userkaf di Abu Gorab, dan kuil bukit Menkaura di Giza. Dengan melakukan itu, ia adalah raja pertama sejak Shepseskaf, penguasa terakhir Dinasti keempat, untuk memperhatikan nekropolis Giza, sebuah langkah yang mungkin merupakan upaya untuk mensahkan pemerintahannya setelah masa-masa sulit seputar kematian saudaranya Neferefre yang tak terduga.
![Relief showing a king seated on a throne, wearing a tight fitting dress and holding a flail. He is surrounded by hieroglyphs.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Berlin_122009_032a.jpg/170px-Berlin_122009_032a.jpg)
Terdapat sedikit bukti tindakan militer selama pemerintahan Niuserre; negara Mesir terus mempertahankan hubungan dagang dengan Byblos di pesisir Levant dan mengirim ekspedisi pertambangan dan penggalian ke Sinai dan Nubia Hilir. Pemerintahan Niuserre menyaksikan pertumbuhan pemerintahan, dan kelahiran efektif para Nomark, gubernur provinsi yang untuk pertama kalinya dikirim untuk tinggal di provinsi yang mereka atur daripada di istana firaun.
![Relief of a man standing holding a staff](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ptahchepses1.jpg/170px-Ptahchepses1.jpg)
Seperti halnya dengan firaun Kerajaan Lama lainnya, Niuserre mendapat menfaat dari pemujaan pemakaman yang didirikan pada saat kematiannya. Di dalam kasus Niuserre, sekte yang disponsori resmi ini ada selama berabad-abad, bertahan dalam kerusuhan Periode Menengah Pertama Mesir dan berlangsung sampai Dinasti kedua belas Mesir di Kerajaan Pertengahan. Secara paralel, sebuah pemujaan populer spontan muncul, dengan orang-orang memuja Niuserre di bawah nama kelahirannya "Iny". Di kultus ini, Niuserre memainkan peran yang sama dengan orang suci, dipanggil sebagai perantara di antara penganut dan para dewa. Ini meninggalkan sedikit bukti arkeologis dan tampaknya terus berlanjut sampai Kerajaan Baru, hampir 1000 tahun setelah kematiannya.
Catatan
- ^ Proposed dates for Nyuserre's reign: 2474–2444 BCE,[1][2][3] 2470–2444 BCE,[4] 2465–2435 BCE,[5] 2453–2422 BCE,[6] 2453–2420 BCE,[7] 2445–2421 BCE,[8][9][10] 2445–2414 BCE,[11] 2420–2389 BCE,[12] 2402–2374 BCE,[13][14] 2398–2388 BCE.[15] In a 1978 work, the Egyptologist William C. Hayes credited Nyuserre with 30+2(?) years of reign, starting c. 2500 BCE.[16]
- ^ The only date known reliably in relation with Nyuserre Ini comes from radiocarbon dating of a piece of wood discovered in the mastaba of Ptahshepses, a vizier and son in law of Nyuserre. The wood was dated to 2465–2333 BCE.[17][18]
Referensi
- ^ Verner 2001b, hlm. 589.
- ^ Hawass & Senussi 2008, hlm. 10.
- ^ LACMA 2016.
- ^ Altenmüller 2001, hlm. 599.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 2016.
- ^ Clayton 1994, hlm. 60.
- ^ Ziegler 2007, hlm. 215.
- ^ Malek 2000a, hlm. 100.
- ^ Rice 1999, hlm. 141.
- ^ Van de Mieroop 2011, hlm. 55.
- ^ Strudwick 2005, hlm. xxx.
- ^ von Beckerath 1999, hlm. 283.
- ^ Hornung 2012, hlm. 491.
- ^ Nolan 2012, hlm. 3.
- ^ Strudwick 1985, hlm. 3.
- ^ Hayes 1978, hlm. 58.
- ^ Verner 2001a, hlm. 404.
- ^ von Beckerath 1997, hlm. 56.
- ^ Clayton 1994, hlm. 61.
- ^ a b Leprohon 2013, hlm. 40.
- ^ Leprohon 2013, hlm. 40, see also footnote 59.
- ^ von Beckerath 1999, hlm. 59.
- ^ a b Leprohon 2013, hlm. 40, see also footnote 58.
- ^ Brooklyn Museum 2016.
Sumber
- AFP (4 January 2015). "Tomb of previously unknown pharaonic queen found in Egypt". The Express Tribune. Diakses tanggal 4 January 2015.
- Altenmüller, Hartwig (1990). "Bemerkungen zur Gründung der 6. Dynastie". Hildesheimer Ägyptologische Beiträge. Festschrift Jürgen von Beckerath zum 70. Geburtstag am 19. Februar 1990 (dalam bahasa German). Hildesheim: Pelizaeus-Museum. 30: 1–20.
- Altenmüller, Hartwig (2001). "Old Kingdom: Fifth Dynasty". Dalam Redford, Donald B. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford University Press. hlm. 597–601. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
- Baer, Klaus (1960). Rank and Title in the Old Kingdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-03412-6.
- Baker, Darrell (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC. Stacey International. ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9.
- Bárta, Miroslav (2018). "Egypt's Old Kingdom: The Latest Discoveries at Abusir South". Presentation given at the Harvard Semitic Museum.
- Baud, Michel; Dobrev, Vassil (1995). "De nouvelles annales de l'Ancien Empire Egyptien. Une "Pierre de Palerme" pour la VIe dynastie" (PDF). Bulletin de l'Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale (BIFAO) (dalam bahasa French). 95: 23–92. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
- Baud, Michel (1999a). Famille Royale et pouvoir sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Tome 1 (PDF). Bibliothèque d'étude 126/1 (dalam bahasa French). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. ISBN 978-2-7247-0250-7.
- Baud, Michel (1999b). Famille Royale et pouvoir sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Tome 2 (PDF). Bibliothèque d'étude 126/2 (dalam bahasa French). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. ISBN 978-2-7247-0250-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-04-02.
- Bissing, Friedrich Wilhelm von; Kees, Hermann; Borchardt, Ludwig (1905–1928). Das Re-Heiligtum des Königs Ne-Woser-Re (Rathures), I, II, III (dalam bahasa German). Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. OCLC 78854326.
- Bissing, Friedrich Wilhelm von (1955). "La chambre des trois saisons du sanctuaire solaire du roi Rathourès (Ve dynastie) à Abousir". Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 53: 319–338.
- Borchardt, Ludwig (1907). Das grabdenkmal des königs Ne-user-reʻ. Ausgrabungen der Deutschen orient-gesellschaft in Abusir 1902–1904 (dalam bahasa German). Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. OCLC 6724337.
- Borchardt, Ludwig (1911). Catalogue Général des Antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée du Caire Nos 1–1294. Statuen und Statuetten von Königen und Privatleuten. Teil 1 (PDF) (dalam bahasa German). Berlin: Reichsdruckerei. OCLC 71385823.
- Borchardt, Ludwig (1913). Das Grabdenkmal des Königs S'aḥu-Re (Band 2): Die Wandbilder: Abbildungsblätter (dalam bahasa German). Leipzig: Hinrichs. ISBN 978-3-535-00577-1.
- Bothmer, Bernard V. (1974). "The Karnak statue of Ny-user-ra : Membra dispersa IV". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo. Mainz am Rhein: Philip von Zabern. 30: 165–170.
- Brewer, Douglas J.; Teeter, Emily (1999). Egypt and the Egyptians. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44518-4.
- Brovarski, Edward (2001). Der Manuelian, Peter; Simpson, William Kelly, ed. The Senedjemib Complex, Part 1. The Mastabas of Senedjemib Inti (G 2370), Khnumenti (G 2374), and Senedjemib Mehi (G 2378). Giza Mastabas. 7. Boston: Art of the Ancient World, Museum of Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-87846-479-1.
- Callender, Vivienne (1992). "Volume III: A prosopographical register of the wives of Egyptian kings (Dynasties I-XVII)". The wives of the Egyptian kings: dynasties I-XVII (Tesis Ph.D.). Macquarie University. OCLC 221450400. http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:28005. Diakses pada 25 October 2016.
- Clayton, Peter (1994). Chronicle of the Pharaohs. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05074-3.
- "Czech expedition discovers the tomb of an ancient Egyptian unknown queen". Charles University website. 21 January 2015. Diakses tanggal 8 January 2017.
- de Rougé, Emmanuel (1918). Maspero, Gaston; Naville, Édouard, ed. Œuvres diverses, volume sixième (PDF). Bibliothèque égyptologique (dalam bahasa French). 21–26. Paris: Editions Ernest Leroux. OCLC 39025805.
- Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-500-05128-3.
- Dreyer, Günter (1986). Elephantine VIII: der Tempel der Satet: die Funde der Frühzeit und des alten Reiches. Archäologische Veröffentlichungen (dalam bahasa German). 39. Mainz am Rhein: Zabern. ISBN 978-3-8053-0501-3.
- Dunand, Maurice (1939). Fouilles de Byblos I. 1926–1932. Direction de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts; Études et documents d'archéologie (dalam bahasa French). Paris: P. Geuthner, Librarie Adrien Maisonneuve. OCLC 79292312.
- Gardiner, Alan (1959). The Royal Canon of Turin. Griffith Institute. OCLC 21484338.
- Goelet, Ogden (1999). "Abu Gurab". Dalam Bard, Kathryn; Shubert, Stephen Blake. Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt. London; New York: Routledge. hlm. 85–87. ISBN 978-0-203-98283-9.
- Grimal, Nicolas (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt. Translated by Ian Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-19396-8.
- Hawass, Zahi; Senussi, Ashraf (2008). Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-977-305-986-6.
- Hayes, William (1978). The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. OCLC 7427345.
- "Head and torso of a king". Brooklyn Museum. Diakses tanggal 30 October 2016.
- Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David, ed. (2012). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5. ISSN 0169-9423.
- Jacquet-Gordon, Helen (1962). Les noms des domaines funéraires sous l'ancien empire égyptien. Bibliothèque d'étude (dalam bahasa French). 34. Le Caire: Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. OCLC 18402032.
- Janák, Jiří; Vymazalová, Hana; Coppens, Filip (2010). "The Fifth Dynasty 'sun temples' in a broader context". Dalam Bárta, Miroslav; Coppens, Filip; Krejčí, Jaromír. Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2010. Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts. hlm. 430–442.
- Krejčí, Jaromir (2005). "Pyramid "Lepsius no. XXIV"". Czech Institute of Egyptology. Diakses tanggal 24 November 2016.
- Krejčí, Jaromír; Arias Kytnarová, Katarína; Odler, Martin (2015). "Archaeological excavation of the mastaba of Queen Khentkaus III (Tomb AC 30)" (PDF). Prague Egyptological Studies. Czech Institute of Archaeology. XV: 28–42.
- Lehner, Mark (2008). The Complete Pyramids. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28547-3.
- Lehner, Mark (2011). "A Hundred and One Years Later: Peering into the Menkaure Valley Temple" (PDF). AERA, Working Through Change, Annual Report 2010–2011. Boston: Ancient Egypt Research Associates. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2020-08-14. Diakses tanggal 2018-01-22.
- Lehner, Mark; Jones, Daniel; Yeomans, Lisa Marie; Mahmoud, Hanan; Olchowska, Kasia (2011). "Re-examining the Khentkawes Town". Dalam Strudwick, Nigel; Strudwick, Helen. Old Kingdom, New Perspectives: Egyptian Art and Archaeology 2750–2150 BC. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-84217-430-2.
- Lehner, Mark (2015). "Shareholders: the Menkaure valley temple occupation in context". Dalam Der Manuelian, Peter; Schneider, Thomas. Towards a new history for the Egyptian Old Kingdom: perspectives on the pyramid age. Harvard Egyptological studies. 1. Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30189-4.
- Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). The great name: ancient Egyptian royal titulary. Writings from the ancient world, no. 33. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-736-2.
- Magdolen, Dušan (2008). "Lepsius No XXV: a problem of typology". Asian and African Studies. 17 (2): 205–223.
- Malek, Jaromir (2000a). "The Old Kingdom (c.2160–2055 BC)". Dalam Shaw, Ian. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3.
- Malek, Jaromir (2000b). "Old Kingdom rulers as "local saints" in the Memphite area during the Old Kingdom". Dalam Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír. Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000. Prag: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic – Oriental Institute. hlm. 241–258. ISBN 80-85425-39-4.
- Mariette, Auguste (1864). "La table de Saqqarah". Revue archéologique (dalam bahasa French). Paris: Didier. 10: 168–186. OCLC 458108639.
- Mariette, Auguste (1885). Maspero, Gaston, ed. Les mastabas de l'ancien empire : fragment du dernier ouvrage de Auguste Édouard Mariette (PDF). Paris: F. Vieweg. OCLC 722498663.
- Morales, Antonio J. (2006). "Traces of official and popular veneration to Nyuserra Iny at Abusir. Late Fifth Dynasty to the Middle Kingdom". Dalam Bárta, Miroslav; Coppens, Filip; Krejčí, Jaromír. Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2005, Proceedings of the Conference held in Prague (June 27–July 5, 2005). Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. hlm. 311–341. ISBN 978-80-7308-116-4.
- Mumford, G. D. (1999). "Wadi Maghara". Dalam Bard, Kathryn; Shubert, Steven Blake. Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt. New York: Routledge. hlm. 875–876. ISBN 978-0-415-18589-9.
- Munro, Peter (1993). Das Unas-Friedhof Nord-West I: topographisch-historische Einleitung (dalam bahasa German). Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. ISBN 978-3-8053-1353-7.
- "Neuserre". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 25 October 2016.
- Nolan, John (2012). "Fifth Dynasty Renaissance at Giza" (PDF). AERA Gram. 13 (2). Boston: Ancient Egypt Research Associates. ISSN 1944-0014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2019-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2018-01-22.
- "Niuserre BMFA catalog". Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-11-22. Diakses tanggal 30 October 2016.
- "Nyuserre on the MMA online catalog". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Diakses tanggal 29 October 2016.
- "Nyuserre Ini". Digital Egypt for Universities. Diakses tanggal 28 October 2016.
- "Petrie museum, online collection". Petrie Museum. Diakses tanggal 28 October 2016.
- "Reliefs from the Shesepibre in the Petrie museum, online collection". Petrie Museum. Diakses tanggal 17 January 2017.
- Porter, Bertha; Moss, Rosalind L. B.; Burney, Ethel W. (1981). Topographical bibliography of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic texts, reliefs, and paintings. III/1. Memphis. Abû Rawâsh to Abûṣîr (PDF) (edisi ke-second, revised and augmented by Jaromír Málek). Oxford: Griffith Institute, Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-900416-19-4.
- Porter, Bertha; Moss, Rosalind L. B.; Burney, Ethel W. (1951). Topographical bibliography of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic texts, reliefs, and paintings. VII Nubia, the deserts, and outside Egypt (PDF). Oxford: Griffith Institute, Clarendon Press. OCLC 312542797.
- Posener-Kriéger, Paule (1976). Les archives du temple funéraire de Neferirkare-Kakai (Les papyrus d'Abousir). Tomes I & II (complete set). Traduction et commentaire. Bibliothèque d'études (dalam bahasa French). 65. Le Caire: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. OCLC 4515577.
- Rice, Michael (1999). Who is who in Ancient Egypt. Routledge London & New York. ISBN 978-0-203-44328-6.
- Richter, Barbara (2013). "Sed Festival Reliefs of the Old Kingdom". Paper presented at the annual meeting of the 58th Annual Meeting of the American Research Center in Egypt, Wyndham Toledo Hotel, Toledo, Ohio, Apr 20, 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-02-24. Diakses tanggal 24 February 2015.
- "Royal Head, Probably King Nyuserre". Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Diakses tanggal 16 December 2016.
- Roth, Silke (2001). Die Königsmütter des Alten Ägypten von der Frühzeit bis zum Ende der 12. Dynastie. Ägypten und Altes Testament (dalam bahasa German). 46. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-04368-7.
- Ryholt, Kim (1997). The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800–1550 B.C. CNI publications, 20. Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Near Eastern Studies, University of Copenhagen : Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
- Schmitz, Bettina (1976). Untersuchungen zum Titel s3-njśwt "Königssohn". Habelts Dissertationsdrucke: Reihe Ägyptologie (dalam bahasa German). 2. Bonn: Habelt. ISBN 978-3-7749-1370-7.
- Shaw, Ian (2003). "New fieldwork at Gebel el-Asr: "Chephren's diorite quarries"". Dalam Hawass, Zahi; Pinch Brock, Lyla. Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Archaeology. Cairo, New York: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-977-424-715-6.
- Smith, William Stevenson (1949). A History of Egyptian Sculpture and Painting in the Old Kingdom (edisi ke-second). Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. OCLC 558013099.
- Strouhal, Eugen; Černý, Viktor; Vyhnánek, Luboš (2000). "An X-ray examination of the mummy found in pyramid Lepsius no. XXIV at Abusir". Dalam Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír. Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000 (PDF). Prag: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic – Oriental Institute. hlm. 543–550. ISBN 80-85425-39-4. Archived from the original on 2011-02-01.
- Strudwick, Nigel (1985). The Administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom: The Highest Titles and Their Holders (PDF). Studies in Egyptology. London; Boston: Kegan Paul International. ISBN 978-0-7103-0107-9.
- Strudwick, Nigel C. (2005). Texts from the Pyramid Age. Writings from the Ancient World (book 16). Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-680-8.
- Tallet, Pierre (2015). "Les "ports intermittents" de la mer Rouge à l'époque pharaonique : caractéristiques et chronologie". NeHeT - Revue numérique d'Égyptologie (dalam bahasa French). 3.
- Tyldesley, Joyce (2005). À la découverte des pyramides d'Égypte. Champollion (dalam bahasa French). Diterjemahkan oleh Nathalie Baum. Monaco: Éditions du Rocher. ISBN 978-2-268-05326-4.
- Vachala, Břetislav (1979). "Ein weiterer Beleg für die Königin Repewetnebu?". Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde (dalam bahasa German). 106. hlm. 176. ISSN 2196-713X.
- Van de Mieroop, Marc (2011). A history of ancient Egypt. Blackwell history of the ancient world. Chichester, West Sussex; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6071-1.
- Verner, Miroslav (1976). "Czechoslovak Excavations at Abusir". Abstracts of Papers, First International Congress of Egyptology, October 2–10, 1976. Munich. hlm. 671–675.
- Verner, Miroslav (1980a). "Excavations at Abusir". Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. 107. hlm. 158–169.
- Verner, Miroslav (1980b). "Die Königsmutter Chentkaus von Abusir und einige Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der 5. Dynastie". Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur (dalam bahasa German). 8. hlm. 243–268.
- Verner, Miroslav (1985). "Un roi de la Ve dynastie. Rêneferef ou Rênefer ?". Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale (dalam bahasa French). 85: 281–284.
- Verner, Miroslav; Zemina, Milan (1994). Forgotten pharaohs, lost pyramids: Abusir (PDF). Praha: Academia Škodaexport. ISBN 978-80-200-0022-4. Archived from the original on 2011-02-01.
- Verner, Miroslav; Posener-Kriéger, Paule; Jánosi, Peter (1995). Abusir III : the pyramid complex of Khentkaus. Excavations of the Czech Institute of Egyptology. Praha: Universitas Carolina Pragensis: Academia. ISBN 978-80-200-0535-9.
- Verner, Miroslav (1997a). The Pyramids: the mystery culture, and science of Egypt's great monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3935-1.
- Verner, Miroslav (1997b). "Further thoughts on the Khentkaus problem" (PDF). Discussions in Egyptology. 38. hlm. 109–117. ISSN 0268-3083.
- Verner, Miroslav (2000). "Who was Shepseskara, and when did he reign?". Dalam Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír. Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000 (PDF). Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. hlm. 581–602. ISBN 978-80-85425-39-0. Archived from the original on 2011-02-01.
- Verner, Miroslav (2001a). "Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology" (PDF). Archiv Orientální. 69 (3): 363–418.
- Verner, Miroslav (2001b). "Old Kingdom: An Overview". Dalam Redford, Donald B. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford University Press. hlm. 585–591. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
- Verner, Miroslav (2007). "New Archaeological Discoveries in the Abusir Pyramid Field". Archaeogate. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Diakses tanggal 26 November 2016.
- Verner, Miroslav (2014). Sons of the Sun. Rise and decline of the Fifth Dynasty. Prague: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts. ISBN 978-80-7308-541-4.
- von Beckerath, Jürgen (1982). "Niuserre". Dalam Helck, Wolfgang; Otto, Eberhard. Lexikon der Ägyptologie. Band IV: Megiddo - Pyramiden (dalam bahasa German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. hlm. 517–518. ISBN 978-3-447-02262-0.
- von Beckerath, Jürgen (1997). Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten : die Zeitbestimmung der ägyptischen Geschichte von der Vorzeit bis 332 v. Chr. Münchner ägyptologische Studien (dalam bahasa German). 46. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. ISBN 978-3-8053-2310-9.
- von Beckerath, Jürgen (1999). Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (dalam bahasa German). Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : Philip von Zabern. ISBN 978-3-8053-2591-2.
- Waddell, William Gillan (1971). Manetho. Loeb classical library, 350. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann. OCLC 6246102.
- Wildung, Dietrich (1969). Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewußtsein ihrer Nachwelt. Teil I. Posthume Quellen über die Könige der ersten vier Dynastien. Münchner Ägyptologische Studien (dalam bahasa German). 17. Berlin: Verlag Bruno Hessling. OCLC 635608696.
- Wilkinson, Toby (2000). Royal annals of ancient Egypt: the Palermo stone and its associated fragments. Studies in Egyptology. London, New York: Kegan Paul International: distributed by Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-7103-0667-8.
- Zibelius-Chen, Karola (1978). Ägyptische Siedlungen nach Texten des Alten Reiches. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (dalam bahasa German). 19, Reihe B. Wiesbaden: Reichert. ISBN 978-3-88226-012-0.
- Ziegler, Christiane (2007). Le Mastaba d'Akhethetep. Fouilles du Louvre à Saqqara (dalam bahasa French). 1. Paris, Louvain: Musée du Louvre, Peeters. ISBN 978-2-35031-084-8.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
Didahului oleh: Shepseskare or Neferefre |
Firaun Mesir Dinasti kelima |
Diteruskan oleh: Menkauhor Kaiu |