Asal-usul Spesies: Perbedaan antara revisi

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== Daftar pustaka ==
== Daftar pustaka ==
{{refbegin|3}}
{{Refbegin|30em}}
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| Title = On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
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|publisher = University of California Press
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|title = On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
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| publisher =Darwin Online
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| Year = 1979
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{{Refend}}


== Pranala luar ==
== Pranala luar ==

Revisi terkini sejak 8 Desember 2022 18.07

On the Origin of Species
by Means of Natural Selection
Halaman judul
of On the Origin of Species terbitan tahun 1859
PengarangCharles Darwin
NegaraBritania Raya Britania Raya
BahasaInggris
Subjekteori evolusi
PenerbitJohn Murray
Tanggal terbit
24 November 1859
Jenis mediabuku (sampul keras & sampul tipis)
ISBNISBN tidak ada Invalid ISBN

Asal-usul Spesies[1] oleh Charles Darwin (terbit tahun 1859) adalah karya penting dalam karya tulis ilmiah dan dianggap sebagai tonggak dalam teori evolusi.[2] Judul lengkapnya adalah On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (Tentang Asal-usul Spesies Melalui Cara Seleksi Alam, atau Pelestarian Kelompok Dalam Perjuangan Untuk Hidup). Buku ini memperkenalkan teori ilmiah bahwa populasi berevolusi dari generasi ke generasi melalui proses seleksi alam. Isi buku ini kontroversial karena menentang teori penciptaan menurut kepercayaan agama, dan merupakan pencetus timbulnya ilmu bernama biologi pada abad ke-19. Buku yang ditulisnya merupakan hasil ekspedisi lautnya dengan kapal layar HMS Beagle pada tahun 1830-an, dan dilanjutkan dengan penyelidikan dan eksperimen setelah tiba kembali dari ekspedisi.[3]

Orang yang bukan ahli bahkan bisa membaca buku ini dan banyak menarik perhatian orang. Buku ini sangat kontroversial dan menimbulkan banyak perdebatan di bidang sains, filsafat, dan agama. Teori ilmiah tentang evolusi juga telah berevolusi dibandingkan dengan teori awal yang ditulis Darwin, namun seleksi alam tetap menjadi teori ilmiah yang paling banyak diterima untuk menjelaskan evolusi dari suatu spesies. Kontroversi teori penciptaan dan teori evolusi terus berlangsung hingga saat ini.

Ringkasan dari teori Darwin[sunting | sunting sumber]

Teori Darwin didasarkan pengamatan penting dan kesimpulan yang ditarik darinya.[4]

  1. Spesies pada dasarnya memiliki fertilitas yang sangat tinggi. Jumlah keturunan yang dilahirkan lebih banyak dari keturunan yang bisa mencapai usia dewasa.
  2. Populasi kira-kira tetap berjumlah sama, dengan sedikit perubahan.
  3. Sumber makanan adalah terbatas, tetapi relatif stabil dalam jangka waktu lama.
  4. Oleh karena itu terjadi perjuangan secara implisit untuk bertahan hidup
  5. Pada spesies yang melakukan reproduksi secara seksual, biasanya tidak ada dua individu yang identik.
  6. Beberapa variasi dalam spesies secara langsung memengaruhi kemampuan individu untuk bertahan dalam kondisi alam tertentu.
  7. Sebagian besar dari variasi ini bersifat turunan.
  8. Individu yang kurang sesuai dengan lingkungan tempat tinggalnya memiliki kemungkinan bertahan hidup yang lebih kecil dan kemungkinan akan lebih banyak melakukan reproduksi.
  9. Individu yang selamat kemungkinan besar akan menurunkan ciri-ciri yang dimilikinya kepada generasi berikutnya.
  10. Proses yang menyebabkan perubahan ini menghasilkan populasi yang perlahan-lahan bisa beradaptasi dengan lingkungan, dan pada akhirnya, setelah berlangsung secara terus-menerus akan terbentuk keragaman yang baru, dan akhirnya spesies baru.

Publikasi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Edisi pertama On the Origin of Species diterbitkan hari Kamis 24 November 1859 dengan harga lima belas shilling per kopi. Tulisan ini terjual sebanyak 1250 kopi. Cetakan dilakukan hingga edisi keenam tahun 1876. Di setiap edisi, Darwin menambahkan atau memperbaiki sedikit demi sedikit isi buku sehingga setiap edisinya tidak persis sama.[5]

Isi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Dalam edisi pertama, Darwin mengutip pandangan teologi William Whewell dan Francis Bacon tentang hukum alam.[6] Pada edisi kedua, Darwin menambahkan catatan dari Joseph Butler yang menyatakan bahwa Tuhan dapat bekerja melalui hukum alam sama seperti yang dilakukannya dengan keajaiban.[7]

Dalam pembuka bukunya, Darwin menyatakan bahwa ketertarikannya pada evolusi dimulai ketika dia ikut berlayar pada HMS Beagle.[8]

"When on board H.M.S. 'Beagle,' as naturalist, I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the inhabitants of South America, and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent. These facts seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species—that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers."

Penerimaan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Karikatur Darwin dengan tubuh kera memopulerkan asosiasi dirinya dengan evolusi.[9]

Buku ini menyebar ke seluruh dunia dan menimbulkan perdebatan. Pada awalnya, banyak yang menentang pemikiran Darwin karena sebenarnya tidak memahami tulisannya.[10] Namun, diskusi ilmiah tentang mekanisme evolusi muncul dan dicetuskan istilah baru Darwinisme yang tidak hanya membahas pemikiran Darwin, tetapi semua aspek evolusi. Pada pertengahan 1870-an, evolusi sudah diterima oleh banyak orang.[11]

Lihat pula[sunting | sunting sumber]

Catatan kaki[sunting | sunting sumber]

  1. ^ Gramedia 2010, ISBN 978-979-22-5573-7, Penerjemah: ???
  2. ^ Freeman 1977,Ansary 2006
  3. ^ Gamlin 1993, hlm. 20-23
  4. ^ Mayr 1982, Darwin 1859, Chapter XIV. Recapitulation and Conclusion.
  5. ^ On the Origin of Species. darwin-online.org.uk.
  6. ^ Darwin 1859, hlm. ii.
  7. ^ Browne, Janet (2010-02-23). Charles Darwin Volume 2: The Power at Place (dalam bahasa Inggris). Random House. hlm. 96. ISBN 978-1-4070-5323-3. 
  8. ^ Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882. (2006). On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486450063. OCLC 62857845. hal. ix.
  9. ^ Browne, E. Janet (2002). Charles Darwin: The Power of Place. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-7126-6837-3. nga'örö 376-379
  10. ^ University of Cambridge (2015-06-02). "Darwin in letters, 1860: Answering critics". Darwin Correspondence Project (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 30 November 2020. 
  11. ^ Bowler 1989, hlm. 179, 199.

Daftar pustaka[sunting | sunting sumber]

Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

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